语篇分析在大学英语四级复合式听写中的应用
［基金项目］云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目“语篇分析在英语长对话、短文及复合式听写教学中的应用”
（项目编号：09CO145）研究成果。
［作者简介］吴军俐（1962－），女，四川遂宁人，教授，研究方向为语言学和英语教学法。
语篇分析在大学英语四级复合式听写中的应用
吴军俐，刘丽
（昆明学院外国语学院，云南
昆明650214）
［摘要］复合式听写是大学英语四级听力考试中有一定难度的题型之一，也是受试者失分较多的题型之一，尤其
是长句的听写更令受试者头疼。本文将通过实例，从语篇的组织模式、句际关系、主位结构的角度，探讨语篇分析理论在大学英语四级复合式听写中的应用，以期对大学英语教师有针对性地进行听力教学，提高学生复合式听写的语篇理解能力和相应的书写表达能力有所帮助。
［关键词］语篇分析；组织模式；句际关系；主位结构；复合式听写
［中图分类号］H310．42［文献标志码］A ［文章编号］1008-5823（2011）05-0067-03［收稿日期］2011－07－06
复合式听写是全国大学英语四级考试于1997
年6月首次采用的听力部分题型之一。它要求受试者在听完一篇约为250词的文章后，把文章中空缺
的内容补充完整。其中，
第一部分为单词听写，主要检测受试者对单词的音、形、义、用的综合掌握能力；
第二部分为句子听写，重点考查受试者的语篇理解能力以及相应的书写表达能力。受试者在做此题
时，
句子听写最为头疼。究其原因不外乎以下几点：一是不会利用卷面文字所提供的已知信息，通过英语语篇的组织模式、句际关系，把握文章大意；二是把注意力过多地放在对单词的语音辨析上，因此无法依靠语境来达到理解的目的，结果是“只见树木不见森林”；三是在长句听写过程中，受试者往往处于被动接受的状态，习惯于逐词接受和理解信息，结果是无法区分主要信息和次要信息，更不用说用书面的形式再现原句或概括其大意了。针对上述问题，本文将从语篇的组织模式、句际关系、主位结构，探讨语篇分析理论在CET －4大学英语复合式听写中的应用。
一、语篇分析相关的理论
（一）语篇的组织模式
语篇的组织模式是语篇组织的宏观结构。它是语篇中各个主要成分的组合结果，是人们语言交际中互相遵守和期待的“语言共识”，在语篇的生成与理解中起着重要的作用。McCarthy 和Carter 指出，“要理解一个语篇，读者面临的任务之一就是理解
语篇不同组成成分之间的联系”［1］
。在语篇交际过程中，语篇生产者会根据自己的交际目的，选择相应
的语篇模式来建构符合语篇交际构成原则的语篇，
为其交际的目的服务，以实现有效交际。因此，研究英语语篇模式，了解掌握其内在的规律性，有助于教师在语言教学中培养和提高学生理解和运用语篇的能力，促进语篇交际的顺利进行。英语语篇的组织模式，较常见的有“问题—解
决模式
”，“一般—特殊模式”，“主张—反应模式”，“机会—获取模式”，“提问—回答模式”等。这些语篇模式反映了英语文化中的修辞规约。
（二）语篇的句际关系语篇的句际关系，指在连贯的语篇中，句子与句子之间在结构上和意思上的联系。从逻辑意义来看，语篇中的句际关系主要有9种类型：并列关系、对应关系、顺序关系、分解关系、分指关系、重复关系、转折关系、解释关系和因果关系。通过分析语篇的句际关系，
可以把握作者的思路和文章的脉络。（三）语篇的主位结构“主位”一词源于布拉格学派（Prague School ）。该学派创始人马泰修斯（V．Mathesius ）从句子的交际功能出发，创立了句子实义切分法，即把一个句子划分为两个语义组成部分：主位（Theme ）和述位（Rheme ）。主位往往是句子的第一部分，是叙述的出发点、对象或基础；述位则是对主位的叙述、描写
和说明，它是叙述的核心内容。［2］后来，以韩礼德（Halliday ）为代表的系统功能学派继承和发展了这
一理论，他们认为，主位可分为简单主位，多重主位和分句主位。只由一个成分充当的主位是简单主位；由多种语义成分充当的主位是多重主位，它又包
第27卷第5期Vol．27No．5
兰州教育学院学报
JOURNAL OF LANZHOU INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
2011年10月Oct．2011
括语篇主位、人际主位、经验主位；分句主位指的是整个分句充当主位［3］。把一个句子划分为主位和述位是为了研究语句中的信息分布情况。划分和分析构成某个语篇的各个小句的主位和述位，有助于我们以说话者的各话语起点，顺藤摸瓜，大致了解句子所要表达的主要内容，并且可以快捷而准确地掌握所传递的主要信息。
二、语篇分析在大学英语四级复合式听写中的应用
（一）语篇的组织模式的应用
复合式听写的文章多为说明文（Exposition）。该体裁的文章具有主题突出，条理分明，层次清楚、语言简洁、逻辑性强的特点。从组织模式来看，主要采用“一般—特殊”模式（又称“概括—具体”模式），文章的开头或句首多半有主题句来说明全文的主旨，之后的段、句则进一步具体扩展、说明或论证主题句。上述特点为学生准确捕捉所需信息提供了语境条件。因此，利用卷面文字所提供的已知信息，通过语篇的组织模式，就可以大致了解文章的内容。例如，2007年6月四级英语复合式听写题：Students’pressure sometimes comes from their parents．Most parents are well（1），but some of them aren’t very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in（2）to college，and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children’s difficulties．
For one thing，parents are often not（3）
of the kinds of problems their children face．They don’t realize that the（4）is keener，that the required（5）of work are higher，and that their children may not be prepared for the change．（6）to seeing A’s and B’s on high school report cards，they may be upset when their chil-dren’s first（7）college grades are below that level．At their kindest，they may gently（8）
why John or Mary isn’t doing better，whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should，and so on．（9）．
Sometimes parents regard their children as exten-sions of themselves and（10）
．In their involvement and identification with their children，they forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way．They forget that their children
．
快速浏览上述卷面文字，从主题句（即第一句话）“Students’pressure sometimes comes from their parents”可知，该篇听力材料将要讨论的问题是学生的压力有时来自他们的父母；从第2段、第3段所提供的卷面文字，可以推断：第2段、第3段是通过实例来进一步论证主题句。作为听者，首先应判断出话题的方向，然后根据自己的知识储备，从记忆库里寻找平时积累的相关信息，激活思维并做出相应的预测。
（二）语篇的句际关系的应用
利用卷面文字所提供的已知信息，通过分析句际关系，可以把握文章的方向。例如，2006年12月四级英语听力复合式听写题：
（1）You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situa-tion they are in．（2）This is very．（3）All languages have two general levels of：a formal level and an informal level．（4）English is no ．（5）The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a level．（6）Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks，books and in business letters．（7）You would also use formal English in compositions and that you write in school．（8）Infor-mal language is used in conversation with
，family members and friends，and when we write notes or letters to close friends．
（9）Formal language is different from informal language in several ways．（10）First，formal language tends to be more polite．（11）．（12）For example，I might say to a friend or a family member“Close the door，please”，．（13）Another difference between formal and infor-mal language is some of the vocabulary．（14）
．（15）Let’s say that I really like soccer．If I am talking to my friend，I might say“I am just crazy about soccer”，but if I were talking to my boss，I would probably say“I really en-joy soccer”．
从“句际关系”的角度来分析，可以发现，这篇文章只存在着3种“句际关系”，即：句1—2、句3—4、句6—7、句10—11和句13—14为并列关系，句7—8为转折关系，句5—6、句9—10、句11—12和句为解释关系。
如受试者在听播放指令时，能提前对该语篇的
86兰州教育学院学报第27卷
句际关系有所了解，便可以通过句际间的语义关系，把握作者的思路和文章的脉络。
（三）语篇的主位结构的应用
在掌握了整个文章的大致内容以及作者的思路和文章的脉络后，针对四级英语复合式听写中的长句听写，我们可以从主位结构的角度，区分句子的主要信息和次要信息。下面依然以2007年6月和2006年12月四级英语听力复合式听写中的长句为例，对此加以说明。
例1：［标准答案］At their worst，（T）‖they may threaten to take their children out of college or cut off funds．（R）（简单主位）
［听音关键］找到关键词、意群
worst，they，take their children，out of college，cut off funds
［答案重构］去掉可要可不要的成分，组词成句
They would take their children out of college or cut off funds．
例2：［标准答案］（parents）（T）‖think it only right and natural that they determine what their chil-dren do with their lives．（R）（简单主位）
［听音关键］找到关键词、意群
think it right and natural to decide what their chil-dren do with their lives
［答案重构］句型转换、同义词替换
It is their right to decide what their children do with their lives．
例3：［标准答案］who are now young adults，（T）‖must be the ones responsible for what they do and what they are．（R）（分句主位）
［听音关键］找到关键词、意群
adults，must，responsible for what they do and what they are．
［答案重构］组词成句，添加必要成分
Adults must be responsible for what they do and what they are．
例4：［标准答案］What we may find interesting，（T）‖is that it usually takes more words to be polite．（R）（分句主位）
［听音关键］找到关键词、意群
interesting，it take more words to be polite．
［答案重构］去掉可有可无的成分，注意单复数
It（Formal language）takes more words to be po-lite．
例5：［标准答案］But（语篇主位）to a stranger （经验主位），（T）‖I probably would say，“Would you mind closing the door？”（R）（多重主位）
［听音关键］找到关键词、意群
stranger，say，“Would you mind closing the door？”
［答案重构］组词成句，添加必要成分
I’d say to a stranger，“Would you mind closing the door？”
例6：［标准答案］There are（主位引发语）bound to be some words and phrases（强势主位）（T）‖that belong in formal language and others that are informal．（R）（简单主位）
［听音关键］找到关键词、意群
some words，belong in formal language，others are informal
［答案重构］组词成句，添加必要成分
Some words belong in formal language while oth-ers are informal
三、结论
综上所述，在CET－4大学英语复合式听写中利用语篇组织模式分析，可以提高学生对听力材料的理解能力；利用语篇句际之间关系的分析，可以使学生明确句子与句子之间的语义关系或逻辑关系，从而对语篇的内容有更透彻的了解；利用语篇的主位结构分析，并辅之以一定的技巧，如词汇层面上的同义替换、句子层面上的同义替换、长句改短句、省去语句中可有可无的修饰成分、将要求听写的句子分成若干个有意义的语块等，可以帮助学生分辨主要信息与次要信息、已知信息与未知信息，使之对所听的内容心中有数，即使不能逐词逐句写出原文，也可用自己的话复述要点，取得事半功倍的效果。
［参考文献］
［1］McCarthy M．and Carter R．Language as Discourse Perspec-tives for Language Teaching［M］．Beijing：Peking University Press，2004．
［2］徐盛桓．再论主位与述位［J］．外语教学与研究，1985，（4）．
［3］胡曙中．英语语篇语言学研究［M］．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005．
［责任编辑：李建海］
96
第5期吴军俐等：语篇分析在大学英语四级复合式听写中的应用
复合式听写技巧
一、给分标准 1. 36-43每题0.5分。拼写完全正确的单词给0.5分，凡有错不给分，大小写错误忽略不计; 2. 44-46题满分为2分，答出内容且语言正确各得1分; 二、扣分标准 1. 44-46题中有语言错误扣0.5分，每题语言错误扣分不超过0.5分，凡不得分部分，如有语言错误不再重复扣分; 2. 44-46题中凡与问题无关的内容扣0.5分。 3. 44-46题中如出现明显属于笔误造成的大小写、标点符号错误，不扣分。 4. 用汉语回答问题不给分。 复合式听写是一种非常有效的综合性测试形式，可以考查学生词汇量、拼写、句法、听力、理解、记笔记和一定的书面表达等多方面的要素和技能。全面打好语言基本功是提高听写能力的重要途径，但听写训练具有自身的科学性和技巧性，多练加巧练则可取得事半功倍的成效。 从以往历年的考题来看，总体说来，以前的文章多取材围绕日常生活、科技发展、历史起源、人物回顾、文化娱乐等。文章的开头或段首多半有主题句，之后的段落和句子进一步具体扩展、说明或论证主题句。考生应利用一切机会，如考前空隙或播放考试指令时间，浏览试卷该项下文字部分，尤其是主题句，根据主题句预测文章发展线索和大意。 复合式听写包括两部分：第一部分要求考生根据录音内容准确填出空格里的词汇，一般为一个单词，全段共填8个单词；第二部分要求考生听完后写出该部分的文章重点。复合式听写的全文内容约250字，共朗读三遍。第一遍为全文朗读，语速正常，中间无停顿；第二遍朗读时在所填句子后停顿一段时间，让考生根据所听内容写出主要意思；第三遍又以正常语速朗读全文，没有停顿。有一点需要提醒大家的是，录音中有明确对考生的提示：“you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words'’，也就是说你可以在听懂句意后进行归纳，并用自己的话简练地将要点表达出来。 复合式听写的考察要点 第一，对于较难单词拼写的考察 一些长度较长，属于大学四级范畴但又不包含在高中词汇的词往往是四级考试词汇部分的重点考察对象，例如“investigated”、“recommend”等。 第二，名词的单复数问题一直是复合式听写考察的一个重点 不仅考察听力，也考察考生的语法功底，语法功底薄弱的考生往往在检查时将这一点忽略，造成了会做的题也失分的局面。好在这样的问题如果多加注意也是可以解决的。毕竟给名词变复数这类简单的转换还不至于难倒我们。但是对于一种类型的词我们一定要多加注意，就是一些有时候可数有时候不可数的单词，比如曾在四级中考过experience一词，当它表示“经历”时为可数名词，而表示“经验”时却是不可数名词，当时该题就考察了“life experiences”生活经历的意思。
英语专业四级TEM4听力听写原文1993—2013
英语专业四级考试1993年——203年听写原文 1993 Package Holidays Package holidays, covering a two weeks' stay in an attractive place, are increasingly popular. Once you get to the airport, it is up to the tour operator to see that you get safely to your destination．Everything is laid on for you．There is, in fact, no reason for you to bother to arrange anything yourselves．You make friends and have a good time. But there is very little chance that you will really get to know the local people．This is even less likely on a coach tour, when you spend almost your entire time traveling．Of course, there are carefully planned stops for you to visit historic buildings and monuments. You may visit the beautiful, the historic, the ancient. But time is always short．There is also the added disadvantage of being obliged to spend you holiday with a group of people you have never met before． (1994) The American Family The American family unit is changing. There used to be mainly two types of families, the extended and the nuclear. The former included mother, father, children, and some other relatives such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people began moving to different parts of the country in order to search for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family consisting of only parents and children has therefore become far more wide spread. Today’s family, however, can be composed of diverse co mbinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there's an increase in single-parent homes—a father or mother living with one or more children. Blended families occur when divorced men and women remarry and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, there is an increase in childless couples while one in rive Americans lives alone. (1995) Unidentified Flying Objects There are many explanations for why UFOs visit the Earth. / The most popular one is that they maybe visitors from other planets./ To fly such aircraft, their builders must develop different forms of aviation,/because they seem to fly much faster than normal aircraft./ The UFOs, it is believed, must contain scientists/ from other planets who are studying life on earth./ It is even believed that several such aircraft may have landed on earth/ and the space visitors may be living amongst us./ But there are also less fantastic explanations available./ Although some sightings of UFOs are difficult to explain, most can be explained quite easily./ In many cases the observers might have made a mistake./ They might have seen a weather balloon or an aircraft./ Or the light they saw in the sky might have been light from the ground,/ reflected on to the clouds./ However, the exact cause of many sightings still remained a mystery.
英语四级听力篇之复合式听写
英语四级听力篇之复合式听写 大学英语四级中的“复合式听写”（Compound Dictation）这一题型，它比听力选择题更强调语言综合运用能力，考生不仅要具有良好的听的能力，还应具有较强的拼写能力，记笔记能力和书面表达能力 餐厅日程表同事 所有四级真题听力部分的原文和选项部分的词汇全部背会。要求听懂且能够准确拼写。 四级复合式听写占全卷10%，共11题。前8题需要考生听写出8个单词，每词占0.5%。后三题需要考生听写出句子，每句得分2%。其中单词部分必须听到什么写什么，很可能会涉及被动语态、时态、单复数等语法。句子部分有两种做法，考试规定，可以听到什么写什么，也可以用自己的总结语言写要点。听写共播读三遍，第一遍和第三遍匀速，第二遍时，句子部分播读完毕会停顿1分钟左右。 1、评分原则 要求考生将听到的单词正确写出；将听到的原文句子正确写出，或用自己的语言正确写出。 2、评分标准 1）S1至S7每题0.5分，答案如上所示。如拼写单词有误，则不给分。 2）S8题满分2.5分；S9和S10题满分各为2分。 3）S8至S10题中的语言错误无论多与少，每题只扣0.5分；写出与问题无关的内容扣0.5分；用汉语答题不给分。 3、其他正确答案举例 以S8题为例，下列回答均可得满分。 1）seven bad men jumped out. One man had a knife and we got into a flight. 2）Seven bad men jumped at me, one of them had a knife and we got into a flight. 3）Seven bad men jumped out and fought with me, one of them had a knife. 4）Seven bad men threatened me with a knife and we got into a flight. 2、如何边听边写? 2-1 缩写法。用首1-2字母缩写听到的词，这样会写得更快; 2-2 写句子的头尾。在记忆一个整句的时候，考生都更加容易记住句子的开始和结尾，先写这些内容，也可以增加分数。 2-3 有舍有得。一些修饰性词汇，例如副词和形容词，并非重点。而对句子含义不影响的成分一般不扣分。比如“it usually takes more words to be polite”中的usually就不是重点，就可以不写。
英语专业四级听写50篇.doc
Passage 1 Town and Country Life in England There is a big difference between town life and country life in England. In the country, everybody knows everybody else. They know what time you get up, what time you go to bed and what you have for dinner. If you want help, you will always get it and you will be glad to help others. In a large town like London, however, it can sometimes happen that you have never seen your next door neighbor and you do not know his name or anything about him. People in London are often very lonely. This is because people go to different places in the evenings and at weekends. If you walk through the streets in the centre of London on Sunday, it is like a town without people. One is sorry for old people living on their own .They could die in their homes and would not be discovered for weeks or even months. (154 words) Useful Words and Expressions: next door n. n．隔壁 the neighbors next他 door隔壁邻居 lonely adj ．孤独的，寂寞的，偏僻的，人迹罕至的 lonely life孤单的生活 a lonely old man一位孤独的老人 a lonely sand一个孤岛 the loneliest night最孤独的夜晚 on (one's) own独自；独立地；通过自己的努力 She lives on her own．她一个人过。 She go the job on her own．她自己找到了这份工作。 He Is now out of colleg6 and on his own．他现在离开了大学并且自己生活。 Passage 2 A Change in Women's Life The important change in women's life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women's economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Very many more afterwards return to full-time or part-time work. Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them. (154 words) Useful Words and Expressions: life-pattern 生活方式 effect [i'fekt] n. 结果，效果，作用，影响 The old system is still in effect. 旧制度仍然有效。 He is, in effect, my rival. 实际上他是我的竞争对手。 The medicine quickly took effect. 药物很快见效了。 share vt. 分享；共享，参与 n. 一份，部分，份额 share responsibility 共同负责 share a room with sb. 与某人共居一室
历年英语四级听力原文_(00-12年)
2012年6月 短对话 11:M: As you can see from the drawings, the kitchen has one door into the dining room, another into the family room and a third to the outside。 W: The door into the family room isn’t big enough. Could it be made wider? Q: What are the speakers doing? 12. M: I’m thinking about where to go for a bite tonight. Any suggestions, Barbara? W: Well, how about the French restaurant near the KFC? Frankly, I’ve had enough of our canteen food。 Q: What do we learn about the woman? 13. W: Hey, if you can’t enjoy the music at a sensible volume, why not use earphones? I’m preparing for the speech contest。 M: Oh, sorry. I didn’t realize I’ve being bothering you all this time。 Q: What is the man probably doing? 14. M: Finally, I’ve go t the chance to put on my new suit tonight. I hope to make a good impression on your family。 W: Come on! It’s only a family reunion. So jeans and T-shirts are just fine. Q: What does the woman mean? 15. M: Would you like to see those pants in brown and navy blue? These two colors are coming in this season。 W: Oh, actually grey is my favorite color, but I prefer something made from cotton, 100% cotton I mean。 Q: What is the woman looking for? 16. W: From here, the mountains look as if you could just reach out and touch them。 M: That’s why I chose this lodge. It has one of the best views in Switzerland。 Q: What is the man’s chief consideration in choosing the lodge? 17. M: What do I have to do to apply for a passport? W: You need proof of citizenship, either an old passport or a birth certificate and three photographs. Then you must complete this form and pay a fee。 Q: What is the man most probably going to do? 18. M: Miss, can I interest you in a pork special with serving tonig ht? It’s only 799, half the usual price and it’s very tasty。 W: Oh really? I will try it。 Q: What does the man say about the dish? 长对话： Conversation 1 W：Good evening, and welcome to this week’s Business World, the program for and about
英语复合式听写的听题步骤
英语复合式听写的听题步骤 相信大家对完形填空已经熟悉得快吐了，复合式听写也就是挖几个空，然后连续 报一段录音，看起来好像挺简单的，要填进去的都会报给大家。接下来，小编给大家 准备了英语复合式听写的听题步骤,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。 英语复合式听写的听题步骤 第一步：预判词性 快速浏览材料，结合上下文，猜测空格词性(详见本章下一节);如果你对你的英语 水平有自信，可以尝试把题目当成完形填空去填写。 第二步：听大意，由易到难听写 复合式听写会读3遍。 第一遍：听大意，可以听写1-2个最简单的词，一定不要着急填太多! 第二遍：尽量把间隔较远或能懂、易懂的空格都能听写下来，至少完成6-7个空格。 第三步：检查 听第3遍时，完成剩下的空格;同时注意检查已填的空格，尤其是以下两方面： 1)单复数，-s, -es;根据上下文就可以检查出来的就不要丢分啦! 2)动词，-ed; -ing(ed结尾往往会弱读，所以要格外注意;另外，现在出现短语以后，ing和以in结尾的短语也比较容易混淆，注意区分，例如working 和work in。)复合式听写其实是综合性最强的一个考题，对一个单词会词组做了全方位的考查，要会辨音也要会拼写，在保证自己扎实的基础上，配合以上的方法，就不会有什么问 题啦~! 关于如何预判词性，请参考复合式听写：预判技巧。 扩展：如何猜测句子中生词的意思 一个句子中难免出现一两个生字。在这种情况下，不必马上查字典，只要根据上 下文的关系，就可能猜测生字的意思了。 下面这些例子，值得大家参考： ⒈利用括号内的解释，如： ① The power of the tribune (one million people read it every day) is enormous.
【如何过英语专业四级】 英语专业四级听力50篇
【如何过英语专业四级】英语专业四级听力50篇 英语专业四级考试是英语专业生面临的第一个检验自己英语水平的大型考试，那么你知道如何过英语专业四级吗?下面是小编为你整理的过英语专业四级考试的方法，希望大家喜欢! 过英语专业四级考试的方法 一步是做一套英语专业四级的真题卷，检验自己的的英语究竟处于怎么样的水平，并了解自己的优势和劣势。 每天坚持听一套听力，尤其是dictation，更是重中之重。要静听而不是泛听，相信付出总有收获。 阅读控制好时间，4篇阅读最好控制在25-28分钟之间。应试时最好先看题目再答题，遇到生词不要过分纠结，跳过或根据上下文猜测词意。平时多记单词注意词汇的积累 每个星期坚持写一篇专四作文，写好后最好请教同学老师有哪些需要改进的地方。专四的作文是有模板可循的，多记些句型和标准句子。特别要注意的是论据一定要分点写并层次分明。 根据实际情况每天记一定的词汇，为自己的英语水平打好坚实的壁垒。 自2016年起，TEM-4考试的试卷结构和测试题型作了局部调整。考试题型共分6个部分：听写、听力理解、语言知识、完形填空、阅读理解、写作。考生应特别注意改革题型。 英语专业四级考试注意事项 ictation注意事项： dictation其实并不难加上大家平日里的做试卷基本都可以取得基本分，但是优秀者和成绩普通者的差距在于听完后的检查，要知道dictation扣分要求严格，一个标点，一个大小写，
冠词都可能导致扣分，因此dictataion做完后务必拿出部分时间检查。 另外写错了，有且只有划掉单词重写这样一种补救方式。 听力剩下部分： 其它的部分最好是能够在试卷发下来的时间里提前把题目看了，对于对话或者段落要知道并无太大难度，因为大量的内容给了你更多的上下文帮助你理解信息。 听力务必注意事项：在听力中应当学会放弃，没听到的题目应做到果断放弃，不管不想，不纠结，马上放下做下一题。毕竟一题不决定成败。 cloze： cloze应当注意平日里的练习积累，做题时注意上下文的联系，相信不难。 grammer: 这个平常大家总会有很多出错。不过细究起来，无非考词汇和语法两点，建议考前通过做大量的类似题目来提高准确率。当然也可以把这类题放到阅读后再做。 reading comprehension： 这个算是大头，一个分值较高，建议做时，先扫读四篇文章，看题目难易度，再更具此分配时间。阅读时应该以意群为单位，而非单词!此外日常的知识，经验可以作为参考，但一定不能作为选题的依据。 阅读误区：重读，用手指指着读，读出声音。 essay writing
四级听力复合式听写题的应对及答题时间安排
四级听力复合式听写题的应对及答题时间安排 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
四级听力复合式听写题的应对及答题时间安排在历年来的四级考试听力部分中，短对话 （short?conversation）和短文听力 （passage?comprehension）的组合是最多见的。它们也是四级听力题目的主要形式。但是从1997年6月开始，一种新的、难的、没有选项的、没有办法投机取巧的、让很多考生极其头疼甚至是恐惧的新的听力题目的形式出现了，这就是复合式听写：Compound?Dictation。? 几乎所有来新东方接受四级培训的学员都希望听力老师对即将进行的考试做预测，判断听力20题中的后10道是短文听力还是复合式听写。当然也包括今年——最后一次出现四级老题目的机会。历史上出现复合式听写的年份分别是：1997年6月、1998年1月、2001年6月、2003年1月、2004年6月、2005年1月。? 从以上数值和年份来看，除了发现近年来复合式听写考得较多之外，几乎没有任何信息能够暗示2006年6月的四级旧题型考试中是否会出现复合式听写。如果真的可以预测，笔者当然可以信心十足地告诉你：出现几率为50％。既然任何对未知考试内容进行的预测都有极大的风险，与其战战兢兢的押宝，倒不如本着“知己知彼，百战不殆”的精神来了解这种题目。? 首先，关于复合式听写你必须明确的几点：?
1、?共十个空。占10％的分数比例（新题型中分值为10％ ×710＝71分）? 2、?前七空为单个单词填写，必须写下听到的准确形式，即听到什么写什么。得分，每空分，共分。? 3、?后三空为句子填写。请注意，此时，你既可以听到什么写下什么，也可以按照自己的话将要点写下来。后三空的分数设置为：2分、2分和分。三句中最长的一句是分的句子。? 4、?从文体类型上看，97年为故事，98年为人物传记，01以后全部为说明文，难度在增加。? 5、?从2006年的12月全面实施四级新题型之后，听写部分将永恒出现在听力的最后一部分，占去10％比例。? 6、?需要提醒，听写部分得满分的几率和写作得满分的几率一样低。 那么，如何去应对有可能出现的复合式听写呢? 一、?关于前七空：? 前七空的单词的出题标准很简单，即能够听懂，但是很容易写错。例如97年的typical被大部分人写成 tipical,?describe被大部分人写成discribe，2001年的environmental,很多人会忘记写n……总之，拼写总能够让你把貌似简单的单词弄错。?
复合式听写8-10题设计规律及解题技巧
复合式听写8-10题设计规律及解题技巧 2)复合式听写8-10题设计规律8-10是三句话，从句子内容来看，大体有两种情况。 ①用于说明主题的细节这部分听写一般是段落的主题已经给出，要求同学们补全细节。如98年考题：another challenge was his size.(8) __________________. 紧接着的一句显然是用来说明another challenge was his size.的，原句是high school physical education was difficult, because all of the equipment was too big for the then five-year-old student. 97年的8-10题也是如此，所描述的是用来说明警察工作危险的细节。请看原文： sometimes, it's dangerous.one day, for example,i was working undercover,………i was trying to catch some robbers who were stealing money from people as they walked down the street. suddenly, (8) ____. another policeman arrived, and together, we arrested three of the men;but the other four ran away.another day,i helped a woman who was going to have a baby. (9) ______. i put her in my police car to get her there faster. i thought she was going to have the baby right there in my car. but fortunately, (10) ____________.
四级听力四大题型全解析
四级听力四大题型全解析 四级听力题目构成与比例 小对话： 8% 选择题共8道对话，每题长约1分钟 长对话： 7% 选择题共2段对话，每段长约3分钟 听力短文： 10% 选择题共3篇文章，每篇长约3分钟 复合式听写：10% 听写填空填8个单词和三句话，放音三遍，共计8分钟 听力位于考试的卷二部分，共占全卷35%。 第一部分：小对话 做题方式：视听反向原则、同义替换原则，第二句话易为考点。 例题： 2009年12月四级考试第9题
A) She must have paid a lot for the gym. B) She is known to have a terrific figure. C) Her gym exercise has yielded good results. D) Her effort to keep fit is really praiseworthy. Woman: I’ve been working out the gym since January. I was a bit out of shape. Man: You look terrific! It seems that your effort has paid off. Question: What does the man imply about the woman? 解析：可以明显看出，本题的答案为C（她的健身房联系获得了好的结果）。yielded good results和原文中的your effort has paid off 产生了替换作用。其中，类似gym和terrific、efforts等这样明显的词汇是特别需要慎选的，因为这些词汇都在原文中被明显播读过。另外本题目中还包括很多有用的说法：例如terrific figure
英语专业四级短文听写50篇文本
英语专业四级听写50篇文本（Oct. 22, 2011） Passage 1 Professor Bumble Professor Bumble is not only absent-minded but short-sighted as well. His mind is always busy with learned thoughts and he seldom notices what is going on around him. On a fine day recently, he went for a walk in the countryside. But as always, he read the book as he walked. He hadn't gone far when he ran into a large cow and fell down. He had lost his spectacles in the fall, and he thought he had stumbled over a fat lady. "I beg your pardon, madam," he said politely before searching for his glasses. As soon as he had put the glasses on，he realized his mistake. Soon he was concentrating on his book again and paying no attention to anything else. He had scarcely been walking for five minutes when he fell over again, losing both his book and his glasses. This time he became very angry. Seizing his umbrellas, he struck the "cow" in anger. Then, after finding his glasses, he realized with horror that he had made a second mistake. A large fat woman was running away from him in terror. （187 words） Passage 2 Teamwork Teamwork is just as important in science as it is on the playing field or in the gym. Scientific investigations are almost always carried out by teams of people working together. Ideas are shared, experiments are designed, data are analyzed, and results are evaluated and shared with other investigators. Group work is necessary, and is usually more productive than working alone. Several times throughout the year you may be asked to work with one or more of your classmates. Whatever the task your group is assigned, a few rules need to be followed to ensure a productive and successful experience. What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyone's ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution. Secondly, it makes a job easier to divide the group task among all group members. Thirdly, always work together, take turns, and encourage each other by listening, clarifying, and trusting one another. Mutual support and trust often make a great difference.（166 words） Passage 3 Mistakes Are Good Teachers After the birth of my second child，I got a job at a restaurant. Having worked with an experienced waitress for a few days，I was allowed to wait on tables on my own. When Saturday night came，I was luckily given the tables not far from the kitchen. However，I still felt a little hard to carry the heavy trays. So I moved slowly, minding every step. I remembered how happy I was when I saw a tray standing next to the tables. It looked different from the one I was trained on，and it had nice handles which made it easier to move around. I was pleased with everything and began to believe I was natural at this job. Then, an old man came to me and said that was his wife's walker. I stood frozen as ice，but my face was on fire. Since then, I have learned to be more careful and not to be too sure of myself. (164 words)
英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧汇总
英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧 我们不难发现它有以下特点: 1. 将内容要点分列为几点,清楚明白,一目了然。 2. 要点尽可能用完整的简单句表达,不宜用短语,句式也不宜过于复杂。 3. 尽量省去语句中可有可无的修饰成份。 总而言之, 考生应用有限的词语简洁明了地概括出所听内容的全部要点, 使内容要点和语言表达达到有机的完美统一。 英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧 (5听音结束后 " 复合式听写 " 第三遍朗读供考生进行核对,核对是最后必不可少的环节,考生应抓住时机弥补前两遍听音时所忽略或遗漏的内容, 进一步修改和完善自己的答案。听写第一部分要求考生填入所缺单词, 有时考生只凭辩音仍难以准确地判断出应为何词, 此时考生可运用自己的语言知识,修正听力细节上的不足。 英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧 主要可以从语法结构,词语搭配、意义连贯、上下文等多角度去推测、分析和判断, 并正确拼写出单词。而在核对听写第二部分内容要点表达时, 则应注意力求要点完整、准确, 尽量减少语言中语法、拼写等错误。单词是否拼写正确往往暗示你是否真正听懂了。写错了单词而且错误还比较多的话,很难说你已听懂了。所以,平时应加强拼写练习。 英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧 出题规律
11-7题设计规律 ①所填单词以实词为主。 97, 98两年的复合式听写中只有一个是介词,其他 13个全是名词、形容词或副词。 ② 7个单词以评价性词汇为主,也就是说可以从上下文找到说明的信息。 英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧 如 97年 6月的复合式听写: In police work, you can never predict the next crime or problem. No working day is identical to any other, so there is no (1"______"day for a police officer. 既然没有一天是相同的,也就没有哪一天是 " 典型的 " 。根据这种因果说明可以判断所填单词为 typical 。而没有一天完全相同, 也正说明了警察的工作富于变化, 由此也可以判断下面的第 5个空填 variety (I think I can (describepolice word in one word:(5 _______.。 英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧 ③表示上下义的词汇为题眼 有些词语即使听不清楚同样可以填出。如 98年 1月的复合式听写。 V ery few people can get college degree before 11, but Michael was an exception. He started high school when he was 5, finishing in just nine months. He became the (S1 ______ youngest college graduate when he was 10 years and 4 months old, earning an (S2______ degree. Now at 11 Michael's working on a master's degree in (S3______ intelligence. 英语六级考试复合式听写题备考技巧