2014年四级考试阅读长难句过关

1、并列平行结构

英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.

从今天开始我们就由浅入深，来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。

Exercise

Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.

The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.

And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.

要点分析和参考译文

要点：句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping……” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。

参考译文：当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。

要点：主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy，to build homes，和to design cities。本句的主干部分为：The way is culturally influenced。

参考译文：怎样利用空间实现个人隐私，修建住宅及规划城市都受到文化上的影响。

要点：neither…nor连接并列主语。“convince”后接“people”作宾语，另外三个“that……”从句并列作convince 的宾语，其中最后一个“that……”从句前省略了“that”补齐则为(that) millions of……。

参考译文：朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使他们相信：多数动物对人无害，数以千计的旅行者每日都安全的飞行，数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯。

2Exercise

In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing. At whatever table , they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.

Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection.

But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.

要点分析和参考译文:

要点：这两句为对偶句，结构工整。In whatever company 意为"无论和什么人交往"不要误以为"不论在什么公司"。persons and conversations的定语后置。同样道理meat and drink，dishes 也都带有后置定语。

参考译文：无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然。同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分。

要点：they are too old for是定语从句修饰jobs。Rather than 前后为相同的语法成分即stay 和face

参考译文：许多工人宁愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作，而不愿意去面对(再找工作时)可能会遇到的拒绝

要点：remember 后面有两个并列的宾语从句，一个是that we did not see……，另一个是that we failed to……。由于介词短语with far greater pain 的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句，而使全句的结构变得较为复杂。

参考译文：可是，我们更痛苦的回忆是，我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽，没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。

3 Exercise

We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.

people think of cowboys as free people, unafraid to battle with wild animals, living close to nature, with the trees and the sky and the stars.

Clearly , science may involve not only careful observation but also a willingness to be creative; this may entail looking beyond existing paradigms governing research in a given area of study.

要点分析和参考译文

要点：此句又两个并列结构存在，一个使全局的主干结构，即由but连接的两个分句"we know……，but all too often we recognize……";另一个是glance 后面跟着由and连接的两个并列的状语从句。这两个状语从句在实践上存在着先后顺序，在结构上是一个对偶句，而且第二个状语从句得主语省略，即when we remember what it was and then suddenly (we) realize that it is no more。

参考译文：我们大家都知道这是实际情况。可我们却常常只是再回首往事想起它当时的情景时才认识到，并且此时我们会突然发现它已不复存在了。

要点：句中谓语动词为一短语"think of …… as", 后接名词短语" free people"及形容词短语"unafraid to battle with wild animals"并列作cowboys的宾语补足语。分词短语"living……"及介词短语"with the trees……" 做伴随及方式状语。

参考译文：人们把牛仔看成是自由自在的人，毫不惧怕与野兽搏斗，在大自然的怀抱中生活，与树木，天空及星斗共存。

要点：此句是由;号链接在一起的两个独立的句子，是一个并列的结构。第二个分句的主语this 指的应该是

4插入结构

除了上一章的并列结构，英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，a如主

谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，不易分清各部分得成分，而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。

Exercise

Americans admire the self-made person—the one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top.

Silly or wise, terrible or delightful, it is a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark, another slice of life cut differently for which, it seems to me, we are never sufficiently grateful.

Quite a different problem, but one that is causing growing concern, is that computers may violate people’s privacy.

要点分析和参考译文

要点：破折号后的“the one”是前面person的同位语，“the one”后面又有一个由who引导的定语从句，其中主语和谓语之间有一个插入语：with neither money nor family influence.

参考译文：美国人钦佩靠个人奋斗而成功的人士：这种人既没有金钱也没有家庭背景，靠自己的奋斗攀登到最上层。

要点：Silly or wise, terrible or delightful为平行结构，在句中作让步状语。另外句子的表语也是平行结构“a further helping of experi ence, an additional joy after dark”“it seems to me”为插入语，插入到for which引导的定语从句中。

参考译文：不管是愚蠢还是聪明，可怕还是愉悦，梦中的生活都是更深一层的另外一种体验，是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐，是生活另一个不同的侧面，对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不为过。

要点：句中“but one that is causing growing concern”，在句中作插入语。在意义上是对“Quite a different problem”的补充说明。One代替上文提到的“problem”

参考译文：一个截然不同但却越来越引起人们关注的问题是：计算机可能会侵犯人们的隐私

5除了上一章的并列结构，英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，如主谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，不易分清各部分得成分，而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。

Exercise

It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learn to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.

D o the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?

It was probably not until the 1880’s that man, with the help of more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph (英里)

要点分析和参考译文

要点：“everyone agrees”为插入语。“and”连结两个并列句，前一句为”it is … that”强调句型;后一分句”the fact”后为同位语从句”that he does so in so short a period of time”，因此，后一分句的主要部分为the fact challenges(需

要)explanation

参考译文：每个人都同意孩子学说话确实是件困难的事，并且孩子能在这么短的时间里做到的确需要很好的解释才行。

要点：“one wonders”为插入语，本句主干结构为“Do the fashions reflect qualities?”，“fashions” 有两个定语“constantly changing”和“of women’s clothes”。“qualities”也有两个定语“basic”和“of inconstancy and instability”。

参考译文：我们不知道女性服装不断变化的时尚是否反映出不可靠和不稳定的基本特点。

要点：此句为强调句型“It was …that…”; that 从句中主语man和谓语managed 之间插入介词短语“with the help of …”作状语。

参考译文：大概直到19世纪80年代，人类借助一种更为先进的蒸汽机车，才达到每小时100英里的速度

6Exercise

Dying patients especially—who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark—can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or to have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.

Computer crime, a phrase denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts to invade data banks in order to steal or modify records, or to release over computer networks software called a virus that corrupts data and programs, has grown at an alarming rate since the development of computer communications.

Hence, though the normal child masters some 80,000 words in sixteen years — about fourteen per day—little of this learning takes place in school.

要点分析和参考译文

要点：要点该句中破折号内得成分是插入语。介词about 之后三个分别由“whether or not”“where and with whom”“how”引起得从句做其宾语。动词短语to bring to a close意为“to cause to come to an end”; “to take leave”意为“say goodbye to sb.”

参考译文：特别是濒临死亡的病人——他们最容易受骗，也最会被蒙在鼓里——从而不能做出临终前的有关抉择：是否要

住院，是否要进行手术，在何处与何人度过剩下的一点时光，以及如何处理完自己的事后再告别人世。

要点：本句的主句是“Computer crime grams, has grown at an alarming rate……”逗号之间的插入结构“a phrase……programs”是主句主语“Computer crime”的同位语。

参考译文：随着计算机通信的迅速发展，计算机犯罪以令人震惊的速度增长。计算机犯罪这个术语指的是用非法的，秘密的手段入侵数据库，以便偷取或修改数据库资料，或是在计算机网络中散布病毒软件，这些病毒能毁坏数据和程序。

要点：hence，就这样，副词表示结果。Though引导让步状语从句，从句的主语为the normal child, 谓语为master, about fourteen per day为插入语，起补充说明的作用，主句的主语为little of this learning; 主句的谓语是takes place 参考译文：这样，尽管正常的孩子在16年里能掌握大约8万个单词，大约一天学14个，但只有很少一部分是在学校里学来得。

7分隔结构

含有分隔结构得复杂句通常是指那些句子结构主谓、谓宾、宾补之间存在着其他成分。而有时这些介入成分又较长，从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。另外还有一种分隔结构是同位语和定语同它们所修饰得成分分隔，由于作同位语和作定语得句子太长，而后面得部分又太短，为了保证全句意思表达得完整性常常把同位语或定语放到句子最后，形成分隔得结构。一般来说分隔结构本身不难辨认，但当句子较长，成分较多，被分隔得部分又相距较远时就容易造成理解障碍，而且常常被分隔得成分又恰恰是句子得主干。因此准确判断分隔结构，理顺句子主干就成了理解这类句子得关键。

Exercise:

We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.

Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler’s life.

Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.

要点分析和参考译文

要点：定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。此现象为“分隔定语”

参考译文：我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期得时代。

要点：the last of Adolf Hitler’s life 作为evening得同位语，因为比较长而放在了句子后面，使句子平衡。

参考译文：夜晚已经来临，这是阿道夫希特勒生命中最后的一个夜晚。

要点：when引导的时间状语从句的主语an announcement后带有一个that 引导的同位语从句(that enemy missiles are approaching)，说明其内容，因为谓语部分太短，所以将同位语从句置于其后，以保持句子平衡。

参考译文：当广播里传出敌方导弹正在接近，几个邻居都希望在街道的唯一的一个防空洞中寻求完全。

8分隔结构

Exercise

It’s an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes.

While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.

I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years, about how excessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate growth.

要点分析和参考译文

要点：“an activity”及”not something”在句中作并列表语。介词短语”like helping…” 与“that” 从句共同作定语，修饰”something”，此定语被that ”从句分割”。

参考译文：这是一种使你寻求快乐的活动，而不是诸如帮助刷盘子那种你非做不可的事情。

要点：此句的宾语” a teaching post” 之所以放在” in a local newspaper” 之后是因为它带有较长的后置定语，其目的是为了避免句子“头重脚轻”。

参考译文：在我等待进入大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约10英里的伦敦某郊区有所学校要招聘一名教师。

要点：the speech本应紧连着介词about的短语，即the speech about how…and how…，但由于定语从句I had made for years 与speech在意义连接上更为密切，所以把speech和about短语分隔开了。介词about后面跟的是两个并列的介词宾语从句” how excessive tax rates can take away……”和” how cutting taxes can generate……”

参考译文：我发表了一篇内容与几年前不同的讲话，谈的是税率过高会使生产失去刺激以及减税会使经济得到增长。

9Exercise

I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 Downing Street.

The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.

With rock,illusion of shared feelings, bodily contact and grunted formulas, which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech, are the basis of association.

要点：让步状语though not again at 10 Downing Street 被插入语she reminded me所分隔。而且该让步状语是一个省略的结构，全句应为though(it will) not(be)again at 10 Downing Street. 还应看出让步状语所转达的意思正是插入语的宾语所要转达的意思。she reminded me (it will not be again at 10 Downing Street)。省略和插入的使用使全句的意思得以很好地衔接连贯、结构紧凑，无多余的成分。

参考译文：我打算不久和她在英国见面，不过她提醒我地点不再是唐宁街十号了。

要点：此句话的主谓被很长一段定语成分所分隔，句子主干应是“The cessation...is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family”，由于主干中的is前没有逗号分开，而且前面又出现了一个is imminent，还由于同主语The cessation 拉开的距离太远，所以不容易很快找到。When前面的部分如果不注意很容易错误地理解为一个句子，即“The cessation...means to prolong the life of body.”实际上means是个名词，意为“方法，手段”，不是动词“意味着”。而且means前面有个形容词extraordinary作定语，不可能是动词，尽管意思上说得通。when引导的状语从句里带了一个定语从句that biological death is imminent，它们一起插入了主语和谓语之间。把means错当动词和状语带定语的插入使得整句的结构复杂化了，致使主干句的主谓不容易看出来。

参考译文：在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将进入生理死亡时，停止采取非常措施来延长其生命应该由病人和(或)其直系亲属来作出决定。

要点：主干结构应是illusions...,...contact and ... formulas are the basis of association,但实际上这个主谓结构被一个长定语which are supposed ...beyond the speech 所分隔。定语which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech 所限定的词应该是illusions...contact and ... formulas 三个部分，而不是某一个词。

参考译文：有摇滚乐的伴随、共同情感的幻觉、身体的接触及惯用的嘟囔话语---这一切包含着许多语言之外的意义，构成了人们相互交往的基础。

10Exercise

But the invalid(病弱的人) who, forgetful of self, takes a strenuous(热烈的) and indestructible(顽强的) interest in everything and everybody, as she did, and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing, is a formidable(难对付的) adversary(敌手) for disease.

Although her characters were portrayed in many settings and situations, they all reflected, by the often tragic outcome of their lives, her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness of another.

The described dichotomy is clearly part of a much wider one:civilization fall apart yet their component societies live on; societies disintegrate but their citizens survive; individuals die while

their cells, perversely, still metabolize; finally, cells can be disrupted yet the enzymes they release may, for a while, remain active.(看上去很长，其实结构要比前面两句简单些哦)

要点：此句由于表达的意思层次多，含义覆盖面大，因此结构比较复杂，但仍能找出主干结构。句子的主干结构是：the invalid...is a formidable adversary for disease,其余的部分都是修饰成分。forgetful of self 是一个插入成分，把定语从句who takes a strenuous and indestructible interest in everything and everybody 的主语和谓语部分分隔开来。as she did也是一个插入成分，其作用同forgetful of self一样，对整个定语从句做修饰。"and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing"是一个定语从句，它同who takes...everything and everybody是平行结构，其作用也是限定the invalid，因此the invalid一共带了两个定语从句，两个插入语，形成较为复杂的句子结构。

译文：但是一个身体有病的体弱的人，只要忘掉自己，像她那样对一切事物和所有的人都有热烈而顽强的兴趣，并且一生不知愁怨为何物，那么对于病魔他就是劲敌。

要点：这是一个主从复合句。reflected的宾语是her profound conviction.that no human could be ... of another是conviction的同位语从句。该从句也是一个主从复合句。by the often tragic outcome of their lives 是状语，说明reflected。by在此处的意思是by means of。often是副词，修饰形容词tragic。由于reflected的宾语过场，所以把by短语插在reflected和它的宾语之间，结果使reflected和它的宾语被分隔。

译文：如果幸福是建立在另一个人的痛苦之上，那就没有人会有幸福，她的这种深切信念全都反映在一些人生结局通常都很悲惨的人物身上，虽然她笔下的人物出现在多种多样的背景和情节当中。

要点：在本句中，冒号后面的四个分句是并列的分句，用来说明冒号前面的主句的意思。

译文：上面所描述的对死亡的二分法显然不过是一个范围更大的二分法的一部分而已：整个文明社会崩溃了，而其组成部分还继续存在;社会崩溃了，而其中的公民还生存;人死了，而身上的细胞依然倔强地进行新陈代谢;最后，细胞死了，而细胞释放出的酶还能暂时保持活性。

11倒装结构

英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+宾(表)+补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去，如：谓语出现在主语前面，谓语、宾语出现在主语前面，或状语放在句首等。简单句中的倒装较容易辨认，但在长句中当同其他的句子结构混在一起时，倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难，有时会误认为是其他的句子成分，如：分句独立结构，定语等，导致错判全句的主干，形成理解障碍。

Exercise

Of drugs or medicine she had almost none.

Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscrapers.

Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.

要点及参考译文

要点：介词短语位于句首表示强调，这是一个倒装句。

译文：在毒品或者药物这两样东西中她几乎什么都没有。

要点：此句为倒装句，正常语序应为:" The architecture of Manhattan,... is splendid."因为主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，所以用了倒装语序。

译文：市中心曼哈顿的建筑有百余幢摩天大楼，甚为雄伟壮观。

要点：此句为倒装句。因主语较长，并带有分词短语"followed..."作定语修饰"dinner"，为了保持句子平衡，将表语提前到句首。

译文：在周日晚餐后，通常提供音乐演出，因此特别受欢迎。

12倒装结构

Exercise

Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research, including what counts to a global scale electronic lecture hall.

Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.

A chart or a graph can often give us an idea in a glance that is communicated verbally only with great difficulty.

要点：本句"possible"是宾语补足语，置于宾语前面是因为宾语过长，通常宾补应在宾语后面。

译文：电子学已使创立一种新型的高等教育和研究成为可能，包括创立可称之为全球规模的电子大课堂在内。

要点：此句为倒装句。作表语的形容词"worse" 和系动词都被提到句首，把句子较复杂的部分放在句尾，目的是达到“尾重”的句子效果。

译文：更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排，因为这时候我的朋友大都会在悠闲地尽享其乐。

要点：本句中，关系代词引导的定语从句" that is communicated ..."修饰名词an idea,因其较长所以放在作状语的介词短语in a glance之后。

译文：看一眼描绘的图表或图解常能使人对只用言词很难表达的东西获得一目了然的效果。

Exercise

We could not offer you that post without the responsibility, neither could we ask you to accept the one or two other vacancies of a different type which do exist, for they are unsuitable for someone with your high standard of education and ability.

Along with this disparagement of a compliment is the American tendency to laugh at one's own mistakes and admit one's weaknesses.

The Chinese had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C.,as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans.

要点：neither后面用的是倒装语序(could we)。which do exist 的先行词为vacancies，但被of a different type 隔开。exist后面是一个由for(等立连词)引导的原因状语从句，用来作附加说明。

译文：我们不能不负责任地给你这种职务，也不愿让你接受其他工种现有的一两个空缺，因为这两个中任何一个都不适合教育程度和能力达到你这样高水平的人去做。

要点：本句是判断句的倒装。Along with引导的介词短语在句中作表语，为了使句子的结构达到平衡协调，把带有较长修饰语的主语部分放到句子的后部，以避免头重脚轻。表语提前，还达到了强调表语所表达的意义的作用。介词短语along with 意为"together with".

译文：美国人在自贬别人对自己称赞的同时，还有一种倾向，那就是嘲笑自己的错误并承认自己的弱点。

要点：此句的后半部分"as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans"中的连词"as"引出方式状语从句。"did"

为代动词，代替主句的"had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C".因为从句主语较长，谓语较短，为了保持句子平衡，将谓语动词提前。正常语序为" as the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans did"。

译文：就像古波斯人、希腊人、罗马人一样，中国人在公元前1100年就已经训练信使骑马或跑步送信

14、分词和从句

分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中，有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混，造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开，因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句，尤其是定语从句，其形式变化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。

Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.

He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain , ill-fitting suit, never moving,his dusty face masking his age.

After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.

要点: Facing the Atlantic为现在分词短语,在句中做方式状语.

译文:它濒临大西洋,位于美国东北海岸线上,城市的大部分建在海岛上.

要点:" dressed in ..., never moving, his dusty face...".为句子的三个伴随状语。第一个状语为过去分词，第二个为现在分词，第三个为独立主格结构。

译文：他坐在他们前面一动不动，穿着一套不合身的便服，风尘满面，让人看不出他的年纪。

要点："another decade lived or endured"是独立结构，作行为方式状语，lived和endured是过去分词。

译文：不管怎么说，八十大寿毕竟非同一般---你又活了十年或者又熬过了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。

15、分词和从句

Exercise

Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.

Rich bodies were carefully wrapped in yards of cloth, leaving diamond-shaped spaces which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold.

He merely swallows this theory because there is something about that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.

要点:主句为" I applied"."Being...and wanting..."为分句短语作原因状语,"fearing"为分词作伴随状语.that引导的从句为"fearing"的宾语从句.

译文:我因为手头很拮据,同时也想干点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但是提出申请时我也担心:自己一无学位二无教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的.

要点:分词短语"leaving diamond-shaped spaces..."在句子中作补充说明状语.定语从句"which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold" 修饰"space".

译文:富有人的尸体用成匹的布料细心地包裹起来,留出一块钻石形状的空间用宝石及碎金将其装饰好.

要点:本句中because引导的是原因状语从句.省略了主语that/which的定语从句"appeals to..."修饰something. "there be +n..."结构是一种表达法.

译文:他丝毫不加怀疑地接受这一理论,只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合20世纪的精神力量.

分词和从句

Excrise

Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air.

When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.

要点：句首的someone后有介词短语with a history of doing more rather than less 对其进行修饰。第二个someone 后有一个定语从句who has not had an active mind对其进行修饰。“sound”在此句中的意思为“健康，健全”。

译文:经常积极思考的人进入老年后,比不积极思考的人在认知方面更加健康.

要点：主句的谓语use must be made of the space in the air.是被动语态。在英语中“动词+名词+介词”类的短语将主动语态改为被动语态有两种改法。一种是将词组中的名词上升为主语;另一种是将介词后面的宾语升为主语。

举例：主语态：They take care of the babies.

被动态1 Care of the babies are taken by them.

被动态2The babies are taken care by them.

在本句中是采用了第一种做法，全句的主动语态为We must take use of the space in the air.

译文：当地面的建筑空间变得紧张时，我们必须在空中拓展空间。

要点：when引导时间状语从句，直到逗号为止。"an item"后有定语从句"she or he bought "对其修饰，" in some way "意为在某一方面，"live up to"意为达到。。。标准。

译文：消费者一旦发现所购商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能达到生产厂家宣称的标准，应采取的第一步是向购物商店出示保单或其他有效的证据。