(重读,语调,连读,省音)(Stress,intonation, link-up & elision)

Word Stress

1. 音节(Syllable)

最小语音单位是音素，比音素稍大的语音单位为音节。一个元音可构成一个音节，如ear[i?], I[ai]等。一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素也可构成一个音节，如no[n?u], stand[st?nd]等。

一般来说，元音响亮，可构成音节，而辅音不响亮，不能构成音节。但英语中/m/，/n/，/?/，/l/这四个辅音例外，它们是响音，和辅音音素结合也可构成音节，叫做成音节，它们构成的

音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读的，如apple| '?pl], reason['ri:zn]。包含一个音节的单词

称单音节词，含2个音节的叫双音节词，三个或三个以上的叫多音节词。

例：written, sudden, eye, travel, name, push, university, people, lesson, student, chemistry, bacon, beg, through, little, open, cotton…

2. 单词重音(word stress)

英语单词中有的音节发音是需要使用更大气力，发得响亮一些，这就称为重读音节，简称重

音。其它的不是特别响亮的音节称为非重读音节，注音是以'符号放在该音左上方，表示该

词的重音。单音节词单独念时是响亮的，具有重音的特点，由于只有一个音节，因此无需标重读符号。

3. 单词重读规则

(1) 双音节词的重读：在第一个音节上重读

sister['sist?]sorry['s?ri]letter['let?]pardon['pɑ:dn]English['i?gli?]parents['p??r?nts] daughter['d?:t?] labour ['leib?]

(2)单音节词加上后缀的重读：

单音节词加上-er, -ly, -ing, -ed, -ful, -est, -less, -ness, -ish, -ress等后缀而构成的双音节词，在第一个音节上重读，

teacher['ti:t??] biggest['bigist]quickly['kwikli]reading['ri:di?]careless['k??lis]kindness['kaindnis]wanted['w?ntid]careful['k??f?l]foolish['fu:li?] actress['?ktris] writing ['raiti?] ended['endid]

有a-等前缀的词的重读

有a-, be-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, pro-, trans-,等前

缀的词，往往是第二个音节重读

about[?'baut]believe[bi'li:v]decide[di'said]report[ri'p?:t]inform[in'f?:m] enforce[in'f?:s]escape[is'keip]mistake[mi'steik] prepare[pri'p??] impress [im'pres] respect [ri'spekt] discuss [di'sk?s]

有de-等前缀的词的重读与词的意义和词类的关系

有de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-, 等前缀的词也可以在第一个音节上重读，有时拼法相同的词，重

读的音节不同，它们的词意和词类也不同

desert['dez?t]沙漠(n.)desert[di'z?:t]遗弃(v.)record['rek?:d]唱片(n.)record[ri'k?:d]录音(v.) present['preznt]礼物(n.) present[pri'zent]献(v.) (CF. 妈麻马骂)

复合词，英语译名，带前缀的词的重读

有一些复合词，英语的译名以及由有意义的前缀，例如re-(再), ex-(前任), un-(不), pre-(前), post-(后)等构成的双音节词可以有2个重音。

unreal['?n'ri?l] pre-war['pri:'w?:] remake ['ri:'meik] well-known ['wel'n?un] goodwill ['gud'wil]

但是英语中有不少复合词，尤其是名词，都是在第一个音节上重读

classroom['klɑ:srum]housewife['hauswaif]birthday['b?:θdei]blackboard['bl?kb?:d] teapot ['ti:p?t] mailbag ['meilb?g]

(3)多音节词的重读

多音节词一般在倒数第三个音节上重读；三个音节的词当然是在第一个音节重读

difficult['difik?lt] economy[i'k?n?mi] opportunity [.?p?'tju:niti] capacity [k?'p?siti] hospital ['h?spitl]

有元音重出的词的重读

有一些词的拼法中有ia, io, ie等两个元音字母在一起，这个元音叫元音重出。元音重出虽然有时只读成一个元音，但仍按两个音节计算，有元音重出的词的读音规则与多音节词重读的一般规则相同

society[s?'sai?ti]industrial[in'd?stri?l]artificial[.ɑ:ti'fi??l]sufficient[s?'fi??nt] official[?'fi??l] appreciate [?'pri:?ieit] special ['spe??l] musician [mju:'zi??n]

双音节词加了前缀或后缀的重读

有些双音节词加了前缀或后缀成了多音节词，这些词按原来的词根的重读音节读音carefully['k??f?li] according[?'k?:di?] selfishness['selfi?nis]

词尾有-ic,或-tion, -sion, 的词，在-ic或-tion, -sion前的一个音节上重读

democratic[.dem?'kr?tik] scientific[.sai?n'tifik] question['kwest??n] mission ['mi??n] economic[.i:k?'n?mik]

Sentence stress

1. 概述

在句子中有的单词重读，有的不重读，通常是比较重要的词重读，这些重读音叫做句子重音。在英语句子里，单词的相对重音取决于它们的相对重要性，单词越重要，其重音就越强。

The 'pupil 'came in the 'morning.

It’s a 'map of 'China.

'What is 'this?

以上例子表现出的句子重音（句中词与词的相对重音）是语法性的重音，也就是说：实词类（名词，动词，形容词，副词等）一般在句子中保留重音，虚词类或结构词类（如介词，冠词，连词等）一般失去重音。这样形成以句子为单位的词的轻重交替。例如：

He 'told his 'story 'quickly and with 'great 'enjoyment.

'This 'hurt his 'feelings.

由此可总结出句子重音一般规则：通常重读的词类有名词，形容词，副词，数词，指示代词，

感叹词，主动词（但be, have和助动词一般不重读，在句末时要重读，在句首时可重读或

不重读），动名词，疑问词，现在分词和过去分词。不重读的词类有冠词，单音节介词，单

音节连接词，人称代词，助动词与情态动词，代词所有格，连系动词be与have，关系代词

和关系副词，但需要强调时除外。

2. 分类阐述

（1）名词名词一般都有句子重音

I have a 'book and a 'pen.

'Air and 'sunshine do 'people 'lot of 'good.

有时一个名词由两个词组成，第一个是名词或形容词，第二个则是名词。这样的名称由于两

个组成部分意义上紧密联系，通常作为复合词看待（有时用连字符相连）。其中有许多由于两部分意义浑然一体不可分，第二部分就失去重音，或者由于习惯或历史原因，只保留第一部分重读，例：

'harvest time 'good 'time/'idea

'summer time 'busy 'time/'man

'black tea 'strong 'tea/'point

'middle school 'big 'school/mis'take

'primary school 'modern 'school/'science

'social work 'useful 'work/'tool

有的名词在初出现时是提到一个类别，强调的是本身，所以有重音：在下文对它进行描写时，强调的是它的性质或状况，这时重音就移到修饰词上，名词本身却失去重音。例：

He has a 'pencil.

It’s a 'red pencil.

Our 'country is a 'great country.

(2)形容词一般有句子重音

We have a 'bright future.

She is 'satisfied with her 'second-hand 'sewing machine.

(3)动词实意动词一般有重音

She can 'sing and 'dance.

We 'study and 'work for our motherland.

情态动词，助动词，和动词be,动词have一般不重读，在疑问句首时可以重读，也可以不重读，和“not”结合在一起时要重读。在肯定的简略答句中，它们出现在句尾时要重读。(')May I 'ask a 'question? (')Is your 'father a 'worker?

'Yes, he 'is. I have 'two 'sisters.

I have 'done it. (')Have you a 'ball-pen?

'Yes, I 'have. No, I 'haven’t. She 'isn’t a 'teacher.

I can 'swim. Yes, I 'can.

（4）副词

①副词一般有句子重音

'Go 'on！'Come 'on! 'Stand 'up! 'Sit 'down! We 'get 'up at six. They 'work 'hard. 'Where do you 'work? She 'went 'on with her 'work.

②有些程度副词与别的重读词邻近时，失去重读。

He 'looks rather 'happy. The 'girl almost 'cried. 'That’s very 'kind of you. （5）．代词

①人称代词和形容词性的物主代词一般无句子重音。

We 'love our 'country. 'This is your 'book.

但在特别强调时，人称代词和形容词性的物主代词可以重读。

'Who is 'she? Let 'me do it.

②名词性的物主代词有重音。

The 'red one is 'hers.

③做宾语的反身代词无句子重音，但用为强调的反身代词，可以有句子重音。

'Try to 'make yourself 'happy.

We 'built the 'factory our'selves.

④指示代词和疑问词一般有句子重音

'Who are 'those 'people?

不定代词some和any一般没有句子重音。但当some指“某一个（些），any指“任何一个”时就有句子重音。

I 'want some 'paper. 'Some are 'good and 'some are 'bad. 'Come 'any 'day you like.

（6）数词一般有句子重音

There are 'three 'rooms on the 'third 'floor.

（7）.感叹词一般有句子重音

'Oh, it’s 'you!

（8）. 介词

①一般无句子重音

I put the 'book on the 'desk!

②双音节介词可保留重音，但非必要。

I’ll do it 'after 'supper.

③介词短语做表语时，要重读

It’s 'under the table.

④句末的介词不重读

'What is that for?

（9）连接词

①一般无句子重音，强调时例外。

I have a 'pen and a 'pencil.

②从属连词在句首时有句子重音

'When he 'came here, it was 'ten 'already.

③双音节或多音节的连词可以保留重音。

（therefore, whether, whereas, although because, either---双音节连词）

（however, otherwise, nevertheless---多音节连词）

（10）冠词一般无重音，但表示强调时可有句子重音。

（11）. 句子的逻辑重音往往取决于说话人所强调的重点，在某些情况下，一般不重读的词也可以重读，反之，一般重读的词也可以不重读

以Let me try that.为例

'Let me try that. (强调让“我”试，而不是阻挠我。)

Let 'me try that. (强调让“我”而不是让别人)

Let me 'try that. (强调让“试”但不一定能做好)

Let me try 'that. (强调让“那个”而不是这个)

（12）. 为了节奏关系，如有三个重读音节在一起，中间一个可以不重读

a 'red 'box a 'big red 'box

an 'old 'man a 'nice old 'man

Intonation语调

一. 英语语调

英语的语调就是调门的上升或下降，调门高的音往往比较响亮。语调和句子的重读一样，影响到说话人所要表达的意图。同一句话，不同的语调，会表达不同的意图和感觉。

↘Yes. 是的。↗Yes? 是吗？（或“嗯”，什么事？）

英语语调或升，或降，或高，或低，一般都落在短语或句子的最后一个重音上。四种语调：（1）降调以↘表示

（2）升调以↗表示

（3）降升以↘↗表示

（4）平调以→表示

二. 语调的一般用法

1.陈述句

（1）一般用降调

She is our ↘English teacher.

We are Chinese↘people.

（2）有时用升调（表示婉转，不肯定的语气或有言外之意）

We’ll start if you are ↗ready.

It’s very good ↘on the ↗whole.

2. 特殊疑问句及其答句

（1）一般用降调

What ↘time is it? When do you have ↘lunch?

(2) 有时用升调（表示要求重说或表示安慰，和善之意）

How is your↗mother?

↗What did you say your name was?

3．一般疑问句

（1）一般用升调（答句一般用降调）

Is this a ↗map? Yes, it↘is.

Are you ready for the ↗meeting?

Do you often get ↗letters from her?

(2)否定有时用降调（表示加强肯定的语气，有时具有感叹句的性质）

Isn’t it a fine ↘day?

Wasn’t it a good ↘film?

(3) 虽是一般疑问句，但在语句较严肃，或继续提问时，或被要求重复这句话时，可用降调。

A: Is ↘this your um↘brella?

B: ↗No, it↘isn’t.

A: Is ↘this it?

(4)表示怀疑时用降调

↘Can she do it?

↘Will they come again?

4. 选择疑问句（or之前升，or之后降）

Is it ↗long or ↘short?

Are you going to ↗school or ↘factory?

5.祈使句

（1）表示命令时用降调

Obey orders in all your ↘actions.

Take it ↘away! Go ↘away! Go to ↘work! Stand ↘up!

(2)表示祈求时常用升调，也可用降调（但语气比命令和缓）

Come to↗morrow.

Sit ↗down, please.

Please write to me ↘soon.

6.反意疑问句（较肯定时，尾句用降调，不肯定时，尾句用升调）

You’ve ↘told him, ↘haven’t you?

You’ve ↘told him, ↗haven’t you?

The book is ↘yours, ↘isn’t it?

The book is ↘yours, ↗isn’t it?

7. 感叹句用降调

How time ↘flies!

What a fine ↘day!

How wonderful ↘it is!

What wonderful ↘weather!

8. 状语及状语从句

（1）位于句首的状语或状语从句一般用升调（有时用降调表示强调）

Last ↗Saturday we worked in the ↘factory.

When I was a little ↗boy, I couldn’t go to ↘school.

(2)位于陈述句末的状语从句一般用降调

He was absent because he was ↘ill.

We came home because it was ↘raining.

9 并列句，并列谓语

并列部分一般前后均用降调

He made the farmhands work long ↘hours but gave them little to ↘eat.

It did not crow at ↘dawn, but ↘midnight.

但如果两个并列部分彼此联系很紧密（如具有“先后性”或“因果性”）那么前一部分用升调，后一部分用降调。

They knocked the thief ↗down and gave him a good ↘beating.

10. 列举事物

除最后一个用降调外，其它一般都用升调，有时也可用降调，以示强调

They are ↗Sunday, ↗Monday, and ↘Saturday.

We have ↗politics, Chi↗nese, mathe↗matics, ↗English and ↘other subjects.

11. 插入语及引词（如he said, she asked之类）

在句末时作为语调尾处理的，它们延续句子主干部分的语调

He has gone ↘home, I think.

如在句首，则根据意义的不同而使用升调或降调

Per↗haps, the meeting is ↘over. (Perhaps用升调强调“偶然性”)

↘Surely, I’ve told you be↘fore. (Surely用降调强调“肯定性”)

不过，不在句首的插入语，有时也可自成一语调组

It’s like ↘this, you see(或↗see)

(连读)Link up

一连读

1. 辅音+元音的连读

当一个词以辅音结尾，后面的一个词以元音开头，前一个词最后的辅音往往与下一个词开头的元音连读。

all of it ['?:l ?v it]

some of it ['s?m ?v it]

part of it ['pɑ:t ?v it]

none of us ['n?n ?v ?s]

all of a sudden ['?:l ?v ?'s?dn]

all at once ['?:l ?t w?ns]

not at all ['n?t?t'?:l]

first of all ['f?:st ?v'?l]

above all [?'b?v '?:l]

an egg [?n 'eg]

an expert [?n 'eksp?:t]

an apple [?n '?pl]

half an hour ['hɑ:f ?n 'au?]

this afternoon ['eis 'ɑ:ft?'nu:n]

this evening [['eis 'i:vni?]

a glass of water [?'glɑ:s ?v 'w?:t?]

a piece of paper [?'pi:s ?f 'peip?] （因同化关系）（?v--- ?f）

a cup of tea [?'k?p ?f 'ti:] （因同化关系）（?v--- ?f）

a cake of soap [?'keik ?f 's??p] （因同化关系）（?v--- ?f）

a swarm of fish [?'sw?:m ?f 'fi?] （因同化关系）（?v--- ?f）

a box of oranges [?'b?ks ?v ?'rind?iz]

Put it away ['put it ?'wei]

Take if off ['teik it '?f]

What a pity! ['w?t ?'piti]

Add it up. ['?d it '?p]

Read it again. ['ri:d it ?'gein]

very kind of you. ['veri 'k a?nd ?v ju:]

Good evening. [gud 'i: vni?]

Look at the board. ['luk ?t e?'b?:d]

Think it over. [θi ? k it ??v?]

We got a bag of sugar. [wi g?t ?'b?g ?f '?ug?]

It’s worth a visit. [its 'w?:θ?'vizit]

He did a good job. ['hi did ?'gud 'd??b]

Pass it on to him. ['pɑ:s it '?n tu him] （t送气，'?n重读，不连读）Let’s face it. ['lets feis it]

Don’t miss it. ['d??n(t) 'mis it]

You mustn’t lose it. [ju: 'm?sn(t) 'lu:z it]

It isn’t true, is it? [it 'izn(t) tru: 'iz it]

When is it? ['wen iz it]

Catch it. ['k?t? it]

Fetch it. ['fet?it]

Enlarge it. [in 'lɑ: d?it]

Leave it. ['li:v it]

He repaired it. [hi: ri'p??d it]

She washed it. [?i: 'w??t it]

They considered it. [eei k?n'sid?d it]

We finished it. [wi: 'fini?t it]

They needed it. [eei 'ni: did it]

We doubted it. [wi: 'd a?tid it]

（注意：当下一个词以元音开始，而该词的第一个音节又是重读，前面一个词最后的辅音一般不连读。特别是如果这个辅音送气，就更不会把送气音连下去。下列一类词组一般不送气：run off, get up, shut up, stand up, look out, stop arguing, put on, take off, etc, 但个别常用词组是

列外，如：at home [?t' h??m], not at all ['n?t ?t '?:l]）

2. 元音+元音的连读

当一个元音的结尾的词接另一元音开头的词时，两个元音应尽量连起来念。

I am …[a?m] you are…[ju?]

we are…[wi?] He is… [hiz]

she is …[?iz] go in … [g??in]

the other day [ei '?e? dei]

the end of if [ei 'end ?v it]

3. r不在结尾时的发音

我们知道，/r/是不在词尾出现的，也就是说，词尾的r是不发音的，但如果下一词开头是元音，词尾的r应与下一个词的元音连读。

for example [f?r ig'zɑ:mpl]

for instance [f?r 'inst?ns]

father and mother ['fɑ:e?r ?n 'm?e?]

far away ['fɑ:r ?'wei]

brother and sister ['br?e?r ?n 'sist?]

for a minute [f?r ?'minit]

here and there ['hi?r ?n 'e??]

over again ['??v?r ?'gein]

over and above ['??v?r ?n ?'b?v]

four of us ['f?:r ?v ?s]

once and for all ['w?ns ?n f?r '?:l]

hear it [hi?r it]

answer it ['ɑ:ns?r it]

further in ['f?: e?r in]

thanks for everything ['θ??ks f?r 'evrθi?]

the weather ought to improve [e?'wee?r '?:t tu im'pru:v]

I don’t care if he comes. [a?'d??nt 'k??r if hi 'k?mz]

The door opened. [e?'d?:r '??pnd]

I wonder if they are coming. [a?'w?nd?r if eei ?'kmi?]

4. 外加r音的连读

有些词发音上最后的音素是[r]，但在拼法上没有字母r。如果后面接着是一个以元音开头的词，常见的做法是，把[r]音加进去与后面的元音连读。

I’ve no idea of it. [a?v 'n??a?'di?r ?v it]

Drama and music [drɑ:m?r ?n 'mju:zik]

Area of agreement [??ri?r ?v ?'gri:mnt]

Russia and China ['r???r ?nd 't?a?n?]

India and Pakistan ['indi?r ?nd 'pɑ:kistɑ:n]

省音（Elision）

省音指省去一个或几个音。省音可能省去一组辅音，尤其是两个辅音之间的[t]或[d]通常要省略其读音：the first time [e?'f?:st 'ta?m] 或者[e?'f?:s 'ta?m] a kind nurse [?'kaind 'n?s]或者[?'kain 'n?s]

(1)如果[st][ft]后跟的是塞音(爆破音)（[p][b][t][d][k][g]），鼻腔音(m/, /n/ & / η)或者摩擦音(f,v,s,z,θ,e,?,3,h.)开头的词时，它们中的[t]要省略。

Last time fast bus best man first night west side best friend lift boy stuffed chicken soft mattress left knee lest shoe soft snow

(2)如果[nd][md]后跟的是以nasal stop（鼻塞音）（[m][n]）或weak stop（弱塞音）([b][d][g])开头的词，则它们中的[d]要省略掉

Blind man kind nurse tinned bacon stand guard skimmed milk He seemed nice. It seemed good. He climbed back.

（3）如果[t][d]在两个塞音之间，则省略掉[t][d]

Locked car strict parents He stopped behind. dragged back

I don’t believe it.

I don’t know.

I must go.

Bread and butter

Last night

Next Monday

Breakfast time

I’ve almost finished.

You mustn’t lose it.

Doesn’t she know?