管理信息系统外文翻译
英文文献翻译
二〇年月日
科技文章摘译
Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system.
A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below.
1 Computer-based user-machine system
Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user.
User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that serves a number of users through terminals connected by communication lines. The user input-output device permits direct input of data and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the computer interactively in financial planning poses “what if” questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard; the results are displayed on the screen in a few second.
The computer-based user-machine characteristics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based” means that the designer of a management information system must have knowledge of computers and of their use in processing. The “user-machine” concept means the system designer should also understand the capabilities of humans as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information.
Information system applications should not require users to be computer experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements; some understanding of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.
2 Integrated system
Management information system typically provides the basis for integration of organizational information processing. Individual applications within information systems are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there are no integrating processes and mechanisms, the individual applications may be inconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be compatible across applications that use the same data. There may be redundant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible.
The first step in integration of information system applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are
implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small systems.
Information system integration is also achieved through standards, guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For instance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be compatible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.
3 Need for a database
The term “information” and “data” are frequently used interchangeably; however, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information.
The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have appropriate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system.
When all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central computer or dispersed among several computers; the overriding requirement is that there is an organizational function to exercise control.
4 Utilization of Models
It is usually insufficient for human recipients to receive only raw data or even summarized data. Data usually needs to be processed and
presented in such a way that the result is directed toward the decision to be made. To do this, processing of data items is based on a decision model. For example, an investment decision relative to new capital expenditures might be processed in terms of a capital expenditure decision model.
Decision models can be used to support different stages in the decision-making process. “Intelligence” models can be used to search for problems and/or opportunities. Models can be used to identify and analyze possible solutions. Choice models such as optimization models maybe used to find the most desirable solution
In other words, multiple approaches are needed to meet a variety of decision situations. The following are examples and the type of model that might be included in an MIS to aid in analysis in support of decision-making; in a comprehensive information system, the decision maker has available a set of general models that can be applied to many analysis and decision situations plus a set of very specific models for unique decisions. Similar models are available for planning and control. The set of models is the model base for the MIS.
The management information system (MIS) not only supports the underlying bed administrator, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's control check, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system frame by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. The information source is the information production place; Information processor burden task/role and so on information transmission, processing, save; The information user is the information user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for the information system the design, the implementation and the safeguarding. The management information system is regarded as generally a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the lower level handling of traffic to the operating control, the control check, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse transaction information and the state information framing by the task/role.
In a word, the management information system (Management Information
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业论文外文文献翻译-数据库管理系统的介绍
数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan1 数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。 所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。 DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势； 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。 3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言，在很短的一段时间内用数据1Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12
营运管理 外文翻译 外文文献 对整个行业中营运资金管理的研究
An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across Industries Greg Filbeck. Schweser Study Program Thomas M. Krueger. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Abstract Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. We provide insights into the performance of surveyed firms across key components of working capital management by using the CFO magazine’s annual Working Capital Management Survey. We discover that significant differences exist between industries in working capital measures across time. In addition. we discover that these measures for working capital change significantly within industries across time. Introduction The importance of efficient working capital management is indisputable. Working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash (Current Assets) and organizational commitments for which cash will soon be required (Current Liabilities). The objective of working capital management is to maintain the optimum balance of each of the working capital components. Business viability relies on the ability to effectively manage receivables. inventory. and payables. Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. Much managerial effort is expended in bringing non-optimal levels of current assets and liabilities back toward optimal levels. An optimal level would be one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency. A recent example of business attempting to maximize working capital management is the recurrent attention being given to the application of Six Sigma? methodology. Six Sigma? methodologies help companies measure and ensure quality in all areas of the enterprise. When used to identify and rectify discrepancies. inefficiencies and erroneous transactions in the financial supply chain. Six Sigma? reduces Days Sales Outstanding (DSO). accelerates the payment cycle. improves customer satisfaction and reduces the necessary amount and cost of working capital needs. There appear to be many success stories. including Jennifer Towne’s (2002) r eport of a 15 percent decrease in days that sales are outstanding. resulting in an increased cash flow of approximately $2 million at Thibodaux Regional Medical Center. Furthermore. bad debts declined from $3.4 million to $600.000. However. Waxer’s (2003) study of multiple firms employing Six Sigma? finds that it is really a “get rich slow” technique with a rate of return hovering in the 1.2 – 4.5 percent range.
公司营运资金管理分析
公司营运资金管理分析 比亚迪股份有限公司营运资金管理分析 一、比亚迪简介 比亚迪股份有限公司（以下简称“比亚迪”）创立于1995年，是一家香港上市的高新技术民营企业。LI前，比亚迪在全国范围内，已在广东、北京、陕西、上海等地共建有九大生产基地，总面积将近700万平方米，并在美国、欧洲、日本、韩国、印度、台湾、香港等地设有分公司或办事处，现员工总数已超过13万人。 2002年7月31日，比亚迪在香港主板发行上市（股票代码:1211HK）,创 下了54支H股最高发行价记录。2007年，比亚迪电子（国际）有限公司（股票代码:028o. HK）在香港主板顺利上市，表现理想。 比亚迪设立中央研究院、电子研究院、汽车工程研究院以及电力科学研究院，负责高科技产品和技术的研发，以及产业和市场的研究等;拥有可以从硬件、软件以及测试等方面提供产品设计和项LI管理的专业队伍，拥有多种产品的完全自主开发经验与数据积累，逐步形成了自身特色并具有国际水平的技术开发平台。强大的研发实力是比亚迪迅速发展的根本。 比亚迪现拥有IT和汽车两大产业群。公司IT产业主要包括二次充电电池、充电器、电声产品、连接器、液晶显示屏模组、塑胶机构件、金属零部件、五金电子产品、手机按键、键盘、柔性电路板、微电子产品、LED产品、光电子产品等以及手机装饰、手机设计、手机组装业务等。公司坚持不懈地致力于技术创新、研发实力的提升和服务体系的完善，主要客户为诺基亚、摩托罗拉、三星等国际通讯业顶端客户群体。目前，比亚迪作为全球领先的二次充电电池制造商，IT及电子零部件产业已覆盖手机所有核心零部件及组装业务，银电池、手机用锂电池、手机按键在全球的市场份额均已达到笫一位。
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 文献翻译 原文： Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: 1.Electrical discharge machining. https://www.360docs.net/doc/d114894509.html,ser cutting. 3.Electron beam welding.
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
企业营运资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Effects Of Working Capital Management On Sme Profitability The corporate finance literature has traditionally focused on the study of long-term financial decisions. Researchers have particularly offered studies analyzing investments, capital structure, dividends or company valuation, among other topics. But the investment that firms make in short-term assets, and the resources used with maturities of under one year, represent the main share of items on a firm’s balance sheet. In fact, in our sample the current assets of small and medium-sized Spanish firms represent 69.48 percent of their assets, and at the same time their current liabilities represent more than 52.82 percent of their liabilities. Working capital management is important because of its effects on the firm’s profitability and risk, and consequently its value (Smith, 1980). On the one hand, maintaining high inventory levels reduces the cost of possible interruptions in the production process, or of loss of business due to the scarcity of products, reduces
基于单片机的步进电机控制系统设计外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：机械工程学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名： 学号：XXXXXXXXXX 外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计 孟天星余兰兰 山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院 山东省淄博市 摘要 本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。 关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制 1概述 步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。 2设计方案 该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。 At89c51单片机的P2口输出控制步进电机速度的时钟脉冲信号和控制步进电机运转方向的高低电平。通过定时程序和延时程序可以控制步进电机的速度和在某一
文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范 一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述 （一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求 1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。 2.正文 综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。 文献综述字数在5000字以上。 正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。 参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号。 期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.
图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文（设计）工作的要求。 （二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面 1.封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”，其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分：文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）
房地产信息管理系统的设计与实现 外文翻译
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
营运资金管理外文文献翻译
文献出处:Enqvist, Julius, Michael Graham, and Jussi Nikkinen. "The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: evidence from Finland." Research in International Business and Finance 32 (2014): 36-49. 原文 The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: Evidence from Finland 1. Introduction This paper investigates the effect of the business cycle on the link between working capital, the difference between current assets and current liabilities, and corporate performance. Efficient working capital management is recognized as an important aspect of financial management practices in all organizational forms. In acknowledgement of this importance, the CFO Magazine publishes an annual study of corporate working capital management performance in many countries. The extensive literature indicates that it impacts directly on corporate liquidity ( Kim et al., 1998 and Opler et al., 1999), profitability (e.g., Shin and Soenen, 1998, Deloof, 2003, Lazaridis and Tryfonidis, 2006 and Ukaegbu, 2014), and solvency (e.g.,Berryman, 1983 and Peel and Wilson, 1994). It is reasonable to assume that economy-wide fluctuations exogenous to the operations of the firm play an important role in the demand for firms’ products and any financing decision. Korajczyk and Levy (2003), for instance, suggest that firms time debt issuance based on economic conditions. Also, given that retained earnings are a significant component of working capital, business cycles can be said to affect all enterprises financing source through its effect on economic growth and sales. For example, when company sales weaken it engenders earning declines, thereby, affecting an important source of working capital. The recent global economic downturn with crimping consumer demand is an excellent example of this. The crisis,
速度控制系统设计外文翻译
译文 流体传动及控制技术已经成为工业自动化的重要技术，是机电一体化技术的核心组成之一。而电液比例控制是该门技术中最具生命力的一个分支。比例元件对介质清洁度要求不高，价廉，所提供的静、动态响应能够满足大部分工业领域的使用要求，在某些方面已经毫不逊色于伺服阀。比例控制技术具有广阔的工业应用前景。但目前在实际工程应用中使用电液比例阀构建闭环控制系统的还不多，其设计理论不够完善，有待进一步的探索，因此，对这种比例闭环控制系统的研究有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本论文以铜电解自动生产线中的主要设备——铣耳机作为研究对象，在分析铣耳机组各构成部件的基础上，首先重点分析了铣耳机的关键零件——铣刀的几何参数、结构及切削性能，并进行了实验。用电液比例方向节流阀、减压阀、直流直线测速传感器等元件设计了电液比例闭环速度控制系统，对铣耳机纵向进给装置的速度进行控制。论文对多个液压阀的复合作用作了理论上的深入分析，着重建立了带压差补偿型的电液比例闭环速度控制系统的数学模型，利用计算机工程软件，研究分析了系统及各个组成环节的静、动态性能，设计了合理的校正器，使设计系统性能更好地满足实际生产需要 水池拖车是做船舶性能试验的基本设备,其作用是拖曳船模或其他模型在试验水池中作匀速运动,以测量速度稳定后的船舶性能相关参数,达到预报和验证船型设计优劣的目的。由于拖车稳速精度直接影响到模型运动速度和试验结果的精度,因而必须配有高精度和抗扰性能良好的车速控制系统,以保证拖车运动的稳速精度。本文完成了对试验水池拖车全数字直流调速控制系统的设计和实现。本文对试验水池拖车工作原理进行了详细的介绍和分析,结合该控制系统性能指标要求,确定采用四台直流电机作为四台车轮的驱动电机。设计了电流环、转速环双闭环的直流调速控制方案,并且采用转矩主从控制模式有效的解决了拖车上四台直流驱动电机理论上的速度同步和负载平衡等问题。由于拖车要经常在轨道上做反复运动,拖动系统必须要采用可逆调速系统,论文中重点研究了逻辑无环流可逆调速系统。大型直流电机调速系统一般采用晶闸管整流技术来实现,本文给出了晶闸管整流装置和直流电机的数学模型,根据此模型分别完成了电流坏和转速环的设计和分析验证。针对该系统中的非线性、时变性和外界扰动等因素,本文将模糊控制和PI控制相结合,设计了模糊自整定PI控制器,并给出了模糊控制的查询表。本文在系统基本构成及工程实现中,介绍了西门子公司生产的SIMOREGDC Master 6RA70全数字直流调速装置,并设计了该调速装置的启动操作步骤及参数设置。完成了该系统的远程监控功能设计,大大方便和简化了对试验水池拖车的控制。对全数字直流调速控制系统进行了EMC设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。本文最后通过数字仿真得到了该系统在常规PI控制器和模糊自整定PI控制器下的控制效果,并给出了系统在现场调试运行时的试验结果波形。经过一段时间的试运行工作证明该系统工作良好,达到了预期的设计目的。 提升装置在工业中应用极为普遍,其动力机构多采用电液比例阀或电液伺服阀控制液压马达或液压缸,以阀控马达或阀控缸来实现上升、下降以及速度控制。电液比例控制和电液伺服控制投资成本较高,维护要求高,且提升过程中存在速度误差及抖动现象,影响了正常生产。为满足生产要求,提高生产效率,需要研究一种新的控制方法来解决这些不足。随着科学技术的飞速发展,计算机技术在液压领域中的应用促进了电液数字控制技术的产生和发展,也使液压元件的数字化成为液压技术发展的必然趋势。本文以铅电解残阳极洗涤生产线中的提升装置为研究
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范 一、要求 1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。 2、两篇文献。 二、基本格式 1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。 2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。 3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。 4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文） 5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。 二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 （一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求 外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。 原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次. 原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次. 原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。 要求有外文原文复印件。 （二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面
1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。普通A4纸打印即可。 第二部分：外文翻译主题 1.标题 一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 2.正文 小四号字，宋体。 第三部分：版面要求 论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸） 版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边 距：18mm 字符间距：标准 行距：1.25倍 页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译 题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中） 装订顺序是：封皮、中文翻译、英文原文复印件。
本科毕业设计外文翻译(原文)
Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d114894509.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d114894509.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417