主谓一致(2)
主谓一致
概述：1) 语法形式上要一致,即用作主语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致
2) 意义上要一致,即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义.
1 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数
注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C..本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B.
2 主谓一致中的就近原则
当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
总的来说，在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致. The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.
4 谓语需用单数
1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数.
Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch.
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
< The Arabian Night >是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书.
3)表示金钱,时间.距离.价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.(用复数也可,意思不变.) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. https://www.360docs.net/doc/d515942024.html,
5指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定. All is right. (一切顺利.) All are present. (所有人都到齐了.)
2) 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体. His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭.
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者.
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).vermin等在任何情况下都用复数
形式. Are there any police around
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数. A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词复数+单数动词.
A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.
6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致. Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2) 在一些短语,如many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市.
主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象
和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.
2, "many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如:
Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.
3,"half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖. 4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:
"All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利
5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:What they want to get is the number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.
6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如: No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.
7,当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如:
My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.
8,each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:
They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.
9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.
10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:
The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.
11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.例如:
Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.
当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等
12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,
动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如:
The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适.还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites（记录）.remains（遗体）.thanks等
13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.例如:
One and a half apples is left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.
14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如:One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙.
15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如: He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一.
16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如:
One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.
以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.
（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：
Darts is basically a easy game.
但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。例如：Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw. （三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。例如：
The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.
In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。例如：
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：
The third world economics is promising. Athletics is a required course for students of all grades. 但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。例如：
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语
英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trouse等
集合名词的主谓一致
集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类.
1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类.如:a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等.这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待.属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
【例如】A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning. The government has decided to pass the bill. There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday. There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中.
2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数.这类名词常见的有:humanity, mankind, proletariat 等.
【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念.它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.
【例如】The police have caught the murder. Our personnel are very highly trained.
The vermin are very dangerous.
4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大.
【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent. The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park. The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.
这类集合名词常见的有:class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等.
根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词.
试比较:The football team is playing well. 那个足球队打得非常漂亮.
The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点.
The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭.
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴.
练习
1. Neither of them ______ going to the cinema. Both of them _____ going to the cinema.
A. is ; are
B. is ; is
C. are ; was
D. are ; is
2. All but one _____ here just now. All that I want to say ____ this.
A. was; were
B. was; is
C. were; is
D. were; were
3. A number of students ____ gone for an outing. The number of the students ______ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is
4. Some of the oranges ______ turned bad. Some of the milk _______ turned sour (酸).
A. have; has
B. have; have
C. has; have
D. have; is
5. Each student -____ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each ______ a dictionary.
A. have; has
B. has; have
C. have; have
D. has; has
6. There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There ________ some bowls, plates and
a spoon on it.
A. is; are
B. are; are
C. are; is
D. is; is
7. Either the judge or the lawvers ________ wrong. Either you or he _______ to blame.
A. is; are
B. are; is
C. are; are
D. is; is
8. His family ______ all very well. His family _______ a “ five good” one.
A. are; is
B. is; is
C. are; are
D. is; are
9. My blue trousers ______ worn out. One pair of trousers ______ not enough.
A. is; are
B. are; are
C. is; is
D. are; is
10. Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.
A. take; are
B. take; is
C. takes; is
D. takes; are
11. The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s answer.
A. have; was
B. have; were
C. has; was
D. has; were
12. Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there?
A. are; are
B. are; is
C. is; are
D. is; is https://www.360docs.net/doc/d515942024.html,
13. Most of the students _____ boys. Most of his money _____ spent on books.
A. are; is
B. is ; is
C. are; are
D. is; are
14. The policeman ______ standing at the street corner. The police _____ searching for him.
A. are; is
B. are; are
C. is; are
D. is; is
15. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.
A. are; is
B. are; are
C. is; are
D. is; is
16. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news _____ to be broadcasted.
A. are; is
B. are; are
C. is; are
D. is; is
17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons ______ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, ____ taking a walk in the park now.
A. are; are
B. is; are
C. is; is
D. are; is
18. No one but Jane ______ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I ___ in the classroom at that time.
A. know; was
B. knows; was
C. know; were
D. knows; were
19. There _______ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _____ something wrong with the machine.
A. was; is
B. was; are
C. were; is
D. were; are
20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.
A. is; are
B. are; are
C. are; is
D. is; is
21. What they have done ______ of great use to us. What he says and what he does ___ agree.
A. is; not
B. is; do not
C. are; does not
D. are; not
22. Every picture except these two _______. Everything around us _____ matter.
A. have been sold; is
B. have been sold; are
C. has been sold; is
D. has been sold; are
23. A woman with two children ______ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved
to Paris.
A. is; has
B. is; have
C. are; have
D. are; has
24. one sixth of our classmates _____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.
A. comes; is
B. come; are
C. come; is
D. comes; are
25. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _____ League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent (租金).
A. are; goes
B. are; go
C. is; goes
D. is; go
26. It is this teacher who ______ leaving for London. It is you who ____ next.
A. are; are
B. is; are
C. are; is
D. is; is
27. The population of the earth _____ increasing fast. One third of the population here _____ workers.
A. is; are
B. is; is
C. are; is
D. are; are
28. This kind of snakes _____ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _____ hard to find.
A. is; is
B. are; is
C. is; are
D. are; are
29. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad.
A. is; are
B. is; is
C. are; is
D. are; are
30. Every man worker and every woman worker _____ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _____ given a present.
A. enjoy; is
B. enjoy; are
C.enjoys; is
D. enjoys; are
31. Many a man ______ seen the wonderful film. Many men _____ seen the wonderful film.
A. has; has
B. has; have
C. have; has
D. have; have
32. Going to bed early and getting up early _____ a good habit. Singing and dancing _____ two of the things that he likes best.
A. is; is
B. are; is
C. is; are
D. are; are
33. Such ______ Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such ______ her words.
A. were; were
B. was; were
C. were; were
D. was; was
34. Besides Xiao Wang, Wiao Ma _____ willing to do the work. The factory, including its machines _____ burnt last night.
A. was; is
B. were; is
C. was; are
D. were; are
35. If anybody _____, ask him to wait. _____ there anything I can do for you?
A. come; Is
B. come; Are
C. comes; Are
D. comes; Is
36. Chinese _____ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people ________ brave and hard working.
A. is; is
B. are; is
C. is; are
D. are; are
37. Little _____ done to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _____ done to against fight pollution.
A. has been; have been
B. have; has
C. has been; has been
D. have been; have been
38. Do you know the singer and dancer who _____standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which ____ Taiwan.
A. is; are
B. is ; is
C. are; is
D. are; are
39. Each of the girls ____ an orange. Each ______ his duty.
A. have; has
B. have; have
C. has; has
D. has; have
40. When we are to hold the sports meet ____ been decided. Whether he succeeds or fails ______ matter.
A. have; don’t
B. has; don’t
C. have; doesn’t
D. has; does’t
41. Her clothes ____ nearly worn out. His physics ______ weaker than others.
A. is; is
B. are; is
C. is; are
D. are; are
42. Five hundred dollars ______ more than he can afford. A. is B. are
43. Food and clothing ____ daily necessities for people. A. is B. are
44. The United Nations ___ trying to persuade the two countries. A. is B. are
45. Three kilometers ____ not a long distance. A. is B. are
46. To say something _______ one thing, to do it _____ another. A. is; is B. are; are
47. Reading English magazines and novels ____ helpful to your study of English.
A. is
B. are
48. He like you and Xiao Liu ______ very diligent. A. is B. are
49. Between the two buildings _____ a hospital. A. stand B. stands
50. How to get rid of these things ____ a big problem. A. are B. is
答案：1—5 ACDAB 6—10ABADD 11—15CCACA 16—20CDBAD 21—25BCACA 26—30BACCC 31—35BCBAD 36—40CCBCD
41—45BABAA 46—50AAABB
第二讲 基本句型的转换与扩大 主谓一致(一)
基本句型的转换与扩大 （1）基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这些句型可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。 the tourists have arrived. Have the tourists arrived? The tourists have not arrived. She gave him some money. Did she give him any money? She didn’t give him any money? He was given some money. Some money was given to him （2）句型扩大的语法手段之一是分句的并列。Eg: He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he become a well-known scholar. He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted it. （3）句型扩大的另一种语法手段是增加修饰成分和使用从属分句。也就是说利用从属分句来使思想表达复杂化。 The African people have long been our class friends in fighting against hegemonism霸权主义and power politics. The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises and gasping for air. （4）增加的修饰成分还可以再被其他结构（如从属分句）所修饰。 The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises he had just heard upstairs and gasping for air as he hesitantly held on to the banister栏杆.. 注意；有时，分句的并列和从属还可以同时并用。并列与从属两种手段同时并用的结果，往往会产生更加复杂的句子。Eg; When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. 又例如： Furthermore , he is not only critical of the work of others, of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments 科学仪表and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial 不偏不倚的，公正的and objective investigation. 主谓一致（一） “一致”指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调一致关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在人称和“数”的方面的一致关系。这又叫做“主动一致”（subject-verb concord）. 一、指导原则 主语和谓语动词一致的关系常为三种不同的原则所支配 1、语法一致主谓之间的一致关系主要表现在数的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词 和谓语动词在单复数形式上的一致。
主谓一致(二)
主谓一致 （一）单数名词与谓语动词的一致 1.表示集体的词： Army, class, audience, club, committee, company, crowd, family, group, government, organization, party, personnel, public, staff, team, union, crew. 2.表示成员的词： Cattle, folk, people, police, poultry Machinery, clothing, luggage, furniture, equipment, jewelry Clothes, works, goods, contents, the Olympics games Some of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, the rest of, all of, half of, part of, the remainder of 1.the public( )the best judge because the public always( )their thoughts.（B） A.are; express B.is;express C.is;expresses D.are;expresses
2.I think class one( ) to win because class one( )all football lovers.(A) A.is likely; are B. are likely; are C. is likely; is D. are likely; is 3.while my family( ) a small one, every one of us( ) different hobbies.(A) A.is; have B.are; has C.is; has D.are; have 4.cattle( )well in the country market at present, according to the evening news.（A） A. sell B. sells C. is being sold D. will be sold 5. people who( )peace( )seeing a steady situation to seeing an unrest state. A.love; prefers B. love; prefer C.loved; prefer D.love;prefers 6. all the furniture in my office( )made in Hong Kong. A. is B. are C.were D.had been 7.every means( ) to prevent the water from( ). A. are used; polluting B. get used; pllution C. is used; polluted D. has been used; being polluted 8. all possible means( )to save the wounded soldier. A. have been tired B. is to be tried C. has been tried D. are trying
张琮逻辑英语第二讲 助动词的形式与作用
助动词的形式与作用 概述：英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用，在于帮助（谓语动词）构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如： China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时期。(帮助构成完成时态) Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态) Mother is written by Gorky. 《母亲》是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态) We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构) Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构) [注]在否定结构中，not须放在助动词后面。 看完这段之后，希望各位记住一个概念，助动词的作用是：帮助谓语动词实现各种功能，这是核心中核心。 为了便于理解与记忆，个人认为可以把助动词分成两类： 1、专职助动词： shall(should), will(would),can(could),may(might),must, ought to等；（因这些动词只能作助动词使用，没有其它用途。）看见这些动词之后，就可以直接期待其后会出现“谓语动词”了。这也可用于我们判断句子结构，简单不出错。 2、兼职助动词：be, have, do, dare, need等。（这些动词既可以用作助动词，也可用作谓语动词，助动词并不是他们唯一的作用。） 先讲第一类，专职助动词（情态动词）的用法。 情态动词的用法很多都是相同的，不必一项项学，我们先把这些相同的作用归纳到一起。 1、shall、will可用于表达一般将来时；这个就不多作说明了； 2、都可忽略主语的人称和数，不必采取相应的变化。 3、一般情况下，后面都需加动词原形。 （2、3）例：I/He/She/They can swim. 4、表示推测，表可能：may, can, must。
主谓一致(二)
第三讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 （1）由“and / both…and”连接的并列主语 ①如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。理解 ②如果不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则动词用单数。（请给出更多的例子，如刀叉，黄油和面包之类）。 ③省略结构形似单数，而意义为复数，随后的动词用复数。理解 ④当“and”连接的并列名词词组带有“each , every , many a”等限定词时，随后的动词通常用单数。理解 （2）由“or , nor , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but also”连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。（小字部分的①不太懂，应该如何分辨什么时候是非正式语体） （3）当主语后面有“as much as , rather than , more than , no less than”等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。理解 （4）当主语后面跟有由“as well as , in addition to , with , along with, together with , except”等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式也取决于主体本身的形式。理解 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 （1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 ①如果数量概念被看作整体，动词用单数，反之则复数。理解 ②如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数或百分数+ of-词组”构成，其动词形式依“of-”词组中名词类别而定。理解 ③两数相减或相除，动词用单数；相加或相乘，动词用单复数均可。理解 ④如果主语由“one in / one out of + 复数名词”构成，在正式语体中动词用单数，在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。（什么时候是非正式语体） （2）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 ①如果主语是“all of… , some of… , none of… , half of… , most of…”等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依“of-”词组中的名词类别而定。理解 ②如果主语是由“lots of . heaps of , loads of , scads of , plenty of + 名词”构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也以“of-”词组中名词类别定。理解 ③如果主语是由“a portion of , a series of , a pile of , a panel of + 名词”构成，不管名词类别为何，动词通常用单数。理解 ④如果主语是由“限定词+ kind / type / sort of + 名词”构成，随后的动词形式的三条规则。理解 ⑤如果主语是由“many a + 名词”或“more than one + 名词”构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。理解 ⑥如果主语由“an average of / a majority of + 复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数，反之则用单数。（什么叫多数个体概念） 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 （1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 ①由“wh-”词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。理解 ②两个由“and”连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。如何看其表示的是不是两件事情。 ③在以“what-”分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主句补语是复数名词，主句谓语动词可用复数。如果不是SVC结构，其余结构情况如何。
主谓一致和倒装
1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ____ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play 2. What the teacher and the students want to say ____ either of the countries ____ beautiful. A. are, are B. is , is C. are , is D. is, a re 3. How close parents are to their children ___ a strong effect on the character of the children. A. have B. has C. having D. to have 4. The assistant and graduate student ____ check the exercise books. A. help B. helping C. helps D. to help 5. Each soldier and sailor ____ given a gun. A. were B. was C. have been D. are 6. A doctor, together with two nurses, __ sent to that faraway mountain village to help the sick people. A. have B. have been C. has D. has been 7. George is one of the brightest students who ____ from New York University. A. is graduated B. has graduated C. have graduated D. had graduated. 8. He has the only one of the candidates who ____ able to carry out his campaign pledge. A. have been B. has been C. were D. was 9. ____ to blame for many troubles you have encountered. A. It is not I who am B. It is not me who am C. It is not I that is D. I am not the person who am 10. She ate bread and butter for breakfast, and ____ here favourite food. A. they are B. which are C. it is D. which is 11. More than one example ____ necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly. A. should be B. is C. are D. have been 12. Many a student and teacher _____ making a careful study of ____ own problems. A. are, their B. are, his C. is , their D. is, his 13. Two hundred miles ____ a long distance to cover in two hours even by fast car. A. are B. is C. have D. had 14. Many a boy ___ tried , but few ___ succeeded. A. have, have B. have ,has C. has, has D. has , have 15. My family _____ very interested in playing bowls, which ____ very much in fashion now. A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is 16. Here is a message of importance to every man and woman who _____. A. votes B. vote C. voting D. are voting 17. In order to set up industries, trained manpower, as well as sufficient capital, ____. A. is needed B. are needed C. needs D. need 18. It is not I but you who ____ the first to run to the goal in that competition. A. is B. was C. are D. is going to 19. According to the schedule, three-fourths of the dam ____ to be finished by the end of this year. A. had B. have C. are D.has 20. I who ____ your close friend, will try by best to help you. A. be B. am C. is D. are 21. Brain told you that there wasn’t anyone in the room at that time, ____? A. was there B. wasn’t there C. didn’t he D. did he 22. Only in this way ____ to make improvement in the operating system.
主谓一致补短 (2)
主谓一致 Fill in the blanks 一、谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致 1．The results of the experiment______(show/shows) that you have all made good progress. 2．Between the two buildings______(stand/stands) a monument. 二、动名词，不定式或者从句做主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数 1．Growing vegetables ______(need/needs) constant watering. 2．That we have made brilliant achievements (is/are) an iron fact. 三、由and 并列的两个名词做主语时，如果表示的是一个同一概念或者单数概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数 1．The iron and steel industry_______(is/are) very important. 2．The teacher and poet often _______(give/gives) lectures around the city. 3. The teacher and the poet ______(is/are) good friends in the city. 如果主语是单数，即使后面跟着由with, together with, as well as, like, but, except等引起的短语，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致(就前一致) 1．An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, （is/are) to be built here. 2．A scientist, together with some assistants, ______(was/were) sent to the flooded area to help in the work. 3．The teacher as well as the students________(is/are) going to visit the exhibition. 五、each 和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词都看作单数 1．Each of us _______(has/have)something to say about the subject. （注意如果是we each 就不一样了） 2．Just a minute, someone______(is/are) talking with manager. 六、what, which, who, some, more, most, all等代词是单数或是复数要依据意思来定 1．Which_____(is/are) your rooms? 2．What we need______(is/are) more practice. 3．What he left me_______(is/are)but a few old books. 4．All but you_____(was/were) here just now. 七、none指不可数名词时为单数，指可数名词时为单复皆可，主要取决于说话人头脑中联想到的是单数还是复数 1．None of the books _______(is/are) easy for us. 2．None of the information______(is/are) useful.
主谓一致,倒装
一．主谓一致（指主语和谓语动词在…人称?和…数?方面的一致关系。）主谓一致遵循以下三条原则（形合，意合，就近） 1．形合（主单→谓单；主复→谓复） ★1．由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数e.g. Both milk and coffee are on sale in Walmart supermarket. Ru Hua and Wang Xiaohu are a couple. ◆注：⑴and连接的并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念(and 后无冠词)，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. The teacher and writer has come. Bread and butter is the breakfast of the western people. and所连接的表示同一概念的短语有：a horse and cart马车, a knife and fork刀叉, bread and butter涂有黄油的面包 ⑵由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 e.g. In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. ★2. 用one, every one, each one, any one, each, either, neither 等+ of +复数名词/人称代词作主语时，谓语用单数。 e.g. Neither of his parents is a doctor. They are both teachers. Every one of the students is studying hard. ◆注：(1)“both of +复数名词/人称代词”作主语时，谓语用复数。Both of them are students. (2) none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。e.g. None of that money on the table is mine. None of us is/are interested in your new subject. (3)在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。 但在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the （only）、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有the only就用复数形式。 He was one of the students who were late for school . ★3. each, either, neither, another, the other 和由some, any, no, every + thing/ one/ body构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. There is something wrong with my computer. Everyone is ready for the big dinner. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, the other is a nurse. ◆注：each作同位语，谓语动词仍与主语一致。 They each have a book. ★4. 不定式/动名词（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。 e.g. Doing morning exercises is good for your health. To teach is to learn. 如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。 e.g. To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. ★5.all/most/ part /some/none/half/plenty/a lot/lots/the rest/分数/百分 数+of+ n. 等短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。此名词可数，则谓语用复数；此名词不可数，则谓语用单数。All of the work has been finished. Part of the work has been done by us . Let?s eat the food fi rst. The rest is going to be given to them. ★6. 成双成套的词如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors ，socks等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 ◆注：如果这类名词前用了a pair /two pairs等修饰，则谓语与pair 的单复数一致。The shoes in the shop are beautiful. A pair of shoes was sold out this morning. ★7．由“a/this kind of, many kinds of”或…n. + of this kind?，以及由与kind 意义相似的type, sort 等词构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语与of前的名词保持一致。A kind of bird has been discovered by them.Machines of this kind are very useful. ★8. a number of后面加复数名词或代词，谓语用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。 The number of the students in our school is over 20 thousand. A number of students are coming to our school to learn English. ★9. 倒装句中谓语单复数要看其后面的主语。 There comes the bus. Between the two buildings is a supermarket. ★10. 主语后面跟有with ，together with ，along with ，as well as ，but ,except, besides, like ，including, rather than, in addition to等引导的介词短语+其它名词时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The women with two children is my aunt . Everyone here, including children and old people, is for the plan. Mary, along with her boyfriend, goes climbing every Sunday. 2．意合（主语表单数概念→谓语单数；主语表复数概念→谓语复数） ★1. 主语表事物的总称，若指有生命的集合体，如people, police, staff，cattle, crew等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。The police are looking for the missing boy. 主语表事物的总称，若指无生命的集合体，如traffic, clothing, fruit, equipment等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 ★2. 复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语 (1)有些词形似复数，实为单数，其作主语时谓语用单数. 常见的有： 抽象名词news ，学科名词maths，physics ，politics，报纸、杂志名The New York Times,专有名词James, the United States等 The United States was founded in 1776. The New York Times sells well all over the United States . ◆但clothes, goods(货物), works(著作)，the Olympics等词或短语 作主语时，谓语用复数。 The Olympics are held every four years. (2) 表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词或短语作主语时，应将 它们看作一整体，谓语用单数。Ten years is a long time. Five million dollars is a lot of money. ★3. “the +形容词”表一类人（如the poor ，the rich ，the young，the old ，the dead ，the sick，the brave 等）作主语，谓语用复数； 1
二、主谓一致(Subject-VerbConcord)
二、主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord ) 主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂。这是因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言，通常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1、语法一致2、意义一致3、就近原则。 主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式。例如： A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.（主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。 Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.（主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。 主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待： #不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动和不可数名词并不是一尘不变的。英文中的很多词都是一词多义，名词词用单数。例如： Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。 To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。 What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。 ## 不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如： Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。 Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。 ### 表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如： One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。 The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美国常在世界科技方面领先。 The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。 #### a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如： A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。 The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。 A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。 A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。##### 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。例如：
主谓一致(2)
主谓一致 1．语法形式上的一致。主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 如： Jane and Mary look healthy and strong. The number of mistakes was surprising. 2．意义上一致 1) 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。单数形式表示复数意义的词有people, police, cattle, militia等。 如：The crowd were running for their lives. 2)主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。形复意单的单词有news, works(工厂)和一些以-ics 结尾的学科名称，如physics, politics, mathematics等。 如：The news was very exciting. 3．就近原则。即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or, either…or, neither...nor, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。 如：Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this. 4．应注意的几个问题 A) 名词作主语 1) 某些集体名词(如family, team等)作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员来说，谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词有：audience, class, club, committee, company, crew, crowd, enemy, government, group, party, public, team, etc. 如：The whole family are watching TV. His family is going to have a long journey. 名词population一词的使用情况跟上述类似。 如：The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers. “a group(crowd)of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。 2) 某些集体名词(如people, police, cattle, militia等)只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。 如：The police are searching for him. 3) 单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。 如：A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there. 4) 名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：My Uncle\'s is not far from here. The doctor\'s is on the side of the street. 常见的省略名词有：the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s. 表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。 如：Richardson’s have a lot of leather goods to sell. 5) 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往能够根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。 如：Five minutes is enough to do this exercise. The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago. Three years has passed. 6)不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future.
英语中的主谓一致
英语主谓一致 一般说来，谓语必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，即主谓一致。主谓一致涉及三个方面：语法上一致，意义上一致，就近一致。 一、语法上一致 1 不可数名词、动名词、不定式、从句等做主语时，谓语通常用单数。 Much milk is offered to him. Reading aloud is very important in learning English. To nod one’s head means agreement.What they said is true. 2 and连接主语时，注意以下几点： 1）由and, both…and 连接两个单数名词谓语用复数，但当and连接的两个名词指同一个人，同一物，同一事，同一概念时谓语用单数。 Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel. The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk. 2) 凡是由each…and each…,every…and every… ,no…and no…, many a… and many a…连接名词作主语时谓语用单数。 Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company. No boy and no girl doesn’t go to school at the age of seven in this village. 3) 由and 连接的前置并列修饰语+不可数名词做主语时，谓语用复数。 Good and bad meat in the market are sold out. 4) 不可数名词+并列修饰语作主语时，谓语用单数。 Beer from the USA and Germany is much better that from Britain. 5) 凡由and连接两个带the(a或物主代词)的单数可数名词，谓语用复数，如果只有前一个名词带the(a 或物主代词)则谓语用单数。 The professor and the writer have published a few new books on radio. The tenth and last chapter is written by a young man. 6)由and 连接的第二个名词短语表示否定或带有状语时，谓语的单复数与第一个名词一致。 The teacher, and perhaps his students too, is likely to be present. 7)What 从句的并列式作主语时，并列完整式常用复数，缩略式常用单数。 What he says and what he thinks have nothing to do with me. What I say and do is my own affair. 8) 由and 连接的两个疑问代词、不定式、动名词作主语时，根据意义一致的原则确定单复数。 When and where to build the new factory ________yet.(MET1991) A is not decided B are not decided C has not decided D have not decided 3 主语+介词（短语）：with, except, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, over, besides, together with, like, including, in addition to等连接的名词时，谓语以介词（短语）前的主语为准，不受介词后的名词影响。 The man with hs daughters and sons is watching TV. The girls as well as the teacher are dancing. 考例：1）E-mail, as well as telephones,______ an important role in our daily life(1999上海) A playing B play C plays D have played 2) A library with five thousand books_______ to the nation as a gift.(MET 1990) A is offered B has offered C are offered D have offered 4 不定代词either, each, one, another, anyone, anybody , no one, nobody, some one, somebody, anything, nothing, something, everything, everyone, everybody, neither等作主语时，谓语用单数，none做主语时，谓语单复数均可。There is nothing wrong with the machine. Either of the shirts fits me very well. None of the farmers has (have)been abroad. 5 many a (an) +名词和more than one +名词做主语时谓语用单数。 Many an apple is in the basket. More than one stamp has been collected by her.