呼吸内科常用英语
询问病史case history
Y ou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.
General/biographical[,bai?u'ɡr?fik,-k?l]data传记,marital婚姻status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how ma ny years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶health status, menorrhea[,men?'ri:?]月经(menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, m?-] 初潮age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstru?l]月经周期pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产,premature[,prem?'tju?, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹and children)
常用的症状symptoms
fever
Cough 咳嗽
Sputum (dry, purulent['pju?rjul?nt]脓性的, copious['k?upi?s]green sputum大量绿色痰,tenacious[ti'nei??s, t?-] yellow sputum 黄粘痰,frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰,rusty sputum 铁锈色痰
wheezing
Dyspnea during exertion[iɡ'z?:??n] or at rest 呼吸困难
Orthopnea[?:'θ?pni?]端坐呼吸
Paroxysmal[,p?r?k'sizm?l] nocturnal[n?k't?:n?l] dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难
Shortness of breath (SOB)
Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感
Exercise intolerance
pleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛
Pharyngalgia[f?rin'g?ld?i?] ; pharyngodynia[,f?ri?'ɡ?dini?]咽痛
Hemoptysis 咯血
Bucking 呛咳
Sneeze喷嚏
snore 打鼾
malaise [m?'leiz]不舒服
myalgia[mai'?ld?i?] 肌痛
insomnia [in's?mni?]失眠
hoarseness声嘶
dysphonia [dis'f?uni?]发声困难
常见的体征physical signs
clubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal[,l?nd?i'tju:din?l]and transverse横向curvature ['k?:v?t??]弯曲,loss of concave [ 'k?nkeiv]凹面的nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx['f?l??ks, 'fei-]趾骨,指骨, drumstick- like
nicotine staining
cyanosis[,sai?'n?usis]发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin[di:,?ksi'hem?u,ɡl?ubin]去氧血红蛋白more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPa
peripheral[p?'rif?r?l]外围的,次要的cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to
cold exposures
central cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lips
hand flap: due to CO2 retention潴留
asterixis 扑翼样震颤
papilloedema 视乳头水肿
chemosis球结膜水肿
enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r [kl?'vikjul?] and axillary [?k'sil?ri]腋窝lymph nodes increased respiratory rate
tachycardia 心动过速
pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)
barrel chest
hyperexpanded, decreased expansion
kyphosis [kai'f?usis]驼背,脊柱后凸
Inspection:
tachypnea [,t?kip'ni:?]呼吸急促
accessory muscles of respiration[,resp?'rei??n]: sternocleidomastoid['st?:n?u,klaid?'m?st?id] 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaring wide or narrow intercostal[,int?'k?st?l] 肋间的space
tactile触觉的vocal声音的fremitus震颤触觉语颤
subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感
Percussion:
resonance清音
dullness浊音
flatness实音
hyperresonance过清音
tympany/timp2ni/鼓音
lower borders: scapular['sk?pjul?]肩胛的line X left/right intercostal[,int?'k?st?l] 肋间的
space
range of mobility[m?u'bil?ti]移动
Auscultation[,?:sk?l'tei??n]:听诊
vocal resonance 语音共振
ronchi: wheeze , stridor['straid?] 喘鸣, crackles['kr?kl]发出细碎的爆裂声, V elcro-like
soundes
moist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音
pleural friction rubs
complete absence of breath sounds
ankle edema
weight loss,cachexia[k?'keksi?]恶病质,cachectic[k?'kektik]恶病质的
decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia[,?n?'reksi?]食欲减退
常做的检查examinations or laboratory findings
(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)
temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)
sputum pot 痰盂
Blood/urine/stool routine, occult['?k?lt/ blood test潜隐血试验
Blood biochemistry
Sputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity test
sputum cytology[sai't?l?d?i]细胞学
Pulse oximeter[?k'simit?]脉氧计:continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation
Arterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral['fem?r?l]股骨的artery puncture穿刺
PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbia
PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia[,haip?k'si:mi?]血氧不足
respiratory failure:
type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2<60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury['m?:kjuri]汞)
due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)
pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism,pulmonary
hypertension, shunt
type 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2>50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)
due to alveolar ventilation failure
obstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis
restrictive: neuromuscular[,nju?r?u'm?skjul?]神经肌肉(sedatives['s?d?tiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,mai?s'θi:ni?]肌无力), structural['str?kt??r?l]结构的(ankylosing spondylitis[,??ki'l?uzi?,sp?ndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesity Chest X-ray/radiograph:
reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular[ri'tikjul?]网状的, linear['lini?]线状的, military nodules 粟粒样结节)
coin lesions 硬币样
cavities空腔:amphoric['?mf?rik]空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)
opacification[?u,p?sifi'kei??n]浑浊:consolidation (air space infiltrate):
confluent['k?nflu?nt]支流的,汇合的shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影
collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)
segmental atelactasis肺不张
pleural effusion
mediastinal[,mi:di?s'tain?l]纵隔mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai'm?um?]胸腺瘤, teratoma[,ter?'t?um?]畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,
terrible diagnoses including lymphoma[lim'f?um?]淋巴瘤and aneurysm动脉瘤
Chest CT scan( computed tomography)
Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)
PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) ['p?zitr?n]正电子
Abdominal ultrasound['?ltr?saund]超声
skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验(dust mites尘螨,pollen花粉,cockroach蟑螂)
tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative[di'riv?tiv]纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)
Pulmonary function test : Spirometry [spai'r?mitri]呼吸量测定法,肺量测定法
obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitation
FEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO
< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓
restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes
intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓
extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normal
FEV1: forced expiratory[iks'pai?r?t?ri/ volume in 1 second
FVC: force vital capacity
TLC: total lung capacity
RV: residual volume
KCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)
PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate
flow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi'rei??n])
bronchoprovocation/challenge test[,pr?v?'kei??n] 支气管激发试验:histamine['hist?mmin]组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inh?'lei??n] bronchodilatation[,dail?'tei??n]支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇[s?l'bju:t?m?(:)l] fiberoptic bronchoscopy[br??'k?sk?pi]: biopsy['bai,?psi]活组织检查bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
protected specimen brush (PS
transthoracic[,tr?nsθ?'r?sik,]经胸廓的percutaneous needle aspiration[,?sp?'rei??n]吸引术
percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)
video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θ?'r?k?sk?up] 胸腔镜lung biopsy
open lung biopsy
pleural biopsy
biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes
D-Dimers
electrocardiogram (ECG)心电图
echocardiogram超声心动图
V/Q isotope['ais?ut?up] 同位素scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)
spiral螺旋CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,?nd?i'?ɡr?fi]血管造影术)
pulmonary angiography
Doppler['d?pl?] 多普勒USS thigh[θai]大腿and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆(USS: ultrasound scanning)
cardiac monitor
PSG( polysommography)
常见的病名diseases
acute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染
common cold 普通感冒
influenza 流感[,influ'enz?]
pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[f?rin'g?ld?i?]咽痛
acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎
pneumonia 肺炎
community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎
hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎
nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎
bronchiectasis 支气管扩张
chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎
pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘
allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎
respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭
lung abscess 肺脓肿
pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病
lung cancer: 肺癌
primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌
squamous['skweim?s] cell carcinoma 鳞癌
adenocarcinoma 腺癌['?d?n?u,kɑ:si'n?um?]
bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌
small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)小细胞肺癌
pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[m?'t?st?sis]
pulmonary embolism (PE)肺栓塞
pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θr?mb?u'emb?liz?m]
pulmonary infarction 肺梗死
deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成
empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:m?]
pneumothorax气胸
pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['pai?u,nju:m?u'θ?:r?ks]
chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['s?pju?r?tiv, -reitiv]
congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,sai?'n?tik]
cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['k?:,pum?'n?li]
pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压
pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sef?'l?p?θi]
right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭
pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病
interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idi?'p?θik]
cryptogenic[,kript?u'd?enik] 隐源性的fibrosing alveolitis, CFA隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病
systemic lupus['lju:p?s]狼疮erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮
rheumatoid arthritis, RA类风湿性关节炎
systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化
scleroderma 硬皮病
sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征
polymyositis 多发性肌炎
dermatomyositis 皮肌炎
sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:k?i'd?usis]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,pr?utii'n?usis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:m?u,sid?'r?usis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病
Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡr?nju,l?um?'t?usis]
Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:?sin?'filik]
Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症X
Wegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿
extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎
pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:m?,k?uni'?usis]
drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病
aspergillosis[?,sp?:d?i'l?usis]曲菌病:allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) pleural disease 胸膜疾病
broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjul?]
oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病,鹅口疮[,k?ndi'dai?sis]
osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变
glaucoma 青光眼
cataract白内障
acute lung injury ,ALI 急性肺损伤
acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征
urticaria 荨麻疹
eczema 湿疹
hypertension 高血压
diabetes 糖尿病
常用的药物drugs or agents
be administered, treat sb. with
empirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,pr?fi'l?ktik, ,pr?u-]预防性, remedial[ri'mi:di?l]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pekt?r?nt]
Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:k?u'litik]
bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,br??k?udai'leit?]
B2-agonists['?ɡ?nist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[s?l'bju:t?m?(:)l]
long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗
muscarinic[,m?sk?'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的antagonists[?n't?ɡ?nist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['br?umaid] 异丙托溴胺
aminophylline 氨茶碱[?,mi:n?u'fili:n]
steroids['sti?r?id]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德,beclomethasone[,bekl?u'meθ?s?un]倍氯米松,fluticasone氟替卡松
systemic: prednisolone['pred'nis?l?un] 强的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone[,haidr?u'k?:tiz?un]氢化可的松iv.
mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠
leukotriene[,lju:k?u'trai?n]白三烯receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特
respiratory stimulants:
lobeline
nikethamide[ni'keθ?maid, -mid]尼可刹米
cardiac tonic 强心剂
diuretics 利尿剂[,daiju?'retik]
albumin 白蛋白['?lbjumin]
antitussive agents 镇咳药[,?nti't?siv]
ammonium chloride 氯化铵[?'m?unj?m]铵['kl?:raid]氯化物
ambroxol 氨溴索(mucosolvan 沐舒坦)
Pantoloc潘妥洛克
常用的治疗措施
low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['k?njuli:]鼻导管,V enturi[ven'tju?ri]文里氏face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaiz?]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition
metered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)
intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)
non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive
(via intubation[,intju:'bei??n]插管,tracheostomy [,tr?ki'?st?mi, ,trei-]气管造口术,tracheotomy[,tr?ki'?t?mi, ,trei-]气管切开术)
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气
pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气
thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θ?:r?k?sen'tesis]
chest drain/drainage 引流术
chemotherapy 化疗
radiation therapy 放疗
pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:m?u'nekt?mi]
lobectomy of lung,pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[l?u'bekt?mi]叶切除术
thoracotomy 开胸术,胸廓切开术[,θ?:r?'k?t?mi]
pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术
pleurectomy 胸膜切除术
pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术
thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术
inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器
常见的疾病
chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum
bronchiectasis:
cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['v?rik?us]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样
hemoptysis
physiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural['p?st??r?l] drainage
long term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonale
medical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibiotics
surgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysis
lung abscess
usually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;
in the supine[ 'sju:pain]仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.
pneumothorax
accumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的bleb [bleb]大疱rupture ['r?pt??]破裂
lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [br??'k?sk?pi]支气管镜检查,esp. biopsy
types: closed, open, tension
mediastinal deviation :trachea and apex ['eipeks]尖端shift contralaterally对立的旁边
CXR: translucency [tr?nz'lju:s?nsi]半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘between lung and chest wall>2 cm(centimeter) =>50% lung volume loss
aspiration [,?sp?'rei??n]吸引术,intercostal drain
refractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rekt?mi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bul?] 大疱stapling装订or lasering激光
pleural effusion
chest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breath
Transudate[,tr?nsju'deit]漏出液:redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daiju?'retik]利尿剂can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre['li:t?]) or pleura: serum['si?r?m]血清protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;
often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haip?u?l,bju:m?'ni:mi?]低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . [,haip?u'θair?idiz?m]甲状腺功能低下
Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液:capillary permeability[,p?:mi?'biliti] 渗透increases or lymph drainage decreases
often seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:?u'pleizi?, -?i?]瘤形成, surgery or trauma.
CXR: meniscus[mi'nisk?s]弯液面-shaped,rises towards axilla[?k'sil?]腋温
Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduate
turbid['t?:bid]浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pus[p?s]脓cells) or empyema[,empai'i:m?]积脓症(bacterial infection)
bloody( haemothorax[,hi:m?u'θ?:r?ks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis['p?nkri?'taitis]胰腺炎, trauma
white( chylothorax[,kail?u'θ?:r?ks]乳糜胸):lymph ,blocked thoracic[θ?:'r?sik,] duct 胸导管, usually due to tumour
Therapy: transudate: diuretics
exudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)
intrathoracic[,intr?θ?'r?sik]胸廓内的streptokinase[,strept?u'kaineis]链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解fibrinous['faibrin?s] 纤维蛋白的adhesions[?d'hi:??n]粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetr?'saiklain]四环素. bleomycin[,bli:?u'maisin]博莱霉素lung cancer
hoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的laryngeal[,l?rin'd?i:?l] 喉的nerve palsy['p?:lzi]麻痹
dysphagia[dis'feid?i?,-d?i]吞咽困难
pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ['stelit, -leit] 星形的ganglion['ɡ??ɡli?n]神经节
resulting in Horner syndrome
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,?sti?uɑ:'θr?up?θi]骨关节病
superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival e dema, [,k?nd???k'taiv?]结膜plethora['pleθ?r?], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,t?mp?'neid]心包填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS
paran eoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),
skin(dermatomyositis)
immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹
squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)
adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable state
small cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes common
bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum
NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapy
SCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)
secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.
obstructive sleep apnoea
obstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertension
Causes: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases
PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep study
Therapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine position continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
mandibular advancement device (MAD)
adenoidectomy (curative in children)
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术
maxillomandibular osteotomy
obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdom en and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓
常用的化疗药
cisplatin 顺铂
Gemcitabine吉西他滨:Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)
paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇(Taxol泰素)
docetaxel多西他赛(泰素帝)
常见的抗生素
beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis
penicillin skin test
amoxicillin 阿莫西林
piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠
ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾
cephamycin 头孢菌素类
cefradine 头孢拉啶
cefaclor 头孢克洛
cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦
ceftriaxone 头孢曲松
cefpiramide 头孢吡啶
ceftazidime 头孢他定
ceftizoxime 头孢唑污
carbopenems 碳青霉烯类
azactam 氨曲南
meropenem 美罗培南
imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠(泰能tienam)Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assembly
vancomycin 万古霉素
norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素
teicoplanin 替考拉林
Macrolides大环内酯类:inhibit protein synthesis
roxithromycin 罗红霉素
clarithromycin 克拉霉素
azithromycin 阿奇霉素
erythromycin 红霉素
Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxic
inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星(丁胺卡那)
gentamicin 庆大霉素
streptomycin 链霉素
Sulfamido 磺胺类
sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)
Quinolones 喹诺酮类:inhibit DNA gyrase
norfloxacin 诺氟沙星
ofloxacin 氧氟沙星
levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星
gatifloxacin 加替沙星
moxifloxacin 莫西沙星
ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星
Tetracycline 四环素类
minocycline 美满霉素
Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类
metronidazole 甲硝唑
tinidazole 替硝唑
ornidazole 奥硝唑
Antitubercular agents抗结核药
rifampicin 利福平
rifapentine 利福喷丁
isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼
pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺
ethambutol 乙胺丁醇
Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药
nystatin 制霉菌素
amphotericin 两性霉素B
fluconazole 氟康唑
voriconazole 伏立康唑
itraconazole 伊曲康唑
Antivirus agents
ribavirin 利巴韦林
oseltamivir 奥司他韦
acyclovir 阿昔洛韦
ganciclovir 更昔洛韦
valacic lovir 伐昔洛韦
foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠(可耐)
lamivudine 拉米夫定
entecavir 恩替卡韦
常见的病原微生物
microorganism, microbe 微生物
bacterium 细菌
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)脂多糖
antibiotics 抗生素
pyrogen 致热原
exotoxin 外毒素
endotoxin 内毒素
Gram stain 革兰染色
Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位
antibacterial agents 抗菌药
resistance 耐药性
ESBLs:extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶
MRSA:methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症
toxemia 毒血症
endotoxemia 内毒素血症
septicaemia 败血症
pyemia 脓毒血症
pathogen 致病原
pathogenicity 致病性
virulence 毒力
median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量
median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量
virus 病毒
replication 复制
viremia 病毒血症
normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调
dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症
opportunistic infection 机会性感染
conditioned infection 条件致病性感染
endogenous infection 内源性感染
exogenous infection 外源性感染
antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度
disinfection 消毒
sterilization 灭菌
asepsis 无菌
aseptic technique 无菌技术
bacteriostasis 抑菌
antisepsis 防腐
disinfectant 消毒剂
bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂
bactericide 杀菌剂
autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法
ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线
isolation precaution 隔离预防
artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫
vaccination 疫苗接种
killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗
attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗
toxoid 类毒素
artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫
antitoxin 抗毒素
gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白
Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌
Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌
Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌
Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌
Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌
Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌
Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌
Legionella 军团杆菌属
Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌
Serratia 沙雷菌属
Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌
Acinebacter 不动杆菌属
Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌
Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌
Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌
Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌
Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌
Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属,抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPD
Old tuberculin,OT
Atypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌
Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌
Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌
Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌
Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌
Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌
Clostridum diffic ile 艰难梭菌
antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌
Y ersinia 耶尔森菌属
Brucella 布氏菌属
Actinomyces 放线菌属
Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体(苍白密螺旋体)
V enereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)
Rapid plasma regain (RPR)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体
Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体
Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒
Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒
Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒
Coronavirus 冠状病毒
Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS
Adenovirus 腺病毒
Rubella virus 风疹病毒
Rhinovirus 鼻病毒
Enterovirus 肠道病毒
Rotavirus 轮状病毒
hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒
Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒
Hantavirus 汉坦病毒
Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热
Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒
V aricella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒
Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒
Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒
Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型
Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒
Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS
Human T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒
Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病
Rabies virus 风疹病毒
Fungus 真菌
Y east 酵母
Spore 孢子
Hypha 菌丝
Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌
Trichophyton 毛癣菌属
Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属
Tinea 癣
Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属
Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病
Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌,白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病
Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌
Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌
Mucor 毛霉菌属
呼吸内科英语词汇汇总
doctor;physician 医生,cure;treat 医治,cure sb of his illness 医好某人的病 give sb medical treatment 给某人医病, medical ethics ['eθ?ks] 医德 medical courses in general; medicine 医科 principles of medical science; medical knowledge 医理 medical treatment 医疗,public health services 公费医 疗 medical team 医疗队,medical establishment 医疗机构 medicament [me'd?k?m?nt]; drug 药剂 pharmacist ['fɑ?m?s?st]; druggist ['dr?ɡ?st] 药剂师unskillful and faulty medical or surgical treatment malpractice 医疗事故 medical and health work 医疗卫生工作,medical station;health center 医疗站 obstetrician [?bst?'tr??n] 产科医生,pediatrician [pi?di?'tr??n]儿科医生ENT(ear-nose-throat)doctor 耳鼻喉科医生,radiologist 放射科医生 gynecologist [ga?n?'k?l?d??st]妇科医生,orthopedist [??θ??'pi?d?st]骨科医生 urologist 泌尿科医生, physician 内科医生 dermatologist [d??m?'t?l?d??st]皮肤科医生 intern 实习医生,surgeon 外科医生,dentist;dental surgeon 牙科医生 oculist ['?kj?list];eye-doctor 眼科医生,plastic surgeon 整形外科医生 oncologist 肿瘤科医生 doctor in charge,attending doctor 主治医生 the attending on call 当班的主治医师associate chief physician 副主任医师 Chief Physician主任医师resident doctor 住院医生 Bronchial [br??ki?l] asthma [?sm?]支气管哮喘 acidosis [?s?'d??s?s]酸中毒Allergen,allergic reaction 变异原,变态反应blood gas analysis 血气分析Anaemia [?'ni?mi?] 贫血 Alveolar 肺泡的antibiotic 抗生素Atelectasis [?t?'lekt?s?s]肺不张 Lung abscess 肺脓肿Atherosclerotic [?θ?r??skl?'r?t?k] heart disease 动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Beta2-agonist ['?g?nist] B2受体激动剂 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis [?sp?d?i'l??s?s] 曲霉菌ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 Percussion [p?'k??n] and auscultation [??sk?l'te??n] 叩/听诊 Pulmonary arterial stenosis [sti'n??s?s] 肺动脉狭窄 Adrenal [?d'ri?n?l] glucocorticoid [glu?k??'k??t?k??d]( 糖(肾上腺)皮质激素)肾上腺糖皮质激素β2-agonist ['?g?nist] β2激动剂Biopsy 活检Bronchiectasis [brɑ?k i'ekt?s?s] 支气管扩张 broncho[[b'r?nt???] dilator 支气管扩张Fiber optic (['?pt?k]光学的)bronchoscopic [,br??k?'sk?pik] biopsy 纤支镜活检BAL bronchoalveolar lavage 支气管肺泡灌洗Bronchitis,bronchiolitis [?br??k???'la?t?s]支气管炎,细支气管炎 Boop: bronchiolitis obliterans ([?b'l?t?r?nz] 闭塞性)with organizing pneunomia闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎Bronchoscopy [b'r?nt??sk?p?]支气管镜检查 cavity 空洞CAHD coronary arteriosclerotic(英[ɑ:t??ri:??skl??'r?t?k ])heart disease 冠心病CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation( [r?s?s?'te??n]恢复知觉,苏醒)心肺复苏CDILD chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease 慢性间质性肺病COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢阻肺Clubbed( [kl?bd] 棒状的)finger 杵状指dry cough 干咳 Cyanosis [sa??'n??s?s]紫绀Nonproductive cough 干咳 Complication 并发症 crackling( [kr?kl??]轻微的爆裂声,噼啪声)rale 细捻发音 crepitant ['krep?t?nt]捻发音的 cough variant asthma 咳嗽变异性哮喘Dyspnea 呼吸困难 Differential [d?f?ren?l] diagnosis 鉴别诊断Discharge diagnosis 出院诊断 dry rale 干罗音Emphysema 肺气肿 pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞Acid base equilibrium [i:kw?'l?br??m]酸碱平衡 etiology 病因学
常用会计类英语词汇汇总
常用会计类英语词汇汇总基本词汇 A(1)account账户,报表 A(2)accountingpostulate会计假设 A(3)accountingvaluation会计计价 A(4)accountabilityconcept经营责任概念 A(5)accountancy会计职业 A(6)accountant会计师 A(7)accounting会计 A(8)agencycost代理成本 A(9)accountingbases会计基础 A(10)accountingmanual会计手册 A(11)accountingperiod会计期间 A(12)accountingpolicies会计方针 A(13)accountingrateofreturn会计报酬率 A(14)accountingreferencedate会计参照日 A(15)accountingreferenceperiod会计参照期间 A(16)accrualconcept应计概念 A(17)accrualexpenses应计费用 A(18)acidtestratio速动比率(酸性测试比率) A(19)acquisition收购 A(20)acquisitionaccounting收购会计 A(21)adjustingevents调整事项 A(22)administrativeexpenses行政管理费 A(23)amortization摊销 A(24)analyticalreview分析性复核 A(25)annualequivalentcost年度等量成本法 A(26)annualreportandaccounts年度报告和报表 A(27)appraisalcost检验成本 A(28)appropriationaccount盈余分配账户 A(29)articlesofassociation公司章程细则 A(30)assets资产 A(31)assetscover资产担保 A(32)assetvaluepershare每股资产价值 A(33)associatedcompany联营公司 A(34)attainablestandard可达标准 A(35)attributableprofit可归属利润 A(36)audit审计 A(37)auditreport审计报告 A(38)auditingstandards审计准则 A(39)authorizedsharecapital额定股本 A(40)availablehours可用小时 A(41)avoidablecosts可避免成本 B(42)back-to-backloan易币贷款
中考模拟英语试卷及答案10
中考模拟英语试卷及答案 Part 1 Listening (第一部分听力) I. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容,选出相应的图片): (共6分) A B C D E F G II. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题,选出最恰当的答案): (共10分) 7. A) The man’s.B) The woman’s. C) The man’s son’s.D) The woman’s son’s. 8. A) In the classroom. B) At the airport. C) In the teachers’ office.D) At the railway station. 9. A) He is listening to the radio. B) He is playing a sports game. C) He is watching television. D) He is reading a newspaper. 10. A) 8:30. B) 9:00. C) 9:30. D) 10:30. 11. A) Ben. B) Alice. C) Jimmy. D) Linda.
12. A) In an hour. B) In half an hour. C) In ten minutes. D) In twenty minutes. 13. A) By taxi. B) By bike. C) By bus. D) On foot. 14. A) Twenty dollars. B) Twenty-five dollars. C) Fifty dollars. D) Thirty-five dollars. 15. A) Because he had to pay for his education. B) Because he had to study several subjects. C) Because he wanted to stay in America. D) Because he wanted to look for a good job. 16. A) It’s much newer, but noisier. B) It’s much bigger, but noisier. C) It’s bigger and quieter. D) It’s smaller and quieter. III. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的内容, 符合的用“T”表示,不符合的用“F”表示): (共7分) 17. Bill used to be the best student in his new school. 18. Nobody liked Bill because he liked being alone all the time. 19. Bill’s teacher asked his parents to come to the school. 20. Bill’s father went to see Bill and talked with him. 21. Bill’s father asked him some questions about his studies. 22. Bill’s father told Bill that he was the most important person for him. 23. From the passage we know that nobody cared for Bill in this world. IV. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks (根据你听到的对话,完成下列句子,每空格限填一词): (共7分) 24. Jim can’t (24) asleep and he feels very tired in the morning. 25. Jim thinks about (25) a lot and he’s afraid he is going to fail. 26. If Jim makes a study plan, he can (26) his time better and feel more confident. 27. Jim often has all his books (27) at the same time, and he never knows which one to read first. 28. There are 1,800 students and (28) teachers in Jim’s school.
呼吸内科常用英语(全)
询问病史 12case history You need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history. General/biographical[,baiu'ɡrfik,-kl]data传记,marital婚姻status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶 health status, menorrhea[,men'ri:]月经(menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, m-] 初潮age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstrul]月经周期 pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产 ,premature[,prem'tju, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹 and children) 常用的症状 symptoms fever
常见会计英语词汇
常见会计英语词汇
会计常用词汇(一) 一、资产类Assets 流动资产Current assets 货币资金Cash and cash equivalents 现金Cash 银行存款Cash in bank 其他货币资金Other cash and cash equivalents 外埠存款Other city Cash in bank 银行本票Cashier''s cheque 银行汇票Bank draft 信用卡Credit card 信用证保证金L/C Guarantee deposits 存出投资款Refundable deposits 短期投资Short-term investments 股票Short-term investments - stock 债券Short-term investments - corporate bonds 基金Short-term investments - corporate funds 其他other 短期投资跌价准备Short-term investments falling price reserves 应收款Account receivable 应收票据Note receivable 银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance
商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance 应收股利Dividend receivable 应收利息Interest receivable 应收账款Account receivable 其他应收款Other notes receivable 坏账准备Bad debt reserves 预付账款Advance money 应收补贴款Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable 库存资产Inventories 物资采购Supplies purchasing 原材料Raw materials 包装物Wrappage 低值易耗品Low-value consumption goods 材料成本差异Materials cost variance 自制半成品Semi-Finished goods 库存商品Finished goods 商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price 委托加工物资Work in process - outsourced 委托代销商品Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis 受托代销商品Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis 存货跌价准备Inventory falling price reserves
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