中国陶瓷的英文简介
(1)新石器时代
在中国陶瓷的历史上，瓷器起源于陶器，出现得要晚一些。在早期，人们已经在陶瓷领域取得了辉煌的成就，尤其是在黄河和长江流域，在那里，大量新石器时代的陶器和陶器碎片在历史遗迹中被发掘出来。其中的一些不仅是日用品，还是珍稀的艺术品，比如有古代的彩陶和陶制的小雕像。随着制陶业的发展，先前的泥条盘筑成形法逐渐演变为拉坯法。当时，先进的侧烧窑和竖窑取代了地窑。同时人们也在如何控制温度方面掌握了一些经验。最高的烧制温度已经达到了1100℃，这十分接近陶器和瓷器之间的烧成温度。
The Neolithic age
In the history of Chinese ceramics,porcelain derived from pottery and appeared later.In the early years,people have made splendid achievements in ceramic field especially in Yellow River and Changjiang River drainage areas where a lot of potteries and pottery fragments belonging to the Neolithic age have been excavated at historical sites.Some of them were not only commodities,but also rare artworks,such as ancient painted potteries and pottery figurines. With the development of pottery industry, the previous clay-strip forming technique gradually evolved into clay-throwing method.At that time,advanced side-fired kiln and shaft kiln substituted for ground-firing kiln.
People also acquired some experience on how to control the temperature. The highest firing temperature had reached 1100℃,which was quite close to the firing temperature between pottery and porcelain.
(2)东汉至魏晋时期
在东汉时期，成熟的越窑青瓷的出现在中国的陶瓷史上是一个里程碑式的事件。魏晋南北朝时期是瓷器的发展阶段。当时，青瓷在瓷器中占据重要地位，被普遍烧制。同时，少量的黑釉瓷和白瓷也出现了。由于各民族的融合以及佛教的引入，这段时期的瓷器样式变得多种多样。
From Eastern Han to Wei and Jin Dynasties
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the appearance of mature celadons in Yue kiln was a milestone in the history of Chinese ceramics.Wei Dynasty,Jin Dynasty,the South and North Dynasty were the seedtime of porcelain.At that time,celadon played an important role in ceramics,which was widely fired.In the meantime,a small quantity of black glazed porcelain and white glazed porcelain appeared.Because of the unity of different nations and the introduction of Buddhism,the ceramic styles became diverse during the period.
（3）隋唐时期
在隋唐时期，中国的政治、经济、文化和贸易达到了空前的繁荣，这促进了陶瓷产业的发展、陶瓷市场的扩展以及“南青北白”局面的形成。青瓷主要出产于中国南部,越窑就是一个具有高度艺术价值的典型代表。瓷器轻薄精致，釉面透明细腻。在北方唐朝邢窑的瓷器则是“北白”的代表，这种纯净透明、洁白无瑕的薄胎瓷器，魅力无穷。瓷体紧致，并且在敲打时经常会有清脆的声音。
Sui and Tang Dynasties
In Sui and Tang Dynasties,Chinese politics,economy,culture and trade became unprecedentedly prosperous,which promoted the development of ceramic industry,the expansion of ceramic market and the formation of the situation of “celadons in the south and white porcelains in the north”.Celadons were mainly produced in the south of China,and Yue kiln was the typical representative with highly artistic value.This kind of porcelains were light,thin and delicate；the glaze layer was transparent and exquisite.And then in the north,the porcelains of Xing kiln in Tang Dynasty were the representatives of “North white”,and these egg-shell porcelains ,pure,white and translucent,had an irresistible charm.The bodies of these porcelains were compact and usually had a ringing sound when being knocked.
(4)宋代
宋代是封建社会的第三个繁荣时期。技术、文化、艺术和手工艺都获得了很大的发展。陶瓷业同样很兴盛。带有地域特色的瓷窑遍布全国，形成了“六大瓷窑派系”和“五大名窑”的布局。“六大瓷窑派系”是定窑派系、钧窑派系、耀州窑派系、磁州窑派系、龙泉窑派系和景德镇窑派系。“五大名窑”是官窑、汝窑、哥窑、定窑和钧窑。在宋朝的官窑建成之后，大量的民窑也出现了。例如，“瓷都”景德镇在宋元时期发展很快，它以青花瓷器、釉里红瓷器和蛋白瓷而闻名。Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty was the third prosperous period of the feudal society.Technology,culture,art and handicraft developed to a large extent.The ceramic industry was flourishing as well.Porcelain kilns with regional features spread all over the country,which formed the layout of “six kiln factions”and “five famous kilns”. “Six kiln factions”were Ding kiln faction,Jun kiln faction,Yaozhou kiln faction,Cizhou kiln faction,Longquan kiln faction and Jingdezhen kiln faction. “Five famous kilns”were Guan kiln,Ru kiln,Ge kiln,Ding kiln and Jun kiln.After the establishment of Guan kilns in Song Dynasty,numerous folk kilns appeared。For insurance, “the capital of porcelain”Jingdezhen grew up quickly in Song and
Yuan Dynasties,and it was well-known for its blue-and-white porcelains,underglazed red porcelains and egg white porcelains.
(5)明清时期
在明清时期，经过了几千年的技术积累，中国的瓷器艺术呈现出一派灿烂辉煌的样貌。古代的彩瓷兴盛起来，比如，青花瓷、五彩瓷、粉彩瓷等等。明清时期的彩瓷将陶瓷艺术融合成了一个整体，并且逐步变得完美。单色釉种类很多：祭红釉、祭蓝釉、郎窑红釉、孔雀绿釉等等。而且，在陶瓷技艺方面取得了新的进展。例如，转轮拉坯成型取代了竹刀拉坯成型。并且，吹釉技术开始被采用。从那时起，瓷器的数量和质量快速上升。
Ming and Qing Dynasty
In Ming and Qing Dynasties,Chinese porcelain art took on a brilliant and splendid look after thousands of years of technology accumulation.Ancient painted porcelains became prosperous ,such as blue-and-white,wu-cai,fen-cai and so on.The painted porcelains in Ming and Qing Dynasties merged the ceramic arts into a whole and gradually became perfect.Single-color glazes were of various kinds:sacrificial red glaze,sacrificial blue glaze,Lang kiln red glaze and peacock green glaze and so on.Besides,new advances had been made in
the craftsmanship of ceramics.For example,wheel jiggering displaced bamboo knife jiggering.Moreover, glaze-blowing technology began to be adopted.From then on,the qualities and quantities of porcelains increased rapidly.
V ocabulary List
ceramic 陶瓷，陶瓷制品derive from 源出，来自drainage area 流域fragment 碎片commodity 日用品；商品figurine 小雕像，小塑像transparent 透明的exquisite 精致的，细腻的egg-shell porcelain 薄胎瓷translucent 透明的compact 紧凑的，紧密的；合同evolve into演变为，发展成celadon 青瓷seedtime发展阶段；播种期glaze 釉unprecedentedly 空前的handicraft 手工艺layout 布局
faction 派别，派系excavate 发掘
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中国山的介绍 英文版
The Mountains With Resorts in the US ------Group four 100501 Members : 吴伟慧080520100019 范秀秀080520100018 阮丽云080520100016 李华080520100015
The Mountains in the US Every nation possesses unique features ,so does the US. The mountains in the US are very attractive and famous all over the world. Now we come to see the Mountains in the US.In the western North America,the Rocky Mountains are a major mountains range.In Eastern North America,there is the Appalachian Mountains.The Cordillera located in the West America.And the Mountain McKinley in the Alaska located in the North America.These four Mountains are the famous mountains in the US. The Cordillera is the longest drape ridge in the world.It is about 15,000 kilo miles.There are many volcanoes and earthquakes.It concludes Andes Mountains 、Coast Mountains Sierra Nevada Mountain and Rocky Mountain.The mineral resources has the continent or world significant.And there are many rare animals,such as mink,lynx,armadillo and so on.Inside,the Mount Whitney is 4418 meters high which is the highest mountain in the America. However,in China,the highest mountain is the Qomolangma is 8844.43 meters high.It is also the highest
中国美食英文小介绍
中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重汤品。清汤清澈新鲜，而油汤外观厚重，味道浓重。济南菜系擅长炸，烤，煎，炒，而胶东菜系则以其烹饪海鲜的鲜淡而闻名。 山东最著名的菜肴是糖醋鲤鱼。山东菜主要是速炸，烧烤，炒或深炸。菜肴清新肥美，搭配山东本地的著名啤酒——青岛啤酒就完美了。 四川菜系，是世界上最著名的中国菜系之一。四川菜系以其香辣而闻名,没有品尝过四川菜的人不算来过中国。 如果你吃四川菜，发现它过于柔和，那么你可能吃的不是正宗的四川菜。红绿辣椒被用在许多菜肴中，带来特别的辣味，在中国文字里叫麻，通常会在口中留下麻木的感觉。四川火锅也许是世界上最出名的火锅，尤其是半辣半清的鸳鸯火锅。 广东菜源自于中国最南部的省份广东省。大多数华侨来自广东，因此广东菜也许是国外最广泛的中国地方菜系。 广东人热衷于尝试用各种不同的肉类和蔬菜。事实上，中国北方人常说，广东人吃天上飞的，除了飞机；地上爬的，除了火车；水里游的，除了船儿。这一陈述很不属实，但是广东菜是各类丰富的中国菜系之一。 广东菜系，味道清，淡，脆，鲜，为西方人所熟知，常用猛禽走兽来烹饪出有创意的菜肴。它的基础烹饪方法包括烤，炒，煸，深炸，烤，炖和蒸。其中蒸和炒最常用于保存天然风味。 福建菜系由福州菜，泉州菜，厦门菜组成，以其精选的海鲜，漂亮的色泽，甜，酸，咸和香的味道而出名。最特别的是它的“卤味”。 江苏菜，以水产作为主要原料，注重原料的鲜味。其雕刻技术十分珍贵，其中瓜雕尤其著名。烹饪技术包括炖，烤，焙，煨等。淮阳菜的特色是淡，鲜，甜，雅。江苏菜系以其精选的原料，精细的准备，不辣不温的口感而出名。因为江苏气候变化很大，江苏菜系在一年之中也有变化。味道强而不重，淡而不温。
中国瓷器研究
中国瓷器研究 一、瓷器介绍 中国瓷器是从陶器发展演变而成的，原始瓷器起源于3000多年前。至宋代时，名瓷名窑已遍及大半个中国，是瓷业最为繁荣的时期。当时的汝窑、官窑、哥窑、钧窑和定窑并称为宋代五大名窑。被称为瓷都的江西景德镇在元代出产的青花瓷已成为瓷器的代表。青花瓷釉质透明如水，胎体质薄轻巧，洁白的瓷体上敷以蓝色纹饰，素雅清新，充满生机。青花瓷一经出现便风靡一时，成为景德镇的传统名瓷之冠。与青花瓷共同并称四大名瓷的还有青花玲珑瓷、粉彩瓷和颜色釉瓷。另外，还有雕塑瓷、薄胎瓷、五彩胎瓷等，均精美非常，各有特色。 多姿多彩的瓷器是中国古代的伟大发明之一，"瓷器"与"中国"在英文中同为一词，充分说明中国瓷器的精美绝伦完全可以作为中国的代表。 二、瓷器分类 最基本的分类和命名方法主要有这四种： 1、烧制时间 是最常用的一种分类和命名方法。它包含两个方面：一是划出“朝”，如唐瓷、宋瓷、明瓷、清瓷等；二是划出“年代”，一般用于明、清瓷器，如明洪武窑、明宣德窑等。 2、烧制地点 指总的烧制区域.如“越窑”泛指浙江余姚、上虞、绍兴地区的窑址，“耀州窑”泛指陕西铜川市的黄堡镇、陈炉镇、立地坡、上店及玉华宫等窑址,景德镇窑泛指景德镇. 3、烧制特征 胎质、釉色、装饰、形制和铭文是构成瓷器的五大要素。其中，釉色又是区别瓷器类别的一个重要标准。我国陶瓷在发展中经历了单色釉到多色釉（彩釉）的过程。单色釉包括青釉、白釉、红釉、蓝釉、黄釉、绿釉、黑釉等，而青釉又可分为粉青、天青、豆青等，白釉分甜白、青白，红釉有霁红、牛血红、豇豆红等。多色釉包括两种：一种用釉色与形状不一的色块构成釉面，如钧釉等；另一种用釉彩勾勒图案，如青花、粉彩等，习惯上又称为“彩瓷”。彩瓷具体又可分为釉上彩、釉下彩和双层夹彩（釉中彩） 4、烧制窑别 是我国封建等级制度最生动形象的反映。官窑器泛指官办窑厂专为皇室烧制的产品，始于唐五代，明清时盛况空前。民窑器则是民间窑厂烧制的各种产品。官窑器工艺精美、端庄华贵，民窑器则显得洒脱、生动,无拘无束. 总之，对我国古瓷的命名，最好应将时间、地点、窑别和器物特征这四者有机结合起来，如“明永乐景德镇官窑青花瓷”，这样才显得科学、全面、正确。 三、瓷器釉色 1、青釉 中国瓷器著名传统颜色釉。亦称“青瓷釉”。古代南方青釉，是瓷器最早的颜色釉。所谓“青釉”，颜色并不是纯粹的青，有：月白、天青、粉青、梅子青、豆青、豆绿、翠青等，但多少总能泛出一点青绿色。同时，古人往往将青、绿、蓝三种颜色，一统称为“青色”，例如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》称：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也、蓝也，皆以青括之。”刘子芬《竹园陶说》中也说：“青色一种，常与蓝色相混。雨过天晴，钧窑、元窑之青，皆近蓝色。“惟千峰
各类瓷器英语
骨质瓷英文名称“Bone China最早是由英国研制的，已有300多年，历史上是宫庭专用品和贵族收藏之珍品，是权力和地位的象征，受到不少买家的青睐，号称“瓷器之王”，是目前唯一世界上公认的高档瓷。骨质瓷是在陶瓷原料中掺入动物骨灰，经过高温素烧和低温釉烧两次烧制，成为白度高、透明度好、瓷质细腻、釉面光亮平整的瓷器骨质瓷的主要成份，磷酸钙含量55。12%；高白瓷片白度94.17%，骨灰瓷片白度93.51% 普通高白瓷Normal High Whiteness Porcelain 镁质瓷,氧化镁瓷 magnesia porcelain -------------------- 陶瓷质地和类型 Qualities & Types of Pottery White Body 白胎 碧玉细炻器 jasper 薄胎瓷 thin china / egg-shell porcelain 彩陶器,釉陶 faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷 display china / ornamental porcelain 瓷 porcelain, china (China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词) 赤陶 terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代尔夫精陶 delft 德化陶瓷 Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高温陶瓷 refractory china 强化瓷： durable porcelain 低温陶瓷low-fired porcelain 工业陶瓷 industrial ceramics 工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷 art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷 bone china 古瓷ancient porcelain 官瓷 mandarin porcelain 光瓷 lusterware 黑色陶器 basalt 裂变瓷 crackled porcelain 裂纹瓷 crazed china 米色陶器 creamware 青瓷 celadon 青花瓷 blue and white porcelain 轻质瓷、轻瓷 light china
关于陶瓷的英语专业术语
stoneware:粗瓷 dolomite：白云土 terracotta:红土 construction/building material :建白材料 type of glaze: matt:哑光transparent:透明釉opaque: 不透明釉pigmented:色釉 crackled:裂纹釉 pearlized :珍珠釉 under glazed:釉下彩 on-glazed:釉上彩 浮雕：relief, emboss bisque firing:素烧 glost firing:釉烧 gild ：镀金 decal：贴花 trinket box：首饰盒 silk screen printing :丝网印 素彩瓷plain porcelain 高温陶瓷refractory china 窑：kiln tunnel:隧道窑 印花：stamping 陶瓷原料Ceramic Material 长石feldspar 瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze 瓷漆enamel paint, enamel 封泥lute 高岭土kaolin, china clay 硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2 堇青石cordierite 莫来石,红柱石andalusite 泥果,坯体clay body 泥釉slip 石灰,生石灰,氧化钙lime, calcium oxide, CaO 氧化锡tin oxide 釉glaze 原材料raw material 云母mica 皂石,块滑石steatite 陶瓷类型Types of Pottery 碧玉细炻器jasper 薄胎瓷thin china 彩陶器,釉陶faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷display china 瓷porcelain, china (China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词) 赤陶terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代尔夫精陶delft 德化陶瓷Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高温陶瓷refractory china 工业陶瓷industrial ceramics 工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷bone china 官瓷mandarin porcelain 光瓷lusterware 黑色陶器basalt 裂变瓷crackled porcelain 裂纹瓷crazed china 米色陶器creamware 青瓷celadon 青花瓷bule and white porcelain 轻质瓷、轻瓷light china 日用瓷household china, table ware 软瓷soft porcelain 杀菌陶瓷antiseptic pottery 绳纹陶器Jomon pottery 施釉陶器slipware 炻瓷stoneware 素彩瓷plain porcelain 陶earthenware 陶瓷pottery 无釉陶、陶瓷素烧坯biscuit, unglazed ware 锡釉陶majolica 细瓷fine china 硬瓷hard porcelain 赭色粘土陶器terra sigillata 紫砂purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta 工艺技术Technology 凹雕intaglio 标记marking 玻璃化vitrify 车削turning
中国文化英文介绍教学文案
Confucius Confucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”. 孔子 孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创史人。孔子一共教授了三千多个学生，其中不乏贫困家庭的孩子，改变了只有贵族子女才有资格上学的传统。孔子晚年还编订上古书籍，《诗经》《尚书》《周易》等。孔子的言行被他的弟子们收集在《论语》中，他的思想也被后人吸收和发扬光大，成为中国传统思想最主要的组成部分，并逐渐传播到周边国家，形成了影响范围很广的儒家文化圈。联合国教科文组织曾将孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。 Beijing Opera Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes
中国陶瓷发展历史(最全版)
中国陶瓷发展史 中国是瓷器的故乡，中国瓷器的发明是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献，在英文中"瓷器"(china)一词也有"中国"的意思。大约在公元前16世纪的商代中期，中国就出现了早期的瓷器。因为其无论在胎体上，还是在釉层的烧制工艺上都尚显粗糙，烧制温度也较低，表现出原始性和过渡性，所以一般称其为"原始瓷"。 瓷器脱胎于陶器，它的发明是中国古代先民在烧制白陶器和印纹硬陶器的经验中，逐步探索出来的。烧制瓷器必须同时具备三个条件：一是制瓷原料必须是富含石英和绢云母等矿物质的瓷石、瓷土或高岭土。二是烧成温度须在1200℃以上。三是在器表施有高温下烧成的釉面。 原始瓷作为陶器向瓷器过渡时期的产物，与各种陶器相比，具有胎质致密、经久耐用、便于清洗、外观华美等特点，因此发展前景广阔。原始瓷烧造工艺水平和产量的不断提高，为后来瓷器逐渐取代陶器，成为中国人日常生活的主要用器奠定了基础。 中国瓷器是从陶器发展演变而成的，原始瓷器起源于3000多年前。至宋代时，名瓷名窑已遍及大半个中国，是瓷业最为繁荣的时期。当时的钧窑、哥窑、官窑、汝窑和定窑并称为五大名窑。被称为瓷都的江西景德镇在元代出产的青花瓷已成为瓷器的代表。青花瓷釉质透明如水，胎体质薄轻巧，洁白的瓷体上敷以蓝色纹饰，素雅清新，充满生机。青花瓷一经出现便风靡一时，成为景德镇的传
统名瓷之冠。与青花瓷共同并称四大名瓷的还有青花玲珑瓷、粉彩瓷和颜色釉瓷。另外，还有雕塑瓷、薄胎瓷、五彩胎瓷等，均精美非常，各有特色。 多姿多彩的瓷器是中国古代的伟大发明之一，"瓷器"与"中国"在英文中同为一词，充分说明中国瓷器的精美绝伦完全可以作为中国的代表。而各个时期的陶瓷文化展现着不同的风采。 夏、商、周朝时期的陶瓷文化 商朝殷虚的遗址中挖出的陶片、陶罐包括很多种款式，有灰陶、黑陶、红陶、彩陶、白陶，以及带釉的硬陶，这些陶器上的纹饰、符号、文字与殷商时代的甲骨文和青器有密切的关系。青器的成本高只能为贵族享用，广大民众的各种生活器皿只能采用陶器。因此可以了解商代制陶工艺也得到普遍的发展，带釉的硬陶在这个时期已经出现了，釉色青绿而带褐黄，胎质比较硬，呈灰白色。 陶器在此时已经不在局限於盛物器皿，应用范围较广，大略可分为日用品类、建筑类、殉葬类、祭祀礼器类。朝廷对於制陶工作也很重视。 秦汉时期陶瓷文化 秦汉-古代的建筑多采用木料来架构，不易久存，所以一些伟大的建筑，如秦代的阿房宫和汉代的未央宫，都无法完整保存下来，但仍可在残存的废墟中发现瓦当及汉砖等遗物，藉以略窥古代建筑的规模。
中国文化的英语介绍
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion. 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year. 饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。 Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.” 针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治