实验报告评分标准与实验室规则——生物化学实验

一、实验室规则

1．实验前应认真预习实验指导，明确实验目的和要求，写出预实验报告。

2．进入实验室必须穿白大衣。严格遵守实验课纪律，不得无故迟到或早退。不得高声说话。严禁拿实验器具开玩笑。实验室内禁止吸烟、用餐。

3．严格按操作规程进行实验。实验过程中自己不能解决或决定的问题，切勿盲目处理，应及时请教指导老师。

4．严格按操作规程使用仪器，凡不熟悉操作方法的仪器不得随意动用，对贵重的精密仪器必须先熟知使用方法，才能开始使用；仪器发生故障，应立即关闭电源并报告老师，不得擅自拆修。

5．取用试剂时必须“随开随盖”，“盖随瓶走”，即用毕立即盖好放回原处，切忌“张冠李戴”，避免污染。

6．爱护公物，节约水、电、试剂，遵守损坏仪器报告、登记、赔偿制度。

7．注意水、电、试剂的使用安全。使用易燃易爆物品时应远离火源。用试管加热时，管口不准对人。严防强酸强碱及有毒物质吸入口内或溅到别人身上。任何时候不得将强酸、强碱、高温、有毒物质抛洒在实验台上。

8．废纸及其它固体废物严禁倒入水槽，应倒到垃圾桶内。废弃液体如为强酸强碱，必须事先用水稀释，方可倒入水槽内，并放水冲走。

9．以实事求是的科学态度如实记录实验结果，仔细分析，做出客观结论。实验失败，须认真查找原因，而不能任意涂改实验结果。实验完毕，认真书写实验报告，按时上交。

10．实验完毕，个人应将试剂、仪器器材摆放整齐，用过的玻璃器皿应刷洗干净归置好，方可离开实验室。值日生则要认真负责整个实验室的清洁和整理，

保持实验整洁卫生。离开实验室前检查电源、水源和门窗的安全等，并严格执行值日生登记制度。

二、实验报告的评分标准（百分制）

1．实验目的、原理和方法（40分）

学生进入实验室前应预习实验，并书写预习报告。实验预习报告应包括以下三部分：①实验目的（5分）：通过实验要达到的目标，需掌握和熟悉的原理和方法及相关实验操作能力的培养；②实验原理（10分）：③材料和方法（25分）：要求以自己的语言归纳要点：包括样品、试剂、仪器、操作步骤、注意事项及要点。只列出主要仪器、试剂（常规材料不列）；包括流程或路线、操作步骤，要以流程图、表格形式给出要点，简明扼要，不得简单复制授课PPT内容。依据各部分内容是否完整、清楚、简明等，分以下三个等级给分。

优秀：项目完整，能反映实验者的加工、整理、提炼。

合格：较完整，有一定整理，但不够精炼。

不合格：不完整、缺项，大段文字，完全照抄教材及授课PPT，记流水账。

2．结果与讨论（40分）

（1）结果（20分）

实验结果部分应如实详细地记录实验中观察到的现象、结果及实验中的原始数据（如三次测定的吸光度值）等；并把所观察到的现象和处理的最终数据进行归纳、分析、比对，以列表法或作图法来表示。同时对结果还可附以必要的说明。

要注意图表的规范：表格要有编号、标题；表格中数据要有单位（通常列在每一列顶端的第一行或每一行左端的第一列）。图也要有编号、标题，标注在图的下方；直角坐标图的

纵轴和横轴要标出方向、名称、单位和长度单位；电泳图谱和层析图谱等要标明正、负极方向及分离出的区带、色带或色斑的组分或成分。电泳结果还要标记泳道，并在图题下给出泳道的注释；要标出分子量标准的各条带的大小。并且注意需要结合图表对结果进行较详细的解释说明。

对实验中所测得的一系列数值，要选择合适的处理方法进行整理和分析。数据处理时，要根据计算公式正确书写中间计算过程或推导过程及结果，得出最终实验结果。要注意有效数字的位数、单位（国际单位制）。经过统计处理的数据要以X±SD表示。

可分成以下三个等级给分。

优秀：实验结果有归纳、解释说明，结果准确，格式规范。

合格：堆砌实验现象、数据，解释说明少。

不合格：最终实验结果错误且无解释说明，图表、数字不规范。

（2）讨论（20分）

讨论应围绕实验结果进行，不是实验结果的重述，而是以实验结果为基础的逻辑推论，基本内容包括：①用已有的专业知识理论对实验结果进行讨论，从理论上对实验结果的各种资料、数据、现象等进行综合分析、解释，说明实验结果，重点阐述实验中出现的一般规律与特殊性规律之间的关系；②实验结果提示了哪些新问题，指出结果与结论的理论意义及其大小；③对实践的指导与应用价值；④实验中遇到的问题、差错和教训，与预想不一致的原因，有何待解决的方法，提出在今后的实验中需要注意和改进的地方；⑤实验目的是否达到。

同时能结合查阅的其他文献等资料进行讨论，有独到的见解。在实验结果和理论分析的基础上，经过推理，归纳规律得出结论。结论要严谨、精炼，表达要准确，与实验目的呼应。

也分三个等级给分。

优秀：分析实验结果的问题与经验；分析实验设计的优劣；能提出实验技术、方法的改进意见；能结合自己查阅的其他资料来讨论，有自己独到的见解；有结论。

合格：仅针对实验结果进行讨论，有一定自己的见解。

不合格：将讨论写成注意事项分析或回答思考题等，与实验结果无关。

3．格式与版面（20分）

按照实验报告的书写格式、版面是否整洁、工整，分三个等级给分。实验报告正文请统一用：小四号，宋体，1.5倍行距；数字、英文用Times New Roman；标题用：四号，黑体，加粗。需强调的地方请用蓝颜色标出。不得出现多行、多页空白现象。

优秀：实验报告字体工整，版面整洁。

合格：实验报告字体较工整，版面较整洁。

不合格：实验报告字体潦草，版面凌乱。

Introduction to Biochemistry Experiment

Biochemistry experiment is a preclinical curriculum of omni-specialties in biomedicine and an experimental curriculum for going with biochemistry teaching. Its task is to help students to understand and master the basic technical principles and methods in biochemistry, to possess the abilities of analyzing problems and working out solutions independently. By learning this curriculum, the students should understand the basic experimental principles of spectrophotometry，chromatography, electrophoresis and centrifuge, et al.，master the basic technical skills commonly used with these principles and possess the abilities to apply the skills systematically and to optimize the experiment conditions. The goal of biochemistry experiment is to make the students strengthen their grasp of the biochemistry theories and to integrate what they have learned with scientific research and clinical application.

There are 9 experiments that represent most important areas of biochemistry including characterization of proteins and nucleic acid by electrophoresis and spectroscopic or chromatographic analysis. These experiments are essential for a typical one-semester course and are to be revised and updated when necessary. New experiments will be added to this list in the future to cover more topics of biochemistry and to reflect the many advances in biochemistry.

Biochemistry Laboratory Rules

1．Pre-Laboratory Preparation

All students must prepare BEFORE ARRIVING IN THE LABORATORY.

The experiments are designed so that they can be carried out –with proper advance planning – within the four-hour laboratory periods. It is expected that students should have a fundamental understanding of the theory and practices pertaining to the experiment before entering the laboratory to conduct these experiments.

Biochemical experiments often employ toxic chemicals. For the health and safety of all students, the experimental protocols must be studied and the day’s activities should be planned in advance. If it becomes obvious that a student is

ill-prepared, he or she will not be permitted to continue the experiment. 2．Safety Precautions in the Biochemistry Laboratory

All INJURIES, no matter how minor, should be reported to the instructor IMMEDIATELY. If you have any questions regarding the safe handling of any biochemical, consult your instructor.

3．Strictly follow the experimental procedures.

Turn to instructors immediately for help once the laboratory instruments don’t work. DON’T try to fix the breakdown by yourself. Proper compensation for loss because of your own fault will be demanded.

4．Disposal of Solutions

In most cases the solutions used during the laboratory can be disposed of as directed by laboratory personnel at the end of the period. Any volatile organic solvents should be placed in the hood as directed. Laboratory personnel will then dispose of these solvents.

5．Solid trashes including waste papers are prohibited to discard into the sink. 6．All the glassware should be cleaned immediately after use. And all the reagent bottles and instruments should be placed neatly after use.

7．An experiment report should be submitted to the Professor and/or TAs in time. Laboratory Report

1．Although students will work in pairs for all experiments, each student must turn in an individual laboratory report, written by himself or herself. These reports should be clearly written in ink, typed, or printed and be clear and legible.

If mistakes are made, neatly cross them out and enter the corrections nearby.

Reports should be written in the third person (e.g., do not use “I” or “we”).

STAPLE a Title Page to the top of the report and STAPLE the accompanying graphs, tables, and laboratory notebook sheets to the back. If the report is not

clearly presented, the instructor may return the report without grading it. 2．Each laboratory report should consist of:

a. Title Page

A title page for each experiment is required and should state the title of the

experiment, the name of the student, the dates of the laboratory periods covered, the names of the laboratory partners, and the date that the laboratory report is due.

b. Objectives

Statement of the point of the experiment - in no more than two sentences.

c. Procedures

DO NOT recapitulate the laboratory protocol. Write in you OWN words. A clear flowchart of the procedures is recommended.

d. Results

This section should summarize your observations presented in the form of graphs, calculations, tables, etc.

e. Discussion

Evaluate your data. Explain what you observed and also why you think the data were as observed. Do not restate procedures! List possible sites of error. Whenever possible demonstrate your understanding of the theory behind the experiment. Support your results (e.g.: “Using the linear portion of the Absorbance vs. Concentration graph to calculate the slope, it was determined that...”) (Limited to onl y one page per experiment for experiments

1 - 6 and four pages for experiment 7-9).

3．If any laboratory report is not completed and turned in by the end of the quarter, the student maybe receive an Incomplete for the course at the discretion of the instr uctors; alternatively a “zero” for the missing laboratory report will be

recorded and the final grade determined accordingly.