高一英语必修五unit1课文翻译

高一英语必修五unit1课文翻译
高一英语必修五unit1课文翻译

高一英语必修五unit1课文翻译

约翰斯诺击败“霍乱王”

约翰斯诺是伦敦一位的医生——他的确医术精湛,因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生。但当他一想到要协助那些得了霍乱的普通人,他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治疗方法。每次霍乱爆发时,就有大批惊恐的人死去。约翰斯诺想面对这个挑战,解决这个问题。他知道,在找到病源之前,霍乱疫情是无法控制的。

斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着,像一股危险的气体到处漂浮,直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身,患者就会很快地死去。

斯诺推测第二种说法是准确的。但是他需要证据。所以,在1854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱的时候,约翰斯诺着手准备对此实行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候,约翰斯诺就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行得很严重,在10天之内就死去500多人。他决心要查明其原因。

首先,他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。很多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是这条街上16,37,38,40号)。他发现有些住宅(如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况,所以他决定深入调查。他发现,这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工,而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒,所以他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。

接下来,约翰斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现,水是从河里来的,而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的

老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样,水泵就用不成了。不久,疫情就开始

得到缓解。他证明了,霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。

在伦敦的另一个地区,他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱相关联的死亡病例

中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的,她特别喜欢那

里的水,每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这

种水,都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个特别的证据,约翰斯诺就能够肯

定地宣布,这种被污染了的水携带着病毒。

为了防止这种情况的再度发生,约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令,不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终,

“霍乱王”被击败了。哥白尼的革命性理论

尼古拉哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。虽然他以前试着不去理睬那些数字,不过他所有的数字计算都得出了一个相同的结论:地球不是太阳系的

的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上,天空中其他行星的运动才

能说得清楚。他的这个理论却不能告诉任何人,因为即使他只暗示有

这种想法,他都会受到极大的基督教会势力的惩罚。教会认为世界上

上帝创造的,正因为如此,地球就具有特殊的意义,它必定要成为太

阳系的中心。

这样,问题就来了,因为天文学家以前发现过,天上有些行星停顿下来,往后移动,然后再成环状向前移动,而其他行星看上去有时亮些,有时又不怎么亮。如果地球是太阳系的中心,而所有行星环绕着地球

转的话,那么这种现象就很奇怪了。

哥白尼对这些问题以前苦苦思索过很久,试图找出问题的答案。他以

前收集过观测星球的证据,并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。于是,他在1510至1514年

期间从事这项探究,逐步修改他的理论,直到他感到完善时为止。

1514年,他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。他对旧理论的修改

是觉有革命性的。他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上,而行星则围

绕着太阳转,只有月球仍然绕着地球转。他还提出地球在围绕太阳转

的同时,它本身还自转,这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球

的亮度问题。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世,而他却

小心谨慎,他不想遭到基督教会的攻击,所以他知道1543年临终之前

才公布了这个观点。

当然,他小心谨慎是对的。基督教会拒绝接受他的理论,说这种理论

违背了上帝的旨意,而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击。不过哥白尼

的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。他的理论还改变了基督教对

地心引力的看法,他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球,而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。如今人们能够

看到,他的这些想法与艾萨克牛顿,阿尔伯特,爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬

霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。

高中英语必修五Unit1知识点

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新人教版高中英语必修五完整课文译文

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physician.约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛,因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓

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