大学英语语法 第十二讲 动名词

第十二讲

动名词

一、构成与特征

动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式, 由动词原形加“-ing”构成, 与现在分词同形。动名词

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有动词和名词的特征和作用, 其动词特征表现在可以带宾语、状语或表语。例如:

At the meeting he st ressed the importance of de f eating their competitors . 会上他强调

了击败竞争对手的重要性。(带宾语)

Getting up early is considered a good habit . 早起被认为是一种好习惯。(带状语) He dreamt of becoming an aviator . 他梦想当一名飞行员。(带表语)

.. 此外, 动名词的动词特征还表现在它的语态和时态变化。例如: He insisted on his being assigned the mission . 他坚持要给自己分配这项任务。(一般

被动式)

I know nothing about his having served in the army . 我一点也不知道他服过役。(完成

式)

.. 动名词的名词特征主要表现在它在句中可以充当主语或宾语, 还可以受形容词、代词和

名词的修饰, 前面也可以加冠词。例如:

There is no justification for the running away in such haste . 如此匆忙逃走是无法辩解

的。

All seems smooth sailing . 一切看来都很顺利。

What do you think of our class going out for an outing this weekend ? 你认为我们班周

末出去郊游怎样?

二、功能

1 . 作主语

Saying is easier than doing . 说比做容易。

His coming here will be a great help . 他到这儿来将大有帮助。(带逻辑主语) Your drinking so much wine is not good for health . (带逻辑主语) Jack..s suddenly disappearing made them worried . (带逻辑主语和状语)

Today being sunny makes us happy . (带逻辑主语和表语) Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job . (完成式, 带宾语) Having seen a lot of the world in one..s youth is a good thing . (完成式, 带宾语和状语) Note: ①use, good, pity, bore, time, fun, hard, funny, nice, odd, worth, difficult ,

worthwhile,

interesting, tiring, better , foolish, enjoyable, pointless , crazy , ter rible 等名词或形容词作表语时, 可用it 作形式主语, 把作主语的动名词后置。例如:

I..t s crazy her going off like that .

I t..s ter rible not being allowed to smoke at all .

I..t s no use waiting here .

I t..s no good helping him . He doesn..t help himself .

I t..s rather tiring typing so many letters .

I t is dangerous your swimming in this river .

I t made them wor ried Jack..s suddenly disap pearing .

②there is no + 动名词为常见结构, 相当于It is impossible to do sth .

There is no accounting for tastes . 人各有所好。

There is no persuading her . 无法劝说她。

There was no trusting such a man . 这样的人不可信。

There is no getting along with him . 简直无法同他相处。

There is no hiding of evil but not to do it . 若要人不知, 除非己莫为。(参阅第十

五讲)

2 . 作表语

Her job was keeping the hall as clean as possible . 她的工作是尽量使大厅保持整洁。Denying this will be shutting one..s eyes to facts . 否认这一点就是闭眼不看事实。

That is asking for trouble . 那是自找麻烦。

The best policy is being honest . 上策是诚实。

His aim is everybody having a good time . 他的目的是大家都玩得愉快。(带逻辑主语,

也可说everybody..s having)

Her regret is having done so much for him and being abandoned by him . 她遗憾的是, 曾为他奉献了那么多, 而却被他抛弃了。(完成式, 被动式)

His trouble is having tried every means and being still poor . 他的麻烦是, 一切办法都试

过了, 却依然贫穷。(完成式)

3 . 作动词宾语

He admitted taking the watch . 他承认拿了手表。

I appreciate her devoting herself to the cause of education . 我非常钦佩她献身于教育事

业的精神。

She imagined f inding a wallet on the sidewalk .

He loathed getting up early in the morning .

They confessed hating the king .

I don..t doubt their wanting to help .

She was in low spirits and even considered going away .

They bar playing cards for money .

You mustn..t shirk doing your duty .

He owns being about to get married . 他承认快要结婚了。( = He owns that he will get married .)

I can..t stand to be kept waiting . (误)

I can..t stand being kept waiting . (正)我不堪久候。

.. 下列动词后常跟动名词作宾语, 其中有些可用sb ./ sth . doing 结构:

admit , stand, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, detest , enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy( = imagine) , finish , forgive, imagine, keep( = continue) , mind, miss , pardon , postpone, practise, prevent , propose, quit , recall , recollect , resent , risk , resist , suggest , advise, allow, permit , recommend, acknowledge, require, resent , tolerate, favour ,

picture, visualize, envision, despise, relish, loathe, disdain , abhor, decline, reject , facilitate, defer, involve, imply, ensure, guarantee, confirm, justify, substantiate, approve, endorse, favour, encourage, shirk, shun , bar, ban, prohibit , hinder, impede, omit , overlook, foresee,

predict , contemplate 等。

.. 但在advise, allow, permit , recommend 后, 如果提到有关的人, 可用动词不定式。例如: He advised me to leave right now . 他劝我马上就离开。

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They don..t allow us to park here . 他们不许我们在这里停车。

Note: 比较下面两句中动名词短语肯定式和否定式的不同含义:

She excused (或spared) my doing the work . 她免除了我做那项工作。(我不必做那

项工作了)

She excused (或spared) my not doing the work . 她原谅了我没有做那项工作。

(我没有做那项工作)

4 . 作介词宾语

I am looking forward to meeting her . 我盼望着同她会面。

He bribed the boss into taking him . 他贿赂老板留用了他。

1)动名词作介词宾语常用在某些词组后面

go on, get through , insist on , persist in, keep on, accuse . . .of, think of, care for, give

up , put off, dream of, suspect . . .of, charge . . .with, prevent . . . from, be engaged in , thank . . .for, feel like, excuse . . .for, aim at , devote . . .to, depend on, set about , be fond of

, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, be keen

on, be responsible for , abstain from 避免, apologize for, believe in, dream of, worry about , aid somebody in, take to 喜欢, pay attention to, advice on , difficulty in, fancy for 对

..的迷恋, genius for 做..的天赋, no harm in ,motive for . . .动机, object of . . ., passion for..的热情, plan for..的计划, surprise at 对..感到吃惊, adapt at ( in)熟练

于, aware of, apprehensive of 对..担忧, apologetic for , confident of 对..有信心, equal

to, exact in 精确.., fond of, guilty of 为..内疚, fearful of, hopeful of, awkward

at , intent on 决意.., suitable for, unconscious of 未意识到, right in . . .做得对, desirous

of 渴望, wrong in 等词组后跟动名词。

He is intent on carrying out the experiment .

You are wrong in accepting her offer .

She is apologetic for breaking the vase .

There is no harm in trying again .

He took to going out for a walk in the evening . 他喜欢晚间散散步。

She felt like going out .

She is desirous of winning the match . 她渴望赢这场比赛。(也可说desirous to win the match)

Note: cannot help + 动名词= cannot avoid( resist ) + 动名词= cannot refrain( keep, desist ,

abstain) from+ 动名词= cannot hold( keep) back from+ 动名词= cannot choose but

+ 动词原形或cannot but + 动词原形。例如:

I cannot abstain f rom( keep back from) smiling at the nodding flowers .

2)动名词作介词宾语构成的介词短语, 在句中可起状语作用

She left without saying goodbye to us . 她没有向我们告别就走了。

3)动名词作介词宾语构成的介词短语, 在句中可起定语作用

His method of organizing the work is commendable . 他组织这项工作的办法是值得称

赞的。

He hasn..t much experience in running factories . 他没有多少管理工厂的经验。

.. 这类介词短语(介词+ 动名词) 作定语修饰的名词常见的有: way ( of ) , method( of ) , ar t

( of ) , chance( of ) , opportunity(of ) , habit (of) , hope( of ) , process ( of ) , possibility( of) , impor

tance( of ) , necessity( of) , intention ( of ) , honour ( of ) , means ( of ) , right ( of ) , surprise

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( at ) , astonishment( at ) , excuse( for ) , apology( for ) , plan( for ) , idea( of) , experience( in) ,

skill( in) , purpose(of ) , practice ( of ) , choice ( of ) , custom( of ) , object ( of ) , aptitude ( for )

等。

.. 这类名词有些可以接“介词+ 动名词”, 也可接不定式, 意义上没有区别。例如: intention of doing sth .

intention to do sth . (意愿)

mood of doing sth .

mood to do sth . (心绪)

reason of doing sth .

reason to do sth . (理由)

way of doing sth .

way to do sth . (方法)

time for doing sth .

time to do sth . (时间)

necessity of doing sth .

necessity to do sth . (必要)

patience in doing sth .

patience to do sth . (忍耐)

propensity for doing sth .

propensity to do sth . (倾向)

desire of doing sth .

desire to do sth . (欲望)

freedom in doing sth .

freedom to do sth . (自由)

honour of doing sth .

honour to do sth . (荣幸)

opportunity of doing sth .

opportunity to do sth . (机会)

objection of doing sth .

objection to do sth . (反对)

choice of doing sth .

choice to do sth . (选择)

capacity of doing sth .

capacity to do sth . (能力)

failure in doing sth .

failure to do sth . (失败)

chance of doing sth .

chance to do sth . (机会)

claim of doing sth .

claim to do sth . (要求)

attempt at doing sth .

attempt to do sth . (企图)

aversion to doing sth .

aversion to do sth . (厌恶)

Note: ①下面两个词组接动名词或不定式均可:

entitle sb . to doing sth .

entitle sb . to do sth . (使..有权力)

see one..s way to doing sth .

see one..s way to do sth . (设法)

Their educational qualifications entitle them to getting ( to get ) a high salary .

Father hoped that she could see her way to settling ( to settle) the dispute .

②名词refusal, promise, effort , desire, attempt , ability , ambition, resolution , tendency, determination, failure 等后不可接of + 动名词, 但可以接不定式结构。

例如:

He burns with an ambition of winning fame . (误, 应改为to win)

He has the ability o f translating the book . (误, 应改为to translate 或in t ranslating) ③但在purpose, method , idea, habit 等后只能接of + 动名词, 不可接不定式, 比如: the good idea of playing snowball(不说to play) , for the purpose of winning(不说

to win) , in the habit of rising early(不说to rise) , a new method of learning(不说

to learn)。

④某些形容词后既可接“介词+ 动名词”, 也可接不定式。例如:

content with doing sth .

content to do sth . (满足的)

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593 二、功能

proud of being

proud to be (自豪的)

fortunate in doing sth .

fortunate to do sth . (幸运的)

unworthy of being

unworthy to be (不值得的)

5 . 作定语

1)动名词有时也可以作定语

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room . 阅览室里不准大声说话。

That is a shop dealing in walking sticks . 那是一家出售手杖的商店。

2)动名词作定语修饰名词, 两者结合即构成合成名词

这类合成名词很多, 常见的有:

writing table 写字台dining-car 餐车

sleeping-bag 睡袋hunting ground 猎场

running-t rack 跑道washing line 晾衣绳

waiting room 候车室sleeping pill 安眠药片

swimming pool 游泳池living ( sitting) room 客厅

fishing rod 钓竿singing competition 歌咏比赛

flying suit 飞行服parking lot( space) 停车场

carving knife 雕刻刀drawing pin 图钉

consulting room 诊室hearing aid 助听器

dressing table 梳妆台watering can 洒水壶

freezing point 冰点bathing suit 游泳衣

drinking water 饮用水operating room 手术室

frying pan 煎锅driving licence 驾驶证

cooling system 冷却系统parking meter 停车计时表

washing liquid 洗涤剂drilling platform 钻井台

cooking oil 食用油racing car 赛车

magnifying glass 放大镜rowing boat 用桨划的小船

marketing manager 销售经理milking machine 挤奶器

fishing ground 渔场

3)在一部分合成名词中, 动名词位于名词之后

family planning 计划生育zebra crossing 人行横道

newspaper cutting( s) 剪报spring plowing 春耕

stamp collecting 集邮job-hunting 找工作

house-warming 庆祝乔迁的晚会window-shopping 逛商店

water-proofing 防水fire fighting 消防工作

sunbathing 日光浴shoplifting 在商店里偷东西

weightlifting 举重horse- riding 骑马

watersurfing 冲浪

6. 作状语

虽然动名词本身不能作状语, 但放在介词后, 又可以起状语作用, 表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。例如:

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A f ter getting up in the morning, he went out for a walk . (时间)

Jim was praised f or having broken a record . (原因)

With all his boasting , Henry achieved very little . (让步)

They went to the front by riding in a truck . (方式)

He went there with the obj ect o f winning her favour . (目的)

Note: She was a long time replying to my letter . 一句可译为“她拖了很长时间才给我回信。”句中的replying 为动名词, 可看作前面省略了in, 表示“在某方面”; 这种句型中

的动名词短语亦可换为before 从句; 有时, 这种句型可译为“花了..干某事”, 有

spend 的含义。例如:

He was a whole month writing the paper . 他写这篇论文花了一个月时间。

The man was a long time getting rid of his bad habits . (相当于A long time had passed before he got rid of his bad habits .)

The committee were not long reaching the conclusion . 委员会不久就作出了结论。

三、动名词的复合结构

动名词也可以有逻辑主语。一般规则是: ①逻辑主语是有生命名词时, 用名词或代词所有格(作主语时, 其逻辑主语只用所有格, 若作宾语, 逻辑主语也可用通格) ; ②逻辑主语是无生命

名词或抽象概念名词时, 只用通格; ③逻辑主语是以s 结尾的名词或是一个以上名词构成的

词组, 只用通格; ④逻辑主语是数词、指示代词或不定代词this, that , somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody , anyone 时, 一般用通格。例如:

Tom..s coming is what we have expected . (有生命)

His leaving is a great loss . 他的离开是一个很大的损失。(有生命)

Mother disliked me (或my) working late . 母亲不喜欢我工作到很晚。(有生命)

He cannot permit his daughter and son being insulted . 他不许他女儿和儿子受到侮辱。She is afraid of you (或your) ruining yourself . 她怕你毁了自己。

She is ashamed of her son being a prisoner . 她为自己的儿子是个囚犯而羞愧。

I encourage them (或their) studying science . 我鼓励他们学习科学。(有生命)

I am astonished at Mary suddenly becoming rich . 我对玛丽突然富起来感到吃惊。(有

生命, 介词宾语)

She dare not go there without mother accompanying her . 没有母亲陪伴, 她不敢去那里。(有生命, 介词宾语)

I don..t like Jack and Henry speaking ill of each other . (两个有生命名词)

I am not surprised at old and young falling in love with her . (两个有生命名词)

I never heard of a person o f character doing such a thing . (有生命词组)

It was quite unexpected the students f inishing the exam so soon . 学生们这么快就答完

考卷, 是十分出乎意料的。( s 结尾)

His sister Helen getting married last week was a great event in the town . (名词词组)

The glory of the marshal counts on many soldiers dying on the battlefield . 一将成名万

骨枯。( s 结尾)

This cannot be said without some getting angry . 这话说出来非得罪人不可。(指示代

词)

I am doubtful of this being the best choice . 我怀疑这是最佳选择。(指示代词)

She is fond of co f f ee being served after dinner . 她喜欢饭后喝点咖啡。(无生命)

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595 四、动名词的时态和语态意义

Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我们队有希望获胜吗? (无生命)

In spite of the f our telling the same story, I couldn..t believe it . (数词)

He is opposed to the idea of money being everything . (无生命)

He was awakened by somebody shouting outside . (不定代词)

He disapproved of that being said about Jane . (指示代词)

Note: ①动名词的复合结构多用作主语或宾语。例如:

John..s having seen her did not make her wor ried . 约翰看见了她, 这并没有使她不

安。(主语)

Her daughter winning a gold medal surprised her . (主语)

Does them singing in the room above disturb you ? (主语)

Yesterday being Sunday postponed the match . (主语)

It ended in the doctor being sent for . 最后是去请大夫来。(宾语)

②现在分词作宾语补足语时, 其逻辑主语只能用物主代词或名词(即通格) , 不能用

其所有格。例如:

I heard him singing in the garden . 我听见他在花园里唱歌。(正)

I heard his singing in the garden . (误)

I saw him wearing a red shirt . 我看见他穿着红衬衫。(wearing 是现在分词,

him 不可变为his)

I dislike him (或his) wearing a red shirt . 我讨厌他穿着红衬衫。(wearing 是

动名词, 其逻辑主语用him或his 均可)

I insist on the girl going to bed at once .

He wanted o avoid Henry doing it in that way .

③动名词的逻辑主语用作介词with 的宾语时, 应该用通格。例如:

It was a cosy room with a fan spinning overhead .

He felt lonely with his wi f e being dead .

四、动名词的时态和语态意义

动名词具有某些动词的特征, 因而有时态和语态的变化。时态有一般式和完成式; 语态有一般被动式和完成被动式。列表如下:

时态主动语态被动语态

一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done

1 . 动名词的时态意义

与动词不定式一样, 动名词也没有独立的绝对的时态意义, 它的时态意义从属于句中谓

语动词的时态。动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生, 或

表示一般情况; 动名词完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。例如:

I am thinking of getting a new dictionary . 我在考虑买一本新词典。(以后、将来)

I approved of his taking part in the project . 我同意他参加这项工程。(同时或以后)

She is proud of being beautiful . ( = She is proud that she is beautiful . 同时)

I am confident of his succeeding . ( = I am confident that he will succeed . 以后)

Her success will depend upon her working harder and being assisted by friends . 她的成

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功取决于自身更努力和朋友们的帮助。(以后)

She advised our studying science . 她劝我们学习科学。(以后)

I have no doubt of her passing the exam . 我相信她会通过考试。(以后)

Learning is important to modern life . 学习对现代生活很重要。(一般情况)

I enjoy listening to classical music . 我喜欢听古典音乐。(一般情况)

He never talked to me about his having been in Paris . 他从未向我讲起他到过巴黎。

(之前)

Imagine having travelled round the world . (之前)

They regret not having been able to inform you of the fact . (之前)

He confessed having committed murder . ( = He confessed that he had committed murder .) (之前)

He is proud of having won the first prize . 他很自豪获得了一等奖。(之前)

She was not sure of having done anything wrong . 她不敢肯定是否做过什么错事。(之前)

Note: ①与介词on(upon)或after 连用时, 动名词的一般式也可以表示一个先于谓语动词的动作。在这种情况下, 谓语动词的动作一般是紧跟在动名词的动作之后的。例

如:

On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table . 她走了进来, 把一夹文件

搁在桌上。

在下面一句中, 动名词现在式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前:

Do you remember seeing him when he was a small boy ? 你还记得在他小时候见过

他吗?

②remember 和forget 等动词后可以用动名词的一般式或完成式, 意义上并无什么

差别, 只是用一般式表示一个单纯的事实, 用完成式强调动作的完成。例如:

I remember telling you the story .

I remember having told you the story .

2 . 动名词的被动语态

动名词的主动语态表示主动行为, 被动语态表示被动行为, 动作的逻辑主语一般都可在

句中找到。用主动语态时, 逻辑主语发出动作; 用被动语态时, 逻辑主语承受动作。例如:

He doesn..t like being f lattered. 他不喜欢受人奉承。( He 是动词being flattered 的逻

辑主语)

Respecting others means being respected . 尊重他人就是尊重自己。

He will get angry at being o f f ended . 受到冒犯他就会生气。

She likes being seen . 她喜欢出风头。

I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team . 我听说他被选为球队的教练。

The housing problem is far f rom being settled .

Nowadays being killed in traffic accidents is a common occur rence . ( 逻辑主语为people..s , 省去了)

.. 但动名词在need, want , deserve, repay, require, bear , take 需要, brook 忍受, stand 等表示

“需要、值得、该受、忍受、经受”等动词及形容词worth 后面时, 常以主动形式表示被动意

义。例如:

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597 五、动名词和动词不定式在用法上的一些比较

That needs explaining . 这需要加以解释。

The situation requires care ful handling. 情况要求小心处理。

Your hair wants cutting . 你的头发该理一下了。

His language won..t bear repeating . 他的用语不宜重复。

The job will take noticing a lot . 这项工作需要更多的注意。

She can..t brook inter f ering. 她不能忍受他人的干涉。

The book repays reading and re-reading . 这本书值得一读再读。

This ar ticle needs correcting . 这篇文章需要修改。

This method deserves recommending . 这个方法值得推荐。

The scandal won..t bear thinking o f . 这种诽谤不值一提。

The boy wants spanking . 这孩子要打屁股了。

The pants need pressing . 裤子需要熨烫。

The flowers need watering . 花儿需要浇水了。

Your English needs brushing up . 你的英文需要好好复习。

The old man needs looking a f ter . 那位老人需要照顾。

This question needs answering . 这个问题需要回答。

She would like to know what needs clari f ying . 她想知道需要澄清什么。

.. 需要说明的是, 上述几个动词, 除take, brook , stand 外, 后面也可用不定式被动式, 意思

不变。例如:

The poor old man deserves to be looked after .

The child is too naughty . It wants to be spanked .

It won..t bear to be thought of .

Note: ①stand, bear, brook 等后亦可用动名词被动式。例如:

The words won..t bear being repeated.

She can..t stand being teased with questions . 她不能容忍别人用问题来取笑她。

②介词past 后用动名词的主动语态和被动语态均可。例如:

The watch is past repairing ( being repaired) . 这块表已经无法修了。

五、动名词和动词不定式在用法上的一些比较

1 . 可以接动词不定式或动名词的动词或短语动词

常见的有: love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, intend, attempt , propose, want , need,

remember ,

forget , regret , neglect , try, deserve, omit , dread, decline, commence, scorn, delay, loathe, can..t bear , can..t endure 等。某些这类词的两种接续在意义上几乎没有区别。例如:

aim at doing sth .

aim to do sth . 旨在做某事

contribute to doing sth .

contribute to do sth . 贡献于某事

assist sb . in doing sth .

assist sb . to do sth . 帮助某人做某事

intend going abroad

intend to go abroad 打算出国

plan( on) buying it

plan to buy it 计划买它

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neglect doing

neglect to do 忽略做

dread thinking about it

dread to think about it 怕想

aspire to doing sth .

aspire to do sth . 渴望去做某事

She can..t bear( endure) seeing him cry .

She can..t bear( endure) to see him cry . 她受不了看他哭。

.. 但下列词组在意义上有差别:

think about doing sth . 考虑做某事

think to do sth . 记得做某事

agree on doing sth . 协议做某事

agree to do sth . 同意做某事

forget about doing sth . 忘记已做过某事

forget to do sth . 忘记去做某事

.. should ( would) like, 和should(would) love 后须接不定式。例如:

I..d like to have another try . 我想再试一次。

I..d love to come tomorrow . 我想明天来。

.. forbear 后多接不定式。例如:

She could not forbear to express her surprise .

= She could not forbear f rom expressing her surprise . 她禁不住表示惊讶。

2 . 动名词和动词不定式在表示动作和时间等方面的差别

一般说来, 动名词表示一般习惯, 抽象概念, 泛指已成为过去的动作, 时间概念不强, 不是某一次动作。而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的或特定的动作, 或是现在或将

来的动作。比较:

Lying is wrong . (泛指这种做法、作风)

To lie is wrong . (对于执行者是谁, 心目中是有所指的)

It..s no use crying over spilt milk . (抽象动作)

Her mother had advised him, however , that it was no use to argue with Henry . (具

体动作)

He likes riding . 他喜欢骑马。(泛指)

He likes to ride the little white horse . (特指)他想骑那匹小白马。

They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold . (泛指)天冷时他们喜欢呆在屋内。Would you prefer to stay at home this evening ? (具体的某一次)今晚你想待在家里

吗?

I..d love to show him the picture . 我想把那幅画给他看。

I love watching the sunset . 我喜欢看落日。

I hate to go there today . 我今天不想去那里。

I hate smoking . 我讨厌抽烟。

I hate lying and cheating . 我讨厌撒谎骗人。

I dread to think what will happen to him . 我不敢想他会发生什么。

I dread f lying . 我害怕坐飞机。

I..d like hearing your views . (误)

I..d like to hear your views . (正) (现在的动作)

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599 五、动名词和动词不定式在用法上的一些比较

.. prefer 后接动名词和接不定式有不同的搭配:

句型1: prefer + 名词或动名词+ to + 名词或动名词

句型2: prefer + 不定式+ rather than + 原形动词

He prefer red walking to riding a bike .

He prefer red to walk rather than ride a bike .

3 . 在begin, start, continue, cease 等词后用动名词还是用动词不定式

在动词begin, star t , continue, cease, intend, bother, omit 等后面跟动名词或是动词不定式, 含义并无大的差别; 但如果表示有意识地“开始或停止做某事”, 多用动名词, 而不定式则表示情况发生变化。比较:

She intends buying (或to buy) a piano . 她打算买一架钢琴。

Don..t bother getting (或to get ) dinner for us . We..ll eat out . 不要麻烦为我们准备饭了。我们外出吃饭。

He continued working(或to work) as if nothing had happened . 他继续干下去, 就像什

么也没发生一样。

Please don..t omit locking ( to lock) the door when you leave . 你离开时别忘了锁门。

I began writing the book in 1990 . 我是1990 年开始写这本书的。

It began to rain as soon as we got home . 我们一到家就开始下雨了。

At last they ceased talking . 最后他们结束了谈话。

His words ceased to have effect on her . 他的话对她不再有影响了。

4 . 动词不定式和动名词的逻辑主语

动词不定式的逻辑主语常是句子主语或句中的某个词; 而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子

主语或句子中的某个词, 也可能是泛指一般人, 在句子里是找不到的。比较:

I hate to be sitting idle . 我不愿闲坐着。(自己闲坐)

I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards . 我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。(可能指自己, 也可能泛指一般人)

She likes singing . (她唱或别人唱)

She likes to sing . (一定是她自己唱)

5 . 有些动词后面跟动词不定式和跟动名词所表示的意义完全不同, 有时甚至相反

比较:

He stopped talking . 他停止讲话。

He stopped to talk . 他停下来开始讲话。(停止原来做的事, 开始讲话)

Please remember to post the letters . 请别忘了寄这几封信。(将来的动作)

I remember posting your letters . 我记得寄出了你的信。(过去的动作)

I regret not having told her earlier . 没能更早地告诉她, 我很后悔。(表示过去)

I regret to say I must leave tomor row . 我很遗憾地说, 我明天必须走了。(表示现在) He..ll try to f inish the work as early as possible . 他将设法尽早完成这项工作。(试图) He..ll try making a model ship . 他将试做一个模型船。(试验)

They want to repair the house . 他们要把房子维修一下。

The house wants repairing . 这房子需要维修了。

I can..t help doing it . 我不能不做这件事。

I can..t help to do it . 我不能帮助做这件事。

What do you mean to do ? 你打算做什么?

His words mean re fusing us . 他的话意味着拒绝我们。

600 第十二讲

动

名

词

The buses have ceased running . 公共汽车停开了。(暂时)

The buses have ceased to run . 公共汽车停开了。(长期或永远)

I scorn telling lies . 我蔑视说谎。

I scorn to tell a lie . 我不屑于说谎。

She proposed to catch the early train . 她建议赶早班火车。

She proposed to catch the early train . 她打算去赶早班火车。(她想..)

The workers quit eating . 工人们吃完饭了。

The workers quit to eat . 工人们停下来吃饭( to eat 为目的状语)

She le f t of f writing when she saw me come . (停止写)

She le f t of f to spend her holiday . (离开某处, 出发去..)

He deserves shooting first . 首先该枪毙他。( = He ought to be shot first .)

He deserves to shoot first . 他该第一个进行射击。( = He deserves to be the first who will shoot .)

She has learned to ski skillfully . 她已经学会了滑雪, 滑得很好。(学会了)

She has been learning skiing for five years but still falling down all the time . 她学滑

雪已经五年了, 但仍然总是会摔倒。(学习)

The foreign minister went on talking for three hours . 外交部长一连谈了三个小时。(连续做某事)

The foreign minister went on to talk about the present situation . 外交部长接着就谈

当前形势。(接下来做某事)

6 . 动名词和动词不定式作逻辑宾语

动名词和动词不定式均可以作逻辑宾语, 用it 充当形式宾语。不定式作逻辑宾语极为普遍。例如:

I find it difficult to understand this theory .

He made it his business to help the students .

.. 但动名词作逻辑宾语只限于少数句型, 一般用在useless , wor thwhile, senseless, fun , no use, no good, any good, a bore, a waste of time 等后。例如:

He deemed it no good trying once more .

I found it senseless arguing with him because he was willful .

I find it useless( no use) advising him to change his mind .

.. 在worthwhile 和a bore 后用动名词或不定式作逻辑宾语均可。例如:

I don..t think it worthwhile helping him again .

I don..t think it worthwhile to help him again .

I consider it a bore being kept waiting .

I consider it a bore to be kept waiting .

7 . 动名词结构和动词不定式结构的转换

在某些情况下, 介词+ 动名词结构= 不定式结构, 二者可以相互转换, 意义上没有差别, 参见上文。再如:

fit for doing = fit to do

ready for doing = ready to do

wor thwhile doing = wor thwhile to do

decide on doing = decide to do

persuade sb . into doing = persuade sb . to do

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601 五、动名词和动词不定式在用法上的一些比较

warn sb . against doing = warn sb . not to do

suspect sb . of = suspect sb . to be

help sb . in doing = help sb . to do

bother about doing = bother to do

The water is too hot f or drinking .

The water is too hot to drink .

The food is adequate for lasting the winter .

The food is adequate to last the winter .

He is fortunate in having such a good wife .

He is fortunate to have such a good wife .

.. 但:

Do you think o f going abroad for fur ther study ? 你考虑出国深造吗?

Do you think to go abroad for further study ? 你打算出国深造吗?

He is on his way to catch the train . 他在赶乘火车的途中。

He is on his way to becoming a writer . 他将会成为一名作家。

8 . playing with fire 和to play with fire———动名词和动词不定式的再比较

1)动名词→泛指; 不定式→特指

Some people hate working in the early morning . (泛指)

I hate to break things up, but it..s time to go home . 我不想做事半途而止, 但回家的

时间到了。

She doesn..t like tri f ling with serious things . 她不喜欢(任何人)拿严肃的事闹着玩。

She doesn..t like to tri f le with serious things . 她不喜欢拿严肃的事闹着玩。

This means waiting . 这就意味着等待。(何人不限)

I mean to wait . 我想要等。

Try being nice to him . 对他和颜悦色试一试。

Try to be nice to him . 尽量对他和颜悦色。

Do you prefer cooking for yourself or eating outside ? (平常)

Would you like to have supper now, or would you prefer to wait ?

It..s a waste of time doing it .

It..s a waste of time to wait for her any longer .

It..s a waste of money going there .

It..s a waste of money to buy this dictionary .

2)动名词→持续、反复; 不定式→一时、一次

I like being a woman . 我很喜欢自己作为一个女人。(持续, 现实, I 是一个女性)

I like to be a woman . 我愿作一个女人。(意愿, I 是一个男性)

I hate the children quarrelling all the time . (总是吵个没完)

I hate the children to quarrel in their room . (一次, 他们平时是不吵的) The children started jumping up and down the lawn .

He star ted to speak, but stopped because she objected .

It is necessary to continue keeping John here . (持续)

I shall continue to do all I can .

It started snowing thick and fast .

It started to snow on the tenth of December .

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602 第十二讲

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词

3)动名词→有意志支配; 不定式→无意志支配

I will begin thinking about the matter tomor row .

The scars on his back began to pain him .

At last he ceased working .

That never ceases to amaze me .

4)动名词→书面语; 不定式→口语

I fear disturbing her .

I fear to disturb her . 我怕打扰她。

It started raining .

It started to rain . 开始下雨了。

Note: 一般不用于进行时态的动词(感觉动词、认识动词等)在begin , star t 等后时, 只能用不定式。例如:

He started to know right from wrong . (不说to be knowing)

He began to wonder . (不说to be wondering)

.. 但可以说:

I..m beginning to cook the dinner . 我正在着手做饭。

He is starting to learn Japanese . 他刚刚开始学日语。

.. 下面两句不妥, 因为以-ing 结尾的动词后不宜再用动名词:

I..m beginning cooking the dinner .

He is starting learning Japanese .

比较:

She anticipated to go . (误)

She anticipated going . (正, anticipate + 动名词)

He expected going . (误)

He expected to go . (正, expect + 不定式)

He was ar ranging her to go . (误)

He was ar ranging that she should go . (正, ar range 不用不定式作宾语补足语)

He was arranging f or her to go . (正)

I..m preparing you to go . (正, 所准备的是眼前的具体人或物)

I..m preparing for you to go . (正, 所准备的是未来的活动)

..I m preparing you to come . (误“, you”不在眼前)

六、to 后面接动名词还是接动词原形

to 既可以是介词, 也可以是不定式符号, 在词组中容易混淆。若是介词, to 后接动名词, 若是不定式符号, to 后接动词原形。参阅第十一讲。下列词组为“动词+ 介词”结构, 后需接动名词:

appeal to, assent to, allude to, adhere to, accede to, dedicate ( oneself ) to, defer to, limit ( oneself ) to, confess to, confine to, conform to, contribute to, object to, resort to, rever t to, respond to, yield to, reconcile ( oneself ) to, reply to, resign ( oneself ) to, amount to 等于, take to 变得喜欢, doom somebody to 注定某人

.. 下列词组为“系动词+ 表语”结构, 后需接动名词:

be confined to, be opposed to, be related to, be suited to, be subjected to, be indebted to, be dedicated to, be committed to, be attached to, be adapted to 等。

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

603 七、动名词的常见结构

What he said amounts to denying us .

She confessed to having taken the money .

They were confined to living in the concent ration camp .

He took to writing plays . 他喜欢上了写剧本。

七、动名词的常见结构

1 . be long in doing sth . 结构

在下列结构中常用动名词(这种结构中的介词有时可省略) :

to have difficulty( trouble, pleasure) in doing sth .

但: to take( the) t rouble to do sth . 不辞辛苦做..

to have a time in doing sth . 费很大力气做..

但: to have time to do sth . 有时间做..

It is no use( no good) doing sth . 做..是没有用的(多表示一般性, 泛指)

There is difficulty( trouble, pleasure) in doing sth .

to have a hard( bad) time in doing sth .

to have a pleasant( good, big) time in doing sth . (玩得痛快)

to waste( spend) time (money , energy) doing sth .

be busy in doing sth .

busy oneself in doing sth .

to burst out laughing( crying)

It..s fun ( a waste of time, a bore, such an encouragement) doing sth .

It..s enjoyable( foolish, better, nice, rather tiring, interesting, pointless, wor thwhile, terrible, crazy) doing sth .

There is no bearing( telling , saying, accounting for , hiding, going out) (不可能)

of one..s doing( = done by oneself ) 自己..的

of one..s own doing 自己..的

What ( How) about doing ? ..如何?

to spend one..s time(money) in doing sth .

lose no time in doing sth . 立刻, 赶紧

be long in doing sth . 干事情很慢

It is of no use doing sth .

There is no use( point ) in/ of doing sth .

What..s the use( point , good) of doing sth ? 干..有什么用?

be through with doing sth . 做完某事

No doing . 不准(不行)。( = Let there be no + 动名词, = You must not + 动词)

It goes without saying that..是不用说的( = It is needless to say)

make a point of doing 认为..必要, 重视

be on the point of doing 快要( = be about to)

never (not ) . . .without doing 没有..而不( = whenever )

What do you say to doing ? 以为..如何?

do a lot of(much) doing 做得很多(do much drinking, do much reading)

come (go) near to doing 几乎要( = come close to doing = be almost + 过去分词)

for the doing 只消..就

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604 第十二讲

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词

例如:

It..s pointless getting nervous if some questions appear difficult .

He showed me a picture of her own doing .

It..s interesting planning a trip .

What do you say to joining us for dinner ?

It..s more of a challenge writing individual and original answers .

She wasted an hour trying to find the shop .

The students had a time( = had a good time) ( in) dancing disco at the party .

You may get it for the asking . 你要就能得到。

She is awfully long( in) getting here . 她姗姗来迟。

What..s the good(of) bragging ? 瞎吹有什么用?

She came near ( to) being drowned . 她差点淹死了。( to 可省)

They came close to obtaining a complete victory . 他们差点获得全胜。

He had a hard time ( in) looking after these children .

You have no business ( in) asking about my mar riage .

He lacks experience ( in) doing this kind of job .

He lost no time (in) carrying out the experiment .

I am tired (of) repeating these words .

He is ashamed ( of ) doing evil .

They took turns ( at) looking a f ter the wounded .

She caught cold ( through) walking in the rain .

They got lost ( through) rambling in the mountains .

He earned a living ( by) selling newspapers .

I often amuse myself (by) listening to music .

He let us down ( by) breaking his promise .

He is never done (with) asking about my income .

Are you through (with) reading the book ?

.. 考察下面的句子:

I recall

A

that I had

B

a ter rible struggle to find

C

anything readable

D

in the school library .

(C 项有问题)

Aurelia did not have

A

time to go to

B

the concert last night because she was busy

to prepare

C

for her trip

D

to South America .(C项有问题)

Note: ①在be busy in doing sth . 结构中, 如果busy 后是名词, 也可用其他介词。例如:

She is busy at work now .

He is busy about (/ with) family cares .

②在spend one..s time (money) in doing sth . 结构中, 后面跟名词时可用on, for 或in。例如:

She has spent a lot of money on(/ for ) books .

They spent a few hours in a pleasant conversation .

2 . past understanding 结构

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

605 八、t

hei

r

comi

ngs

andgoi

ngs

———名词化动名词问题

在介词past , beyond, for, without 等后常用动名词作宾语。例如:

Her words are past believing . 她的话不可信。

The wounded is past saving . 这个伤员无救了。

The shoes are past mending . 鞋子不可补了。

The pain was almost past bearing . 疼痛几乎无法忍受。

She walked out without saying anything . It..s past understanding . 她一句话没说就出去了。这让人无法理解。

That woman is beyond reasoning . 那女人不讲理。

The pain is beyond enduring . 疼痛难忍。

The apples are ripe f or picking . 苹果熟了, 可以摘了。

The water is not fit for drinking . 这水不宜喝。

He left without asking for leave . 他没请假就离开了。

They sat face to face without saying anything . 他们面对面坐着, 什么也不说。

八、their comings and goings———名词化动名词问题

1 . 用法上的区别

1)动名词没有复数形式, 而名词化动名词则可以有复数形式

These letters tell about his doings in America . 这些信讲述了他在美国的所作行为。(名词化动名词)

I don..t care about their comings and goings . 我对他们的活动不感兴趣。(名词化动名词)

Every man has some f ailings . (名词化动名词)

She could hear his gaspings and moanings . (名词化动名词)

Good beginnings make good endings . (名词化动名词)

She heard several cryings . (名词化动名词)

Nobody knows about his doings there . (名词化动名词)

His savings are kept in the bank . 他的积蓄存在银行里。

Don..t hurt her f eelings . 不要伤害她的感情。

The latest research f indings will be published today . 最新的研究成果将于今天发表。

They faced their suf f erings as if those things were inevitable . 他们面对自己的苦难遭

遇, 仿佛那些都是不可避免的事情。

.. 其他如: shoutings , colourings , imaginings , cuttings , killings, burnings, sobbings , clappings

, dealings, pillagings , outgoings 等。

2)动名词有时态和语态的变化, 而名词化动名词则没有

I regret his having done that . (动名词)

Being bullied by others is something shameful . (动名词)

3)动名词不能带冠词或其他限定词( one, his , some, that 等) , 而名词化动名词却可以

She has some washing to do this morning .

He was awakened by the singing of birds .

I..ll go to the shop for a f itting tomorrow .

He can finish this book at one sitting .

She did all the talking .

He is fond of this chatting with her .