图式理论在大学英语阅读中的应用(1)
图式理论在大学英语阅读中的应用
郭永志
（沈阳师范大学大学外语教学部,辽宁沈阳110034）
[收稿日期]2009-06-12
[作者简介]郭永志（1973-），男，辽宁朝阳人，沈阳师范大学大学外语教学部讲师，教育学硕士。
[摘要]图式理论是认知心理学家用以解释心理过程的一种理论。图式理论为英语阅读教师提供了一种全新的英语阅读教
学理论，对英语教学有很好的指导作用。我们应该更好地把它与英语阅读教学实践相结合，更好地把它应用于教学，以提高我国的英语阅读教学水平，提高学生的英语阅读能力。
[关键词]图式理论；大学英语阅读；应用[中图分类号]G642
[文献标识码]
A
[文章编号]
1672-6002（2009）08-0079-02
辽宁教育行政学院学报
Journal of Liaoning Educational Administration Institute
第26卷第8期2009年8月Vol.28No.8Aug 2009
一、图试理论
图式理论是认知心理学家用以解释心理过程的一种理论。图式（schema ）一词最早出现在德国哲学家康德的著作中，德国现代心理学家巴特利特应用并发展了图式概念。70年代后期，美国人工智能专家鲁梅哈特等作了大量研究，把图式的概念发展成一种完整的理论。该理论认为，
人们在理解新事物的时候，需要将新事物与已知的概念、过去的经历，即背景知识联系起来。对新事物的理解和解释取决于头脑中已经存在的图式，输入的信息必须与这些图式相吻合，如果不相吻合，我们就无法理解输入的新信息。例如，
当我们谈到教室，就会想到桌椅、黑板、教师、学生，等等。这是头脑中有关教室的图式发生了作用。
二、图式理论与阅读理解
该理论提出阅读不是传统的阅读教学模式所主张采用的“自下而上”（bottom-up model ）的被动解码方式，而是“自下而上”
和“自上而下”（top-down model ）这两种模式相互作用和同时加工文字信息“相互交流”的过程；自下而上的信息处理保证读者能发现新信息和发现与自己假设不同的信息，自上而下的信息处理帮助读者消除歧义并在可能的意义方面做出选择。鲁梅哈特的这种相互作用模式（the interactive model ）也称为图式理论模式（the schema theory model ），是一种较能全面地解释阅读理解过程的理论。
对阅读而言，图式一般分为三种类型：语言图式（linguistic schema ）、内容图式（content schema ）和形式图式（formal schema ）。语言图式是指读者对阅读材料的掌握程度；内容图式是指读者对文章涉及主题的熟悉程度；形式图式是指读者对文章体裁的了解程度。在这三种图式中，
语言图式是理解文章文字的基础，内容图式是理解文章内容的依据，而形式图式是调用内容的能力，三者相辅相成，缺一不可。当读者把头脑中的图式与语言材料所提供的信息联系起来时，就能获得作者所要传递的意义，达到读者与作者互相交流的目的。
三、大学英语阅读存在的问题
传统观点认为，阅读是一个从词到句子到语篇的有序的“自下而上”的理解过程，阅读一篇文章的过程就是对构成该
文章的语言的字、词、句的理解过程，阅读过程所遇到的问题被单纯地归结为语言上的问题。也就是说，很多人都认为能否理解一篇文章，关键在于你是否掌握了大量的单词，语法是否过关，等等。于是在大学英语教学中，我们经常发现这样一种现象，教师注重语言的符号性分析，导致学生在英语阅读的过程中，
总是试图弄懂文章中的每一个词，可学生尽管读懂了文章中的每一个词、
每一个句子，却仍然无法理解全文的意义。根据图式理论，在中国，学生阅读理解在很大程度上受到了阻碍是因为他们过多地强调语言图式，而忽视了如下另外两种图式。
（1）学生或者未具备有关的内容图式，或者缺乏调动内容图式的能力，因而无法将文章中的信息和大脑中的知识联系起来，于是出现了读后不知所云的现象。图式理论认为，文章的内容也是构成文章难度的一大要素。在外语阅读中，外国文化背景知识是内容图式的重要组成部分。一个民族的语言并不等于语音、词汇和语法，它还渗透着该民族的文化，缺乏对该民族文化的了解往往是造成阅读困难的一大因素。学生有时之所以无法理解某些文章的意思是由于文化差异而未能具备相应的内容图式，因而在阅读中无从调用，阻碍了对文章的理解。
（2）学生缺乏一定的形式图式。传统的英语阅读教学理论注重的是词汇，学习的主要目标是语法、词汇及语言知识等。这种方法把完整流畅的语言分割和肢解成片段教学，忽视了对整体篇章意义的理解。在阅读教学过程中，
教师对阅读材料的细节性解释占去了阅读课的绝大部分时间，它阻碍学生进行整体阅读，导致“只见树木不见森林”。
四、利用图式理论，提高大学生阅读能力
图式理论为英语阅读教师提供了一种全新的英语阅读教学理论，对英语教学有很好的指导作用。我们应该更好地把它
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与英语阅读教学实践相结合，更好地把它应用于教学，以提高我国的英语阅读教学水平，提高学生的英语阅读能力。
（1）重视语言能力，拓展语言图式。理解和掌握基本的语言知识是阅读的前提。一般来说，阅读理解包括阅读和理解两个方面。其中，阅读可以说是一个处理分析文字符号的过程。要正确理解文中的文字，没有一定的语言能力是不行的，没有掌握相应的语言图式，读者就不能识别文章中的词、短语和句子，更谈不上对文章的理解了。语言图式的空白或欠缺都会对文章理解形成障碍。一些外语成绩差的学生的薄弱环节就是没有掌握好字、词、句和基础语法。在学习之初，如果这方面的缺陷没有得到及时的纠正，以后的阅读能力的培养将必定受到影响，因为读者无法根据材料中的字、词和句提取阅读中的材料信息，来启动脑海中的修辞图式、内容图式等实现对文章的理解。没有良好的语言基础，阅读技巧和策略也不能发挥其应有的作用。因此，在阅读教学中，教师应重视词汇和语言教学，努力扩大学生的词汇量，并重视句式识别能力的培养，丰富学生的感知内容，从而达到提高学生语言能力的目的。
（2）利用课堂教学，丰富内容图式。任何读者都不能超越自己已有的知识体验去阅读一篇文章，只有理解该语言所属的社会及文化，才能达到充分理解的目的。对于一个从来没有吃过也从来没有见过苹果的人来说，“苹果”一词没有任何意义。大学生如果不知“沙漏”（hourglass）是“用来计量时间的一种容器”，那么理解下面一段文字是有一定困难的。
M any people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime.Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass，they cannot be replaced.We want every minute to count.（Unit one，Book II，New Horizon English）
那么如何来丰富学生的内容图式呢？
首先，教师要充分利用词汇教学，有意识地给学生介绍英语国家文化的特点，使他们能够更好地了解英语国家的文化背景。词汇不仅包含词汇意义还包含社会文化意义。大多数词汇蕴含着大量的背景知识。比如，
“龙”在我国被视为吉祥的神物，有着不可思议的伟大力量，因而至尊的帝王把“龙”作为他们的象征，我们也都会骄傲地称自己为“龙的传人”。但在古希腊和罗马神话中的“龙（dragon）”却是像鳄鱼类的陆生动物，有的还长着翅膀，能够喷火，“具有四足的凶残动物”。西方的“龙”一般都是象征着“邪恶”。再如“挥金如土”，比喻花钱大手大脚，但是在翻译成英语时，“土”变成了“水”（water），因为英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业十分发达；而中国位于亚洲大陆，人们的生活离不开土地，因此正确的翻译应是“spend mon-ey like water”。
其次，传授文化背景知识与课文讲解相结合。讲解课文时，教师应充分挖掘文章蕴含的英语国家文化知识，帮助学生深刻理解文章的思想内容。以《新视野大学英语读写教程》第四册第二单元A课文为例，文章从事业和情感两方面简述Charlie Chaplin的生平。单纯从语言角度看，文章没有太难的语法知识，但要充分理解文章中一些句子的内涵，学生就必须了解Charlie Chaplin的一些生活经历和英国作家Dickens的相关著作。比如课文第一段提到“Dickens might have created Charlie Chaplin’s childhood”（狄更斯或许会创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事）。这句话的翻译不难，但是学生理解时可能会出现偏差，狄更斯在卓别林出生时早已去世，怎么可能“创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事”？此时教师在讲解时应加入相关的文化背景知识介绍：卓别林一岁时父母分居，六岁时父亲去世，母亲发疯，很小就和同母异父的兄弟流落街头，生活凄惨。这些卓别林早年的生活经历与狄更斯小说《雾都孤儿》中的Oliver Twist很相似，因此才有了文章中的那句话。
（3）根据文章体裁，掌握形式图式。在阅读过程中，如果掌握了语言图式和内容图式，这并不意味着阅读就可以顺利进行了，形式图式在大学英语阅读中也起着不可或缺的作用。例如，Some persons say that love makes the world go round.Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn't love；it’s money.But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round.Energy is the currency of the ecological system life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy，which in turn is used seek more food grow，reproduce and survive.On this cycle all life depends.根据Some persons say...Others say that…But the truth is that…读者可以辨别出这是一篇“主张——
—反主张”模式的文章。根据对这一模式的认识，作者既然否定了别人的观点，必将进一步论证自己的观点。很明显，作者接下去将进一步介绍“能量循环过程及它对生命的重要性”。教师在平时的教学中要结合不同的文体文章，讲授不同文体的结构特点，分析文章的结构，培养学生调用形式图式的能力，让他们学会怎样利用文章中的线索，进行积极的思维活动，从而达到对所读材料的充分理解。
总之，阅读理解是信息输入和读者之间的一个相互作用的过程。在该过程中，与学生的语言图式相比，学生对阅读材料的内容图式和形式图式更为重要。因此，在大学英语阅读教学中，教师应帮助学生建立图式，充分巩固并有意拓宽其相关图式，才能使学生在阅读过程中积极思考，进而提高他们的阅读效果。
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（责任编辑：王晓东）
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《全新版大学英语阅读教程》 (通用本课后练习答案) 第二册 UNIT ONE The Pleasure of Learning Key to the Exercises I. 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B II. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T. 5. F. 6. T III. 1.对于太多的人来说,学习似乎是自己的意愿屈服于外界的指引,是一种奴役. 2.然而,只要幸运,有决心,指导得法,人的精神不仅经得起贫穷而且经得起富裕的考验. 3.对一个人来说,形成完整和协调的人格与保持自身的卫生,健康以及经济上的自立是同样必要的,那些从来没有认识到这一点的人已经吃尽苦头. IV. 1. First of all , the writer points out that there is a mistake about learning. Some young people dislike learning simply because they are educated in the wrong way. Learning is a natural pleasure that should be enjoyed. Then he develops this idea by examples to illustrate the different aspects: learning from books, by travel and trough practice. Learning can expand one’s knowledge over a period of time. 2. The chief danger of learning is laziness, sloth, routine, stupidity. It sneaks into people’s mind like wind through the shutters, causing people to slowly give up learning. We should realize that learning is a life-long endeavor, and only by continuous learning can one gain a meaningful and rewarding life. Key to the reading—skill Exercises 1. Students have improved SAT scores. 2. Teenagers planned patrols 3. TV programs are less thorough than newspapers. 4. Welcome to Our City is about the South and its people 5. Some films show little children fascinated at the world. 6. One can communicate with the writer as one reads a book. with Santa Claus Key to the Exercises I . 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B II. . 1. 朱莉让我们如此为难,我的确感到生气.难道圣诞老人不存在的事实不是从同学那里得知的吗 2.我给她讲述了事情的经过,尽量使它听起来滑稽有趣,希望她不要注意到我和杰里在处理我开始认为的"圣诞老人问题"上是如此拙劣. 3.我可以看出,他正努力在想一种办法,用来解释我们的行为,使其听起来不太像事实那样具有欺骗性,那样错误和愚蠢. 4.事情就这样结束了.对圣诞老人不存在的事实悲伤了片刻只后,生活又恢复了正常. III. 1. Santa Claus is an imaginary old man with a long white beard and a red coat.
阅读理解 B 42、Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was young, he was strongly influenced by Thoreau and Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's idea of non-violent resistance. Having received a Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) from Boston University, he became a political and religious leader of the non-violent civil relights movement in 1955. On August 28, 1963, he led over 250,000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people, and delivered his best known speech "I Have a Dream" before the Lincoln Memorial. The "dream" is a dream of brotherly love and equality for the Black and White. Thus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964, but he was murdered four years later. Though he died, he was greatly respected and loved by the Americans, both the white and the black. By vote of Congress in 1968, the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Luther King's honor. He lives in people's hearts forever. (1)、Martin Luther King was murdered when he was 39 years old. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Martin Luther King was a black minister only. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Martin Luther King's Day has been a federal holiday for more than 40 years. A：T B：F 答案：A (4)、The underlined word "delivered" in the second paragraph could be replaced by "gave". A：T B：F 答案：A (5)、The best title for this passage is "Civil Rights Law". A：T B：F 答案：B 43、A public house which was recently bought by Mr. James is up for sale. He is going to sell it because it is haunted (闹鬼的). He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr. James had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost (鬼) must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, he shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept it even if he gives it away. (1)、Mr. James was the owner of the public house. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Mr. James had not turned off the lights that night. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Mr. James built the house. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Mr. James found sixty empty bottles. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、The writer of the passage believes Mr. James' story. A：T B：F 答案：B 44、Great changes have been made in family life because of science and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and their children often lived with grandparents. Often, too, uncles and aunts lived nearby. But when industry became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller because industry requires workers who are ready and able to move off the land and to move again whenever necessary. And large families can not be moved from place to place as smaller families can. So, at present people tend to have smaller families. In the future, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller. The typical family may remain childless and consists only of a man and a woman. A small number of families may take child raising as their chief work. At the same time they may also raise other people's children, leaving those families free to move from job to job. (1)、The passage discusses influence of science and industry on American families. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Families of the past, the present and the future are described in the passage. A：T B：F 答案：A (3)、People no longer want to have children. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Grandparents will take the chief responsibility of raising children in the future. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、Large families cannot fit in with a highly industrialized society. A：T B：F 答案：A 45、My husband had just bought a new washing machine for me. I decided to use it and I washed a lot of things. Everything worked well, but I found one of my husband's socks missing. I looked everywhere for it, but I couldn't find it anywhere. The next morning, I got ready for school as usual. When the bell rang, the students came in. I greeted them first and then told them what we were going to do that day. When I turned around to write on the blackboard, the class broke out a roar! They laughed and laughed. They laughed so much, in fact, that I was afraid the headmaster would be into seeing all this. I asked the class to stop, but the more I talked, the more they laughed. I decided to pay no attention to them and I continued to write on the blackboard. When I did this, they roared even more. Finally, the teacher who had the room next to mine came in to see what all the laughter was about. When he came in, he started laughing, too!
Key to Exercises Opener 1. Winston Churchill led Britain to defeat Germany in WWII. Nelson Mandela ended apartheid in South Africa. 2. The young Winston Churchill was a military officer, a war correspondent and a writer before becoming a Member of Parliament. The young Nelson Mandela was a law student before getting involved in political opposition to white rule in South Africa. 3. When Winston Churchill was forced out of government he learned to paint and lay bricks, wrote tirelessly, gave speeches, and seized opportunities to return to politics. Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in jail, suffering inhuman punishment. Yet he never gave up. He even managed to earn a law degree from the University of London and encouraged his fellow prisoners to seek better treatment through nonviolent resistance. Reading & Interacting I. Understanding the Text 1. Text Organization
Unit 1 part one Angel at Work Ⅰ Reading for information 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.A Ⅲ Summary 1.to transcribe his Sunday speeches /too much to handle 2.out of the blue/ share the inspiration 3.deliver the tape personally/the mystery of the arrangement 4.personal contact/spastic 5.asked for reward/full and dedicated Unit 2 part one My Miraculous Life Ⅰ Reading for information 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6 C Unit 3 part one A Thief Ⅰ Reading for information 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.C.A 5.B 6 C Ⅲ Summary 1.the ticket counter/a leather coat 2.a cocktail bar/catches sight of a blonde girl/a Travellers Aid counter 3. a magazine/becomes aware of/jostling/blushes
4. lifted/back pocket 5. a front window/hand her over 6. wrong/bolts 7. has stolen Unit 4 part one Escape Artists Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.publishing/overseen 2.procrastinator/affected https://www.360docs.net/doc/e118449489.html,ziness/desire/consistently/delay 4.funishes/reinforcing/subscribe 5.mismatch/sophisticated 6.solution/deploying/management Unit 5 part one For Big Bruno, a Man We Can Look Up to Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.hard work/pay off 2.Big Bruno/strong in stature/a gentle spirit 3.most patient/slow to get angry/a heart of gold
I am Carlos. I am from America, but I love Italian food. I have to take the orders and serve the food. I have two free evenings a week. But I always have to work on Friday and Saturday evenings when the restaurant is busy. The wages are not good, but I am nice to customers so I get a lot of tips. I am permanent so I get holiday pay --- three weeks a year. I go back to America and I see my family. There I don't have to serve food --- my mother serves me! 21. Carlos is a ____________. A. big restaurant owner B. chef C. waiter 22. Carlos loves ____________ food. A. Italian B. British C. American 23. Carlos works ____________. A. in the daytime B. in the evenings C. at lunchtime 24. The restaurant is usually busy ____________. A. on Friday and Saturday afternoons B. on Friday and Saturday evenings C. every day 25. Carlos gets ____________. A. holiday pay B. no tips from the customers C. good wages 答案： 21.C; 22.A; 23.B; 24.B; 25.A Xiaoyan: I'd like to do some exercise today. Is there a swimming pool near here? Polly: Yes, there are two actually. Xiaoyan: Where are they? Polly:There is the Springfield Pool just behind the shops and there's the New Street Pool further away. That one is much better. Xiaoyan: What's it like? Polly:Well, it has two pools. One is Olympic standard and the other is smaller but much warmer. It is really for children, but I go in there when I am cold. It has a sauna and a really
大学英语阅读进阶——第四版 PART 1 Unit 1 Vocabulary in Context Practice 1: Examples 1.examples：brushing their teeth, washing their hands and facec; B 2.examples：the phones were constantly ringing, people were running back and forth, several offices were being painted: B 3.examples: the giant land tortoise can live several hundred years; B 4.examples: going to town concerts and ball games, visiting neighborhood friends, playing board games: A 5.examples: gardening, long-distance bike riding ; A 6.examples: picking up the language and customs of their new home; A 7.examples: a trembling mugging victim, a crying lost child: A 8.examples: learning, reasoning, thinking, language: B 9.examples: the TV is talking to them, others can steal their thoughts; C 10.examples: accepting a bribe from a customer, stealing from an employer; C Practice 2: Synonyms 1-5embarrasses; examine; practical; confusing; overlook 6-10 necessary; opponents; arrival; charitable; customary Practice 3: Antonyms 1.Antonomy:long; A 2.Antonomy: financial loss;B 3.Antonomy: openly; B 4.Antonomy: plainly; B 5.Antonomy: active; A 6.Antonomy: clear; C 7.Antonomy: benefit; B 8.Antonomy: increase in value;B 9.Antonomy: careless; B 10.Antonomy: weak; B Practice 4: General Sense 1-5 B; C; A ;B; C; 6-10 A; C; B; C; B Review Test 1 1-5context; A; C; B; definition…examples Review Test 2 A.1-5 B; A; B ; C; A;
《全新版大学英语阅读教程》(通用本)1-2册课后练习答案 UNIT ONE 1.Goodbye school Key to the Exercises I 1. B 2. D 3. D 4 D 5. C 6. A II 1. fling 2. supercilious 3. zoom 4. trudge 5. hoist Key to the Reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1: 1. B 2. D paragraph 2 1. D 2. A 2.The Saturday Evening Post Information Related to the Text Key to the Exercises I. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. C II . 1. She wants him to make something of himself and have an early start to his career . 2. He was afraid of the dogs that snarled behind the doors of potential buyers . He was timid about ringing the doorbells of strangers , relieved when no one came to the door , and scared when someone did , and could not deliver an engaging sales pitch . 3. The battle to make him different from his father . 4. The well-written composition he wrote about his summer vacation . 5. Writers didn't have to have any gumption at all . 3. Love The Neighbor Key to the Exercises I . 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F II. 1.在我看来,美国的邻里关系正在变得不再融洽. 2.《圣经》里的戒律"热爱你的邻居"大概是一句拙劣的译文,它的本义必定是"尊敬你的邻居." 3.邻居开始共同做的唯一的一件事是相互接近,只有进一步发展关系,才有足够的理由成为最 好的朋友. 4.横跨在你们之间的车道,篱笆或栅栏并不真地就是一道冷漠的屏障,它们只不过是一条清晰 的分界线. 5.邻里较之社区更容易使人产生怀旧情绪,但社区也许是一个更好的构成单位. UNIT TWO 4.Making Friends in American Culture Key to the Exercises I. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D II. 1. Because there is a language barrier , many Chinese are hesitant to speak with strangers and they don't know what to talk to American about or how to keep the conversation moving . 2. His class and major . 3. These questions help people participate in the conversation . 4. When the other person first gives his name himself . 5. Communication . Key to the reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1 : 1. C 2. A
大学英语一阅读理解 一、阅读理解（共505题,共101分） 1. Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubled—to $1. 01 per pack—smokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” acro ss the country seeking to kick the habit. This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They’ve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. In Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost ＄10.06 at one drugstore Wednesday. Charleston, S, C., where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation. The price was $4. 78. The influence is obvious. In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys—13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky, Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans “who choose to smoke.” That’s true, But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place, As for today’s adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. （1分） (1) The text is mainly about___________. （0.2分） A.the price of cigarettes B.the rate of teen smoking C.the effect of tobacco tax increase D.the differences in tobacco tax rate 标准答案：C (2) What does the author think is a surprise? （0.2分） A.Teen smokers are price sensitive. B.Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. C.Tobacco taxes improve public health. D.Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise. 标准答案：B (3) The underlined word "deter” in Paragr aph 3 most probably means . （0.2分） A.discarding B.remove C.benefit D.free 标准答案：A (4) Rogers’ attitude towards the low-income smokers might be that of . （0.2分） A.tolerance B.unconcern C.doubt D.sympathy 标准答案：D (5) What can we learn from the last paragraph? （0.2分） A.The new tax will be beneficial in the long run. B.Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill.
U1 1.杰克是个如此勤奋的学生,他无论走到哪里身边总是带着本书。（diligent） ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ 2.这是我的论文（paper）提纲（outline）,对于你的任何建议,我将不胜感激。（appreciate） ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ 3.无论是买还是租,你都得弄清楚什么样的房产最适合你和你的生活方式。（property） ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________4.在冰面上骑车是很危险的，因此我们必须用车闸（brake）减慢自行车的速度。（slow down）___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________5.如果我们把所有精力和努力投入进去,再过几个月,我们肯定能完成这个项目。（accomplish）___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________6.我打算搬入一座位于镇中心附近三居室的房子。而且,它离火车站也很近,走走就到。（locate, in addition） ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________7.我们想当然地认为是垃圾的很多东西,比如报纸、杂志、旧电脑和手机,实际上也可以通过这样或那样的方式再循环、再利用。（take… for granted, trash, recycle） ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________8.——在询问一份工作的时候,我能问一些什么问题吗？ ——你可以问,这个职位（position）是否还有,要等多久才能知道你是否有面试的机会。（inquire, available）___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ U2 1.乔治渴望有机会见她,可是却又不愿将此事告诉她。（long for, bring oneself to do sth.） ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________2. 许多人聪明能干,但一辈子成就甚少,以为他们害怕可能不得不承受的种种艰难。（endure, hardship）______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________3. 我记得小时候住在乡下非常开心,那里春天时节花儿盛开。（enjoyment, bloom） ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________4. 近来暴力犯罪增加，政府肯定会采取对策。（growth, react to） ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________5. 不少人退休后会有失落感,我们应该帮助、关心他们。（retire, undergo） ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________6. 90年代他们在硅谷时,经常聚在一起,交换想法、讨论碰到的问题。（exchange） ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________7.老太太望着在诺曼底登陆日阵亡的孙子的照片,满心悲伤。（gaze upon, fill with）