高一英语语法定语从句归纳总结

高一英语语法定语从句归纳总结
高一英语语法定语从句归纳总结

高一英语定语从句的归纳

一.几个基本概念

1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。

4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。

﹙1﹚关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as

﹙2﹚关系副词:when/where/why

5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】

6.引导词的功能(作用):

﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。

﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。

7.定语从句的类型:

﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句

Theman who you’re talking to ismy friend.

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导

The man towhomyou’re talkingis my friend.

Ineed a pen withwhich Ican write aletter.

=I need a piece ofpaper on which I can write aletter.

介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如:

Theman(who/whom/that) I talkedabout at the meeting is from Beijing University.

=The manaboutwhom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. Thepalace (which/that) I oftenpay a visit to wasbuilt in the17th century.

=The palace towhichIoften paya visit was built in the 17th century.

﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句。

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。

Ilivein a house faraway from the city, in front of which is a big tree.

Thereis an apple tree standingatthe gate,onwhich are many apples.

This is the man to whomI gavethebook.

③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some,any,none,all, both,severa

l, many, most, neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或of whic h连用。

He has fivechildren, two of whomare abroad.

(比较:Hehas five children,and twoof them are abroad.)

Wehavethree books, none ofwhichis/are interesting.

(比较:We havethree books, butnoneof themis/are interesting.)

除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。

1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。

2.非限定性定语从句的作用:它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。

Theengineer, whose legwasbadly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)

The engineerwhoseleg wasbadly hurt was quickly sent tohospital.

(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)

3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom;

指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。

Theman, ______ issitting on thechair, is my father.

The woman,_______I metyesterday,ismy English teacher.

The city, _______ is faraway,is very beautiful.

Hewent to America, ______ hisparentslive.

Hejoined theArmy yesterday, ______Ileft, too.

4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:

The house,whose window faces south,ismine.

=Thehouse, thewindow of which faces south,is mine.

=The house,ofwhich the windowfaces south,is mine.

二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。

1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。

Do you knowthe gentleman who/that issittingthere?

2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。

Doyouknow thegentleman (whom/who/that)we met just now?

②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:

介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。The man (whom/who/that) Ispoke withis my teacher.

The man with whom Ispoke ismy teacher.

※注:固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for,take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。

She is theright girl(who/whom/that) we are looking for.

3.whose:指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、

宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+the =n.

I didn’t find the desk whose leg wasbroken.(主语)

He isthe student whosepencil I broke yesterday.(动宾)

Theboss in whose companyI work isverykind.(介宾)

4.which/that 指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。

②当作介宾时:

介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。The house which/that wasdestroyed inthe earthquake is weak.

The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.

The games(that/which)the young men competed inwere difficult.

The games in which the young mencompeted were difficult.

※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。

※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。主要用于“thesame …as…;such …as…;so…as…;as …as…;as follows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引导定语从句:

Such people as knew Hillthought he washonest.

Such peopleas Hill knewthought he washonest.

My hometown is nolonger the same as it was.

Here is so big a stone asno one can lift.

The childknowsasmuchas grow-ups(know).

I’d like to have thesamebooks asare used in your school.

Heis not such a personasIexpected.

He willmarry as pretty a girl ashecanfind.

※注:which和as可引导非限定性定语从句:可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。因此,当a s/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数.

Ourteam lost the game, as/whichwas reported in the newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I couldsee from hereyes.

Hemarried her, as/which was natural.

区别:

①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。

He married her,as/whichwas natural.

=As was natural, he marriedher.

Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is knownto all.

=Asisknown toall,MarkTwin is a greatwriter.

②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。常用句型有:

as we all know, as is known toall, as everybody can see,asis expected, As isknown/ said/reported/ told/ we all know等。如:

Aswe all know, paper was firstmade in China.

Toshut youreyesto facts, as manyof youdo,is foolish.

③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.

Our class has won the football match,which madeus veryhappy.

Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.

④从句含否定意义时常用which.

Shedidn’t pass the exam,whichwe couldn’t expect.

She didn’tpassthe exam,as weexpected.

6.when关系副词:指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。

Istill remember thetime whenI joined the League.

=I still rememberthetime onwhich I joined the League.

=Istill remember the time (which/that)I joined theLeague on.

7.where关系副词:指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+w hich替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。

Istill rememberthe schoolwhereI joined the League.

=I still remember the school in which I joined the League.

=I stillremember the school (which/that)I joined the Leaguein.

※注:对关系副词when, where的认识。

①.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。

I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent inBeijing.

②. 先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。

This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.

③. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数,不是时间。

It/Thisis thefirst timethat we travel.

It/This is the last time thatIshall give you a lesson.

8. why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=for which

Idon’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.

The reasonwhy(for which) hewaslate is that he missedthe bus.

※注:当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用why。

Thisisthereason(that/ which) he gave/ explained tous.

【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】

从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较:

Iwill never forget theday(which/that) Ispent inHongkong.

( spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)

Iwillnever forget the day when/onwhich Hongkong returned toits mo therland.

( 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)

Thereason(that/which)hegavefor not comingto schoolyesterday isn’t believable.

( gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)

The reason whyhedidn’t come to schoolyesterdayisn’t believable. (从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)

三.值得注意的几个问题:

第一.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。

1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。

This is the best film thathasbeen shown this year.

This isthe first book (that) I borrow from the library.

※Heisthe firststudent that/whocame to school today.

2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。

He talked about the teachers and theschool(that)he hadvisited. 3.当先行词本身是all的,用that。(all that=what)

All that(what) I want to say toyou is“Thank you”.

=All (what)Iwant to say toyou is “Thankyou”.

Go over all that (what)we learned.

=Gooverall(what) we learned.(that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)

4.先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything, thing时,用that.

I’ll tell you anything(that) I know.

5.当先行词前有all, much, little,many, (a) few,every,some,any, no, only, t he very,oneof, the only,thelast, the next等修饰语时。

This is one of thebooks(that) I’m very interestingin.

※This is oneof thebooks in whichI’m veryinteresting.

This is theonlybook(that) Iread.

He is the only one of the boysthat likes playing the piano.

All the glassesthat were on the table felloff onto the floor.

6.(人,物),当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时,用that引导以避免混淆.Who is the man that is talkingwith the lady?

Whichof you thatknowthe answer cancome tothefront? 7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用that.

He likes the girlthat she used to be.

第二.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。

1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.

Theroom in which he livesis very large.

2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主,宾都用which,都不能省略).

Football, whichis a very interestinggame,is played all over the world. The house, whichI visitedyesterday, is very large.

3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句.

Healways makes fun ofme, which upsets me.

第三.其他特殊情况.

1.先行词是these, those指人时,关系代词只用who.

Those who areplayingovertherearemy students.

2.先行词是人称代词(he, she…)时,关系代词只用who.

Hewho doesn’t reachtheGreat Wall is not a true man.

3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行词时,关系代词用who.

Anybody who breaksthe rules would bepunished.

4.①先行词是the only one of+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的

谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是the onlyone,而不是of 后的可数名词复数).

Heisthe only oneof theboysthat likes playingthe piano.

Thisis theonly one of the books that is borrowed.

②先行词是one of+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one).

This is oneof the students whoare late.

5.当主句缺先行词时,用the one代替,但须注意:the one只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么.

Is this school the oneI visited yesterday?

Is popmusic the music he likesbest?

6. 当先行词是the way, 在定语从句中充当方式状语时(the way表"以…方式/方法"),引导词通常用that或省略,也可用in which.

I don’t like the way (that)you speak.

=Idon’tlike the way in whichyou speak.

=I don’t like the way (which/that)you speak in.

【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】

在定语从句中,介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下:

1.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语,代替相应的关系副词when, whe re和why。如:I stillremember the dayon which(when)Ifirs tcame toschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。

The factory in which(=where)I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。

This is the reasonforwhich (=why) hewas late.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2.介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语,表示存在关系,定语从句主谓一般要倒置。

They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of whichsatasmall boy.他来到一处农舍,前边坐着一个小男孩。

I saw a man, on thehead ofwhomstood abird.我看见一个人,他的头上站着一只鸟。

3.介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如:

Could youtell me forwhom you’ve bought this coat?你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗?

The man,from whom Ilearned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师,我是从他那里得到这消息的。

4.介词+which/whom,用于被动结构的定语从句中,作状语,说明动作的出发者。如:

The wolf by which thesheepwas killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。

Themanby whomthe wolfwas shotwas a good hunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。

5.不定代词+of+which/whom,在定语从句中作主语,说明整体中的部分,常用的不定代词有:both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。如:

There are a lot of bookshere,noneof which belongs tome.这儿有许多书,可一本也不属于我。

Yesterday Mary bought a fewclothes,allof whichwere expensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服,他们都很贵。

6.数词+of+which/whom,在定语从句中作主语,说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如:

In our class there are fifty-fourstudents, twenty-fiveof whom are girls.我们班有54名学生,25人是女生。

Twowatches were stolen, one of which wasmine.两只手表被偷了,其中一只是我的。

7.名词+of+which代替whose+名词,在定语从句中作定语。如:

I saw some trees,the leaves of which (=whoseleaves)wereblack withdisease.我看见一些树,他们的叶子因害病而发黑。

I live in a house, the windows of whichare all broken.我住在一所房子里,其窗都破了。

8.介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)修饰后边的名词。如:

It rained all night andall day,during whichtime the shipwas broken i nto pieces.雨下了一天一夜,就在这期间轮船撞碎了。

The driverwasthemanfrom whoseroomshehadstolen the maps.司机就是那个人,她从他的房间偷走地图。

9.形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构,在定语从句中,作定语,表部分关系。如:

Chinahas thousandsof islands,the largestof which isTaiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿,其中最大的是台湾岛。

Inour class there aretwenty girls,the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我们班有20名女生,最聪明的是李华。

10.介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中,相当于一个定语从句。如:

At last he had something about whichtowrite home.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。

Hehadno key with which to openthedoor.他没有开门的钥匙。

He has a smallroom in whichtolive.

【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】

1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。

Thisis oneof thebooks whichwere written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。(先行词是books,因此动词应用were。)

2.关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分,因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。

This is the most beautifulplace thatIhavevisited it.

This isthemost beautifulplace that Ihavevisited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方。(去掉it,因that代替先行词themost beautiful place在定语从句中作visit的宾语,再加it就多余了。)

The school where I worked there is abig one.

Theschoolwhere I worked is a big one.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。(去掉there,因where既引导定语从句,又在从句中代替inthe school作状语。)

3.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不可省略。

The books wereon thetable weregiven to you.

The booksthat were on the tableweregiventoyou.桌上的那些书是给你的。(关系代词that作主语不能省)

4.“one ofthe+复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。

“oneof the+复数名词”时,复数名词是先行词,所以谓语动词常用复数形式。如果“one of the +复数名词”前面有the very/only等修饰语,则谓语动词用单数形式,因为先行词是,而不是复数名词。如:

He isthe only one of the students who speaksJapanese inour class.他是我们班唯一说日语的学生。(the only one是先行词)

He isone of thestudents who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班里说日语的学生之一。(students是先行词)

5.定语从句中who和whom的选用。

关系代词who/whom引导定语从句时,作主语用主格who,作宾语用宾格whom。在其引导的定语从句带有插入语,而又不用逗号分开时,要用who。

Mary is a girl who I think is clever.

在定语从句who Ithinkis clever中, I think是插入语,去掉后Mary is a g irl who is clever是一个完整的句子,who是定语从句的主语,不能用whom替换。但下面的句子,情况就不同了:

Mary is agirlwhom Ithink to beclever.在定语从句whom I think to be clever中,如把Ithink看作插入语而去掉,则剩下的部分Mary is a girl whom to beclever很明显不是一个完整的句子结构,所以Ithink不能被看作是插入语,而是定语从句在的主谓结构,whom作think的宾语,to be clever是whom的宾补。

6. 定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的选择取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分。如作主语和宾语用关系代词;作状语,用关系副词。

I’ll never forget thedaywhen I wentabroad myself.(when在从句中代替时间状语onthe day,此句可分解为I’llnever forget the day.I went abroad myself on the day.)

I’ll neverforget the days that wespent together.(that代替the days,在从句中作spent的宾语,该句可分解为I’ll neverforget the days.We spent the d aystogether.)

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(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点: 1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构: when = on (in, at, during…) + which; where = in (at, on…) + which; why = for which. 如: I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2.当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较: I’ll never forget the day _________ my hometown was liberated. I’ll never forget the days____________we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory____________radio parts are made. His father works in a factory______________makes radio parts. 三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1.限制性定语从句 This is the telegram which he refers to. Is there anything (that) I can do for you 2.非限制性定语从句 This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.

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