电气自动化外文翻译
外文翻译
PID CONTROL SYSTEM
Industrial automation has become an important indicator to measure the level of modernization of all walks of life. Meanwhile, the development has also experienced a classical control theory and control theory, the modern control theory and theory of intelligent control in three stages. Intelligent control is a classic example of fuzzy automatic washing machines. Control systems can be divided into open loop control system and closed-loop control system. Control system includes a controller, sensor, transmitter, the executing agency, I accept input and output. After the output controller output interface enforcement agency charged with a war system; Charged with volume control system, through sensors. Transmitter by input interface to the controller. Different control systems, sensor, transmitter, and the executing agency is not the same. For example, pressure control system using pressure sensors. Heating the sensor is a temperature sensor control system. At present, or PID control and intelligent controller PID controller (meters) have many, engineering products have been widely used in a wide variety of PID controller products. major companies have developed an intelligent self-tuning PID regulator (intelligent Ampère gulator), which automatically adjust the parameters of a PID controller is intelligent self-tuning or adjustment, adaptive algorithm is to be achieved. PID control is achieved using pressure, temperature, flow, liquid level control device. PID control function can be realized in the programmable logic controller (PLC). There PID control of the PC, etc. can be realized. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used to achieve its PID control loop control module. and programmable logic controller (PLC) can be connected directly with ControlNet. Rockwell such as the PLC-5. PID controller can also control function, such as Rockwell's Logix product lines. ControlNet it can be linked directly with the use of the network to achieve its remote control function.
1, The open-loop control systems
Open-loop control system is the object of the output ( control volume) of the controller (controller), the output will not be affected. In this control system, not dependent on the volume will be charged and sent back to form against any closed-loop.
2,The closed-loop control system
Closed-loop control system (loop control system) features of the accused The output (volume control) and the output affected by anti sent back to form a loop or more. And the positive feedback loop feedback control system, if the feedback signal and the signal systems to setting the contrary, call negative feedback (Negative Feedback), and if the same polarity, as positive feedback, closed-loop control system is used generally negative feedback, or negative feedback control system. Many examples of closed-loop control system. For example, people in a negative feedback loop control systems, sensor is the eyes, as feedback keep the human system through various amendments to finally make the right moves. If there are no eyes, no feedback loop, it became an open-loop control system. Another, when a real clothing consecutive automatic washing machine
will have to wash it. Wash and can automatically after 7659, it is a closed loop control system.
3, step response
Step response is a step input added to the system, the system output. Responded to enter the steady-state error is steady, the difference between the desired output and actual output. Can be used to control the performance of the system stability, prospective, quick word to describe. System stability is the stability, a system to work normally must first be stable, Step response is from the point of view of convergence; access control system is the accuracy and precision control. Usually steady-state error (Steady error) description It said output steady-state value and margin expectations; Express refers to the control of the rapid response system, Usually time to quantify the increase.
4, PID control elements and features
In practical projects, the most widespread application of the law to the regulator to control the ratio, integral, differential, called PID control, called PID. PID controller has been developed nearly 70-year history, with its simple structure, stability, reliability, easy to adjust and become one of the key technologies in industrial control. When the object is not fully grasp the structure and parameters, or any precise mathematical model, Other technology difficult to control, The controller structure and parameters have to rely on experience and on-the-spot tests to determine. Then use the most convenient PID control. When a system that we do not fully understand and object, or can not be an effective means to measure system parameters, PID control with the most suitable technology. PID control, and reality have PI PD control. PID controller is based on the error, using a proportional, integral and differential control of the calculated volume control.
Proportional (P) control
Proportional control is a simple control method. And the controller output signal proportional to input error. When there is only a proportion of output steady-state error control system (Steady error).
Integral (I) Control
Integral in control, the controller output and input error signal proportional to the integral relationship. For a control system, if there after entering the stable steady-state error. she claimed that the control system is referred to a steady-state error or poor system (System with Steady- Error state). To eliminate static error, the controller must introduce the "integral." Integration depends on the time integral of the error, with the increase in time, integral increases. Thus, even if the error is very small, sub-plot will increase with the increase of time. Output increased to enable it to promote the steady-state error controller further reduced, until zero. Therefore, the ratio of plus integral (PI) controller, the system can be no stability in the state into steady-state error
Differential (D) control
Differential control, the controller output and input error differential signal (that is, the rate of change of error) in proportion. Automatic control system to overcome the error in the adjustment process may occur even oscillatory instability. The reason is because there is a greater inertial measurement unit (link) or backward (delay) components. inhibit the role of error, the changes are always behind the changes in error. The solution is to change the role of inhibition error "get ahead"
in error close to zero. inhibit the role of error should be zero. This means that the introduction of the controller only "proportional" items often is not enough. only items of the ratio of the amplitude error is enlarged, and now need to increase the "differential item." it forecasts changes in the trend, with the proportion of + differential controller early enough so error control will be able to curb the role of zero, or even negative, in order to avoid the amount charged with a serious overshoot. Therefore, a greater inertia of the object or delay. + ratio differential (PD) controller can improve the dynamic characteristics in the process of adjustment.
5, the parameter tuning PID controller
Tuning PID control system design parameters of the core. It was based on PID control the process of determining the ratio coefficient, the size of the time differential and integral time. PID tuning parameters are many ways to sum up, there are two major categories : theoretical calculations tuning. It is mainly based on the mathematical model, the parameters of the controller Through theoretical calculations. This method has been used in the calculations may not be directly, it is also necessary to adjust and engineering. Second tuning method, which mainly rely on engineering experience, the control system directly for the test, and simple method easy to master, which are widely used in engineering practice. PID tuning parameters, the main critical ratio, response and attenuation curves. Three methods have their own characteristics, through their common test Then in accordance with the empirical formula of the controller tuning parameters. But no matter what kind of methods used by the controller, it was necessary to make a final adjustment and improvement of the actual operation. Now is the critical proportion of the general law. PID controller using this method for setting the parameters of the following steps :
(1) First, a pre-selection of the sampling period short enough to allow the system
(2) adding proportional control only link until the step response of critical system for the importation of oscillation Then note the ratio magnification factor and critical oscillations
(3) In a certain formula to be adopted under the control parameters of the PID controller
PID parameter setting process is based on experience, and familiarity with the reference measurement tracking and setpoint curve. P\I\D thereby adjusting the size.
PID tuning parameters, all parameters of empirical data P.I.D conditioning system following reference :
Temperature
Pressure P : P=30~70%, T=24~180s,
Level L : P=20~80%. T=60~300s,
Flow L : P=40~100% flow, T=6~60s.
Now a PID controller for example, specify experience in the law setting steps ：
(1)Let regulator parameters appropri S0=0 integral factor, the actual differential coefficient ≥ 0, closed-loop control system is put into operation. S1 headed change the ratio coefficient, disturbance signals step change control process of observation, Until satisfactory control of the process so far.
(2)S1 proportional to the current value multiplied by the coefficient of 0.83, an increase over the integral factor S0. Let disturbance signal changes for the same step up the process to achieve
satisfactory control.
(3) remain unchanged integral factor S0, S1 change the ratio coefficient observed any improvement in process control. If improvement is to continue to adjust until satisfied. Otherwise, the original ratio coefficient increased number of S1, adjusted integral factor S0, and strive to improve process control. And try the case again, until they found a satisfactory score coefficient ratio coefficient S1 and S0 far.
(4)The actual differential coefficient k introducing appropriate differential and the actual time TD. S1 coefficient ratio increases at this time would be appropriate and integral factor S0. And the aforementioned steps the same time setting differential also need repeated adjustments to control the process until satisfied.
Simulation of the system : PID controller with PID controller is different from the traditional industries, Isolation between various parameters, separating thus observe its laws regulating very convenient.
译文：
PID控制系统
目前工业自动化水平已成为衡量各行各业现代化水平的一个重要标志。同时，控制理论的发展也经历了古典控制理论、现代控制理论和智能控制理论三个阶段。智能控制的典型实例是模糊全自动洗衣机等。自动控制系统可分为开环控制系统和闭环控制系统。一个控制系统包括控制器、传感器、变送器、执行机构、输入输出接口。控制器的输出经过输出接口、执行机构，加到被控系统上；控制系统的被控量，经过传感器，变送器，通过输入接口送到控制器。不同的控制系统，其传感器、变送器、执行机构是不一样的。比如压力控制系统要采用压力传感器。电加热控制系统的传感器是温度传感器。目前，PID控制及其控制器或智能PID控制器（仪表）已经很多，产品已在工程实际中得到了广泛的应用，有各种各样的PID控制器产品，各大公司均开发了具有PID参数自整定功能的智能调节器(intelligent regulator)，其中PID控制器参数的自动调整是通过智能化调整或自校正、自适应算法来实现。有利用PID控制实现的压力、温度、流量、液位控制器，能实现PID控制功能的可编程控制器(PLC)，还有可实现PID控制的PC系统等等。可编程控制器(PLC) 是利用其闭环控制模块来实现PID控制，而可编程控制器(PLC)可以直接与ControlNet相连，如Rockwell的PLC-5等。还有可以实现PID控制功能的控制器，如Rockwell 的Logix产品系列，它可以直接与ControlNet相连，利用网络来实现其远程控制功能。
1、开环控制系统
开环控制系统(open-loop control system)是指被控对象的输出(被控制量)对控制器(controller)的输出没有影响。在这种控制系统中，不依赖将被控量反送回来以形成任何闭环回路。
2、闭环控制系统
闭环控制系统(closed-loop control system)的特点是系统被控对象的输出(被控制量)会反送回来影响控制器的输出，形成一个或多个闭环。闭环控制系统有正反馈和负反馈，若反馈信号与系统给定值信号相反，则称为负反馈( Negative Feedback)，若极性相同，则称为正反馈，一般闭环控制系统均采用负反馈，又称负反馈控制系统。闭环控制系统的例子很多。比如人就是一个具有负反馈的闭环控制系统，眼睛便是传感器，充当反馈，人体系统能通过不断的修正最后作出各种正确的动作。如果没有眼睛，就没有了反馈回路，也就成了一个开环控制系统。另例，当一台真正的全自动洗衣机具有能连续检查衣物是否洗净，并在洗净之后能自动切断电源，它就是一个闭环控制系统。
3、阶跃响应
阶跃响应是指将一个阶跃输入（step function）加到系统上时，系统的输出。稳态误差是指系统的响应进入稳态后，系统的期望输出与实际输出之差。控制系统的性能可以用稳、准、快三个字来描述。稳是指系统的稳定性(stability)，一个系统要能正常工作，首先必须是稳定的，从阶跃响应上看应该是收敛的；准是指控制系统的准确性、控制精度，通常用稳态误差来(Steady-state error)描述，它表示系统输出稳态值与期望值之差；快是指控制系统响应的快速性，通常用上升时间来定量描述。
4、PID控制的原理和特点
在工程实际中，应用最为广泛的调节器控制规律为比例、积分、微分控制，简称PID控制，又称PID调节。PID控制器问世至今已有近70年历史，它以其结构简单、稳定性好、工作可靠、调整方便而成为工业控制的主要技术之一。当被控对象的结构和参数不能完全掌
握，或得不到精确的数学模型时，控制理论的其它技术难以采用时，系统控制器的结构和参数必须依靠经验和现场调试来确定，这时应用PID控制技术最为方便。即当我们不完全了解一个系统和被控对象，或不能通过有效的测量手段来获得系统参数时，最适合用PID控制技术。PID控制，实际中也有PI和PD控制。PID控制器就是根据系统的误差，利用比例、积分、微分计算出控制量进行控制的。
比例（P）控制
比例控制是一种最简单的控制方式。其控制器的输出与输入误差信号成比例关系。当仅有比例控制时系统输出存在稳态误差（Steady-state error）。
积分（I）控制
在积分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的积分成正比关系。对一个自动控制系统，如果在进入稳态后存在稳态误差，则称这个控制系统是有稳态误差的或简称有差系统（System with Steady-state Error）。为了消除稳态误差，在控制器中必须引入“积分项”。积分项对误差取决于时间的积分，随着时间的增加，积分项会增大。这样，即便误差很小，积分项也会随着时间的增加而加大，它推动控制器的输出增大使稳态误差进一步减小，直到等于零。因此，比例+积分(PI)控制器，可以使系统在进入稳态后无稳态误差。
微分（D）控制
在微分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的微分（即误差的变化率）成正比关系。自动控制系统在克服误差的调节过程中可能会出现振荡甚至失稳。其原因是由于存在有较大惯性组件（环节）或有滞后(delay)组件，具有抑制误差的作用，其变化总是落后于误差的变化。解决的办法是使抑制误差的作用的变化“超前”，即在误差接近零时，抑制误差的作用就应该是零。这就是说，在控制器中仅引入“比例”项往往是不够的，比例项的作用仅是放大误差的幅值，而目前需要增加的是“微分项”，它能预测误差变化的趋势，这样，具有比例+微分的控制器，就能够提前使抑制误差的控制作用等于零，甚至为负值，从而避免了被控量的严重超调。所以对有较大惯性或滞后的被控对象，比例+微分(PD)控制器能改善系统在调节过程中的动态特性。
5、PID控制器的参数整定
PID控制器的参数整定是控制系统设计的核心内容。它是根据被控过程的特性确定PID 控制器的比例系数、积分时间和微分时间的大小。PID控制器参数整定的方法很多，概括起来有两大类：一是理论计算整定法。它主要是依据系统的数学模型，经过理论计算确定控制器参数。这种方法所得到的计算数据未必可以直接用，还必须通过工程实际进行调整和修改。二是工程整定方法，它主要依赖工程经验，直接在控制系统的试验中进行，且方法简单、易于掌握，在工程实际中被广泛采用。PID控制器参数的工程整定方法，主要有临界比例法、反应曲线法和衰减法。三种方法各有其特点，其共同点都是通过试验，然后按照工程经验公式对控制器参数进行整定。但无论采用哪一种方法所得到的控制器参数，都需要在实际运行中进行最后调整与完善。现在一般采用的是临界比例法。利用该方法进行PID控制器参数的整定步骤如下：
(1)首先预选择一个足够短的采样周期让系统工作；
(2)仅加入比例控制环节，直到系统对输入的阶跃响应出现临界振荡，记下这时的
比例放大系数和临界振荡周期；
(3)在一定的控制度下通过公式计算得到PID控制器的参数。
PID参数的设定：是靠经验及工艺的熟悉，参考测量值跟踪与设定值曲线，从而调整P\I\D的大小。
PID控制器参数的工程整定,各种调节系统中P.I.D参数经验数据以下可参照：
温度T: P=20~60%,T=180~600s,D=3-180s
压力P: P=30~70%,T=24~180s,
液位L: P=20~80%,T=60~300s,
流量L: P=40~100%,T=6~60s。
下面以PID调节器为例，具体说明经验法的整定步骤：
⑴让调节器参数积分系数S0=0，实际微分系数k=0，控制系统投入闭环运行，由小到大改变比例系数S1，让扰动信号作阶跃变化，观察控制过程，直到获得满意的控制过程为止。
⑵取比例系数S1为当前的值乘以0.83，由小到大增加积分系数S0，同样让扰动信号作阶跃变化，直至求得满意的控制过程。
(3)积分系数S0保持不变，改变比例系数S1，观察控制过程有无改善，如有改善则继续调整，直到满意为止。否则，将原比例系数S1增大一些，再调整积分系数S0，力求改善控制过程。如此反复试凑，直到找到满意的比例系数S1和积分系数S0为止。
⑷引入适当的实际微分系数k和实际微分时间TD，此时可适当增大比例系数S1和积分系数S0。和前述步骤相同，微分时间的整定也需反复调整，直到控制过程满意为止。
注意：仿真系统所采用的PID调节器与传统的工业PID调节器有所不同，各个参数之间相互隔离，互不影响，因而用其观察调节规律十分方便。
生产线平衡方法的研究与应用-毕业论文
毕业论文 题目：生产线平衡方法的研究与应用 英文并列题目Practice and Research on Line B alanci ng 学院：机电工程学院专业：工业工程
摘要 生产线平衡是企业实现“一个流”的生产前提，实现生产线平衡不仅有效地减少在制品数，降低企业成本还能提高企业生产效率，保证产品质量与稳定性。 首先，对前人所研究的生产线平衡问题的解决方法进行归纳分类；接着在了解某鞋业厂所面临的困境后，选择其中两条生产线（一条针车线、一条成型线）进行线平衡研究。在启发式思想的指导下，应用工业工程管理方法中的工艺流程分析和作业测定技术获取现时平衡情况及瓶颈工位，并对瓶颈工位进行“ECRS”分析，对工位进行分解重组，从而减少生产线节拍时间、提高生产线平衡率。 最后，为了保证线平衡改善效果、实现持续改善活动，还从品质、物料搬运、干部职责等角度出发，在“6S”管理、相似原理、精益生产的思想指导下对鞋业的生产车间进行了重新布置。 关键词：生产线平衡鞋业生产线工业工程“ECRS”
更多论文https://www.360docs.net/doc/d56498601.html,/fanteral Abstract Production line balancing is the premise of enterprise realizing “One Piece Flow”. Production line balancing not only can reduce the number of “work in process”, reduce the private costs , but also raise the production efficiency, assure the the quality and reliability of production. Firstly, summarize and classify the research and solution on production line balance questions. Secondly, after understanding the diffcult position which x shoe industry factory faces, choice two production line(one is needle line,the other is moulding line) to research the balance. With the help of heuristec method, the process analysis and the work study are used to determine the balance situation of production line and the bottleneck location. Analysing the bottleneck location with the “ECRS” theory, analyzing and combining it in order to reduce the production cycle time and raise the production balance ratios. Finally, to assure the improvement effect, and unfold going on improvement activities, arranged the production workshop with the help of “6S” management, principal of similitude, lean production and so on at the angle of production quality, material transporting, cadre responsibility. Keywords: Production Line Balancing Shoe Industry Production Line Industrial Engineering “ECRS”
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
英文翻译 机械自动化类
Mechatronics Electrical machinery and electronics, also known as the integration of science, English as Mechatronics, it is by English mechanics of the first half of Mechanics and Electronics of the latter part of a combination of Electronics. Mechatronics 1971, first appeared in Japanese magazine, "Machine Design" on the supplement, with the mechanical-electrical integration of the rapid development of technology, electromechanical integration, the concept was widely accepted and we have universal application. With the rapid development of computer technology and extensive application of mechatronics technology unprecedented development. Mechatronics present technology, mechanical and micro-electronics technology is closely a set of technologies, the development of his machine has been cold humane, intelligent. Specific mechanical and electrical integration technologies, including the following: (1) mechanical engineering machinery and technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology, focused on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, the realization of the structure, materials, the performance changes to meet the needs to reduce weight, reduce the size and improve accuracy, increase the stiffness and improving the performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology of mechanical computer-aided technology should help, while the use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Which information exchange, access, computing, judge and decision-making, artificial intelligence techniques, expert system technology, neural networks are computer information processing technology. (3) System Technology System technology that is the concept of the overall application of related technology organizations, from the perspective of the overall objectives and systems will be interconnected into the overall number of functional units, system interface technology is an important aspect of technology, it is an organic part of the realization of system guarantee connectivity.
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
自动化外文翻译
景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
外文翻译(生产线分析和改善)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻 译 学院：经济管理学院 专业：工业工程 姓名：赵翀翀 学号： 080203215 外文出处： (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 所选文献与论文关系密切，译文用词较准确，语句通顺，反映出原文的基本内容。 所选文献也符合要求 签名：李学亮 2012年 4 月 15 日
生产线平衡 这项研究的范围是探讨生产线的制造和平衡，生产线平衡的类型，设备平衡和故障分析的理解。当每个工人的任务需要相同的时间来完成的时候，就是一个平衡的流水线。线平衡，是一个制造工程的功能，即在整个生产线的任务都能够得到等分。良好的平衡线，能避免无意义的劳动和提高生产效率。 生产线平衡 线平衡的策略是，使生产线足够灵活，以避免外部和内部的违规行为。有两种类型的生产线平衡，即： 静态平衡：指的是几个小时或更长的时间内能力的长期分歧。静态失衡是工作站，机器和人未能得到充分利用的结果。 动态平衡：指短期能力的差异，最多不超过几分钟或几个小时的时间。动态不平衡源于产品结构的变化和产品结构无关的工作时间的变化。 劳资平衡和分配 生产线的稳定策略的倾向是固定的劳动的平衡分配。劳资的可行性的一个重要特征是战略的灵活性即生产线的个人技能和能力： 当一名工人在执行分配给他的任务是有问题，遇到的延迟，由于技术问题（S），其他工人（S）应转移到帮助。 当一个工序运行出现问题时，熟练的技工应尽快接管其工序。 生产线的所有工人应交互在各个工序熟悉工序操作。 全技能即在一个单一的工作中心一个工人可以处理各种任务（自动化）。 设备平衡 设备平衡应确保每一台设备在工作单元中有相同的工作量。现在每个制造商都试图最大限度地利用所有可用的设备。如此高的利用率往往适得其反，这可能是一个错误的目标，因为利用率高，通常伴随着高库存。 设备故障 设备故障是一项重大而严肃的问题，有可能关闭一条生产线。为了避免这种故障，应确保每个设备不会超载，并且应培训工人进行日常机器检查（预防性维护）和标准作业程序的训练。维护部和工程部的优势不在于在运行后期的变化，因此应计算预防性维修时间，并安排活动。 分析 线平衡的分析一般由主管技术人员进行。分析之前应把流水线分成各个小任务，确定标准的任务时间，任务的排序的规范和约束的分析与生产线的工作分工。如果瓶颈环节的任务是在于寻找良好的平衡的方式，技术过硬的员工应分析的任务，以减少所花费的时间来执行。 生产线平衡领导 生产线工人应致力于生产线平衡而努力，这样他们才能够快速应对当产品和生产率变换导致失衡（静态和动态）时迅速作出反应。
自动化外文翻译
电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料（中文读书报告） 学生姓名：王超杰 专业班级：自动化12-06班 学号：311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日
原文： Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.360docs.net/doc/d56498601.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram
自动化专业英语 翻译
1.1 In recent years the performance requirements for process plant have become increasingly difficult to satisfy. Stronger competition, tougher (更加严苛的) environmental and safety regulations (法规), and rapidly changing economic conditions have been key factors in the tightening of plant product quality specifications (产品质量规范).A further complication (复杂) is that modern processes have become more difficult to operate because of the trend toward larger, more highly integrated plants with smaller surge capacities (谐振能力) between the various processing units. Such plants give the operators little opportunity to prevent upsets (扰乱) from propagating from one unit to other interconnected units. In view of (考虑到，由于) the increased emphasis placed on safe, efficient plant operation, it is only natural that the subject of process control has become increasingly important in recent years. In fact, without process control it would not be possible to operate most modern processes safely and profitably (有利的), while satisfying plant quality standards. 近年来，对过程系统的性能改善需求变得越来越困难.更为激烈的竞争，更加严格的环境和安全规范，以及快速变化的经济条件都是加强工厂产品质量规范的关键因素更为复杂的情况是，由于现代制造业朝着规模更大,集成度更高的方向发展,而使不同的加工环节之间的应变能力更低, 所以加工过程更难控制近年来，考虑到工业制造逐渐加强的安全、高效需求，过程控制这个课题变得越来越受重视. 实际上，对于大多数现代工业，要满足安全、高效，产品质量的要求，没有控制系统是不可能的. It is assumed that the inlet and outlet flow rates are identical (相同的) and that the liquid density ρ (rho) remains consant,that is, the temperature variations are small enough that the temperature dependence of ρ can be neglected. Under these conditions the volu me V of liquid in the tank remains constant. 假设输入和输出流量是相等的，并且液体密度保持恒定，也就是说温度变化足够小，密度对温度的影响可以忽略不计. 在这些条件下，槽内液体的体积保持恒定 Use a larger tank. If a larger tank is used, fluctuations (波动) in Ti will tend to be damped out (阻尼，衰减) due to the larger thermal capacitance of the tank contents. However, increased volume of tankage would be an expensive solution for an industrial plant due to the increased capital costs of the larger tank.Note that this approach is analogous to the use of water baths in chemistry laboratories where the large thermal capacitance of the bath serves as a heat sink (散热装置) and thus provides an isothermal (恒温的) environment for a small-scale research apparatus (仪器). 使用一个更大的槽. 如果使用更大的槽，因为更大的热容，Ti的波动会趋向于衰减. 然而，体积增加使得开支增加，会使工厂系统的解决方案变得更加昂贵.要指出的是这个方法类似于化学实验室中水缸的使用，水缸的大热容量可以看作散热装置，因此可以为小型研究仪器提供一个恒温环境. Note that in feedforward control, the controlled variable T is not measured. 在前馈控制中，被控变量T是没有被测量的. 1.2 The motivation of using feedback, illustrated (说明) by the examples in Section (1), is somewhat oversimplified.In these examples, the use of feedback is shown to be for the purpose of reducing the error between the reference input and the system output.However, the significance of the
自动化专业英语全文翻译
《自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文主编-全文翻译 PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3 B Three-phase Circuits UNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5 B Transistors UNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8 B Binary Number System UNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11 B Power Electronic Converters UNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15 B Closed-loop Control of D C Drivers UNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19 B Induction Motor Drive UNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22 B Power System Automation PART 2Control Theory UNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27 B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30 B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32 B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38 B State Equations 40 UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability B Optimum Control Systems UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control B Artificial Neural Network PART 3 Computer Control Technology UNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42 B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43 UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44 B The Applications of Computers 46 UNIT 3 A PLC Overview B PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control
电气 自动化 外文文献 外文翻译 英文文献
外文出处：Farhadi, A. (2008). Modeling, simulation, and reduction of conducted electromagnetic interference due to a pwm buck type switching power supply. Harmonics and Quality of Power, 2008. ICHQP 2008. 13th International Conference on, 1 - 6. Modeling, Simulation, and Reduction of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Due to a PWM Buck Type Switching Power Supply I A. Farhadi Abstract:Undesired generation of radiated or conducted energy in electrical systems is called Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). High speed switching frequency in power electronics converters especially in switching power supplies improves efficiency but leads to EMI. Different kind of conducted interference, EMI regulations and conducted EMI measurement are introduced in this paper. Compliancy with national or international regulation is called Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Power electronic systems producers must regard EMC. Modeling and simulation is the first step of EMC evaluation. EMI simulation results due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply are presented in this paper. To improve EMC, some techniques are introduced and their effectiveness proved by simulation. Index Terms:Conducted, EMC, EMI, LISN, Switching Supply I. INTRODUCTION FAST semiconductors make it possible to have high speed and high frequency switching in power electronics []1. High speed switching causes weight and volume reduction of equipment, but some unwanted effects such as radio frequency interference appeared []2. Compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations is necessary for producers to present their products to the markets. It is important to take EMC aspects already in design phase []3. Modeling and simulation is the most effective tool to analyze EMC consideration before developing the products. A lot of the previous studies concerned the low frequency analysis of power electronics components []4[]5. Different types of power electronics converters are capable to be considered as source of EMI. They could propagate the EMI in both radiated and conducted forms. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) is required for measurement and calculation of conducted interference level []6. Interference spectrum at the output of LISN is introduced as the EMC evaluation criterion []7[]8. National or international regulations are the references for