chapter1上课笔记

Chapter 1 动词的时态和语态

I would like to apply for the job of hotel office manager at the Paradise Hotel.

I come from Mexico City, where my family owns a hotel. I worked in the family business part-time when I was in high school. After high school, I studied hotel and restaurant management at the National University of Mexico. I came to the U.S in 2002 because I wanted to continue my education and learn about managing larger hotels. Since I came to the U.S, I have worked in several American hotels. Over the years my English has improved, and I now consider myself bilingual, fluent in both Spanish and English, which is a plus in the hotel business. I have also studied French and can speak it fairly well. I have been a U.S citizen for the past two years.

I received my bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois in 2004 and my master's degree from Northwestern University in 2006. For the past few years, I have been working at the Town and Country Hotel. As you can see from my resume, I have had a lot of experience in various aspects of the hotel business. Now that I have my degree in business administration, I am ready to assume more responsibilities.

If you have already filled the manager's position, I would like you to consider me for any other positions at your hotel. I have always

loved the hotel business, and I know I can be an asset to your hotel. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting with you soon.

Sincerely,

Daniel Mendoza

1.Daniel has been(be) in Chicago for a few years. He has had (have) several interviews. Mr. Johnson got (get) a letter from Daniel last week. There have been (be) many applications for the job since the recruitment information was posted (post) on the official website. According to his resume, Daniel's parents have always been (always, be) in the hotel business. Daniel has never worked (never, work) as a programmer. He had written (write) many cover letters before he wrote (write) this one. Our company has interviewed（interview）20 applicants so far. Maybe Daniel will be interviewed (interview) by the HR manager next week. We will have finished (finish) the recruitment by the end of this month.

2.HR manager---HR Daniel--D

HR: I （have)looked at your resume. I see you work in a hotel.

D: Yes, I do.

HR: How long have you been doing this job?

D: I have been doing this job for only a short time. But I have gained a lot experience in the hotel business. In fact, my parents own a hotel in Mexico.

HR: How long have your parents owned a hotel?

D: Most of their lives.

HR: Have you seen your parents recently?

D: Yes, I have. My mother has been to the U.S a few times to see me. But my father has never been here because someone has to stay at the hotel all the time. He has told me many times, "When you are an owner of a business, you don't have time for vacations." But I don't want to be an owner now. I just want a job as a manager. Have you filled the position yet?

HR: No, we haven't. I have already interviewed several people and will interview a few more this week. When we make our decision, we will let you know.

时间时态标志词

过去的过去Had done by+过去时间，过去动作

before+ 过去动作

过去Did 具体过去时间点yesterday, last

week, an hour ago, the other day, in

2000

过去的过去延续到过去Had been

doing

by+过去时间，过去动作

before+过去动作

过去做的动作已经完成，但对现在产生影响Have done 1.already, yet, recently, lately, as

yet(否定句）系列

2.often, sometimes, rarely, always

频度副词系列

3.now, just, this morning, this year

表示包括现在在内的时间状语系

列

过去做的动作到现在仍未完成Have been

doing

1）since, for

2）until, till, up to now, up to the

present, so far, thus far, in/for the

past/last few years

现在Do 1)主将从现

2)真理

将来的7种表达方式和区别1.Will do

2.Be going to

do

3.do/does

4.be to do

1.一般将来，无计划，随机。

2.有计划，非随机。或者有迹象表

明。

3.时间表。(begin, leave, start,

arrive, return)

5.be doing

6.Be about to

7.Will be doing 4.正式计划。“定于”

5.位移动词（come，arrive, leave，return, meet,

start...)。

6.马上要发生。（美式英语）

7.将来一段时间内。

将来某个时

间点

Will have done by/before+将来时间/动作

站在过去说

将来

Would do 宾语从句

It is time we got down to writing our paper/thesis.

I wish I were 25 and could do whatever I want to do.

I was wondering if you could come over to spend the weekend together.

2.3.4

2)You are always complaining.

3)她老爱吹嘘她家孩子怎么怎么地。

4)I have waited for 2 hours.

5)I have been waiting for 2 hours.

2.3.5Sb. was doing A when B happened.做A过程中突发B

我刚要离家时电话响了。

他刚要关机时msn好友朝他微笑了.

The plane was taking off when the accident happened.

再加一句：就在我们纠结是否要在湖里游泳时，突然下暴雨了。We were hesitating whether to swim in the lake or not when the storm started.

When the storm started, we were hesitating whether to swim in the lake or not.

2.3.6现在完成时用于时间或条件状语从句，表示将来某时以前业已完成的动作。

1.They will set out at 6 if it has stopped raining by then. 如果6点

时雨停了，他们就出发。

2.书读完以后我会把它归还给图书馆的。I will return the book to

the library when I have finished reading it.

2.3.7I went to Japan last year. It was the first time I had travelled on

a cruise ship.

2.3.8 Hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose, want用于过去完成时，表示未曾实现的希望和打算。

I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called

and I couldn't get away.

我本打算昨晚来看你的，但是有人打电话过来我走不开。

她们本想帮忙准备晚饭，但是因为堵车，没能及时赶到母亲家。They had intended/wanted to help prepare dinner, but they didn't arrive at their mom's home in time because of the gridlock.

2.3.9 在no sooner... than, hardly/scarcely/barely...when 句型中，用到过去完成时。

He had no sooner left home than two men broke into his house. 改为倒装

No sooner had he left home than two men broke into his house.他前脚离开家，后脚就有两个人破门而入。

保姆刚把婴儿放到摇篮里(cradle)，婴儿就开始大哭。(hardly,倒装)

Hardly had the nanny put the baby in the cradle when the baby started crying loudly.

2.3.11 在“How long...?”疑问句中，一般用到现在完成进行时

你跟她约会多久啦？

How long have you been dating with her?/How long have you been going out?

sit, lie, wait等动词，一般更多使用现在完成进行时

I have been sitting in the cafe all afternoon.

你在床上躺了一天了，你不感觉头晕吗？

You have been lying in bed whole day, don't you feel dizzy?

你考虑(ponder)这个问题已经有多久了？该是你做决定的时候了。

How long have you been pondering this problem? It is time you made a decision.

PS体会这句中现在完成进行时的用法：

My hands are dirty. I have been painting all day.

--哦，家里真乱啊！--是啊，我一天都在试图找出我的结婚戒指。它不见了。

Wow, what a mess!

Yeah, I have been trying to find my wedding ring for a whole day. It's gone.

2.3.12 将来完成时是考试常考内容，通常与by, before, when等词连用

By the time you get to Shanghai tomorrow, I will have left for Chengdu. I am afraid we can't celebrate our anniversary together.

当Clayton教授后年退休时，他将在这个大学从教40年了。

By the time Professor Clayton retires the year after next, he will

have worked/taught in the university for 40 years.

同时，对一个可能已经完成的动作的推测，也会用到将来完成时。一般用于第二三人称。

It is five o'clock, they will have finished their meeting by now. You know, the meeting started at 7 am. 五点了，他们该开完会了。要知道，会议早上七点就开始了。

2.3.15 It is +一段时间+since +从句（亦可用现在完成时it has been+一段时间+since +从句，但考试更常见前者）

It is ten years since I moved to Shanghai.

好久不见。最近在干嘛？

It is a long time since I met you last time. What have you been doing recently?

我上次去电影院都是10年前的事儿了。It is ten years since I went to the movie theatre last time.

2.3.16

1.had been waiting

2.turned up

3.explained

4.had been held up

5.didn't find

6.had been blowing

7.(had) called

8.was lying

9.had been driving

10.(had) appeared

11.(had) braked

12.(had) skidded

13.(had) managed

14.was filled up

15.was wearing

16.had tied

17.was pulling

18.opened

19.jumped

20.had swum

Exercise 1: Check the sentence or clause that best complete the idea:

1. I can't sleep. The people in the next apartment...

___ have made a lot of noise. ___ have been making a lot of noise.

2. He's been sick all week.

___ He's stayed in bed. ___ He's been staying in bed.

3. She is unhappy.

___ She has just lost her job. ___ She has been losing her job. 4. She lost her job 3 weeks ago. She hasn't had much free time

recently because...

___ She has looked for a new job. ___ She has been looking for a new job.

5. My writing has been improving a lot because...

___ I have written a composition. _____ I have been writing compositions.

6. At first she planned to move, but now she doesn't want to.

___ She has changed her mind. ____ She has been changing her mind.

7. Now I can pay for my car because I...

___ have received a check from my insurance company.

___ have been receiving a check from my insurance company.

8. Every week I put 20% of my salary in the bank. I plan to buy a

house as soon as I can.

___ I have saved my money. ___ I have been saving my money.

9. I am going to become an engineer.

___ I have made my decision. ___ I have been making my decision.

Exercise 2: correct the mistakes in the following sentences if there is any:

? 1.Correct: It has been raining for two days.

? 2.Correct: The baby has been sleeping for three hours now.

? 3.Correct: I saw him yesterday.

? 4.Correct: He returned from London last week.

? 5.Correct: See that you do not do any damage.

It is wrong to use the future tense in the subordinate clause

when the verb in the main clause is in the imperative mood.

? 6.Correct: I will call you when the dinner is ready.

?7.Correct: He will help if you ask him.

?8.Correct: I went/have been to New York recently.

?9.Correct: I wrote to him last week.

?10.Correct: We went to the pictures last night.

?11.Correct: He said that he had been suffering from fever for three days.

?12.Correct: The man complained that his watch had been stolen.

?13.Correct: The doctor concluded that the man had died twelve hours ago.

After if, unless and words with similar meanings, we often use past verb forms to talk about the present or future.

?14.Correct.

?15.correct.

?16.correct

After it’s time, would rather and wish

Past verb forms can be used with a present or future meaning after these expressions.

?17. correct

?18.correct

In questions and requests

We can make questions, requests and offers sound more polite by using past tenses. Common expressions are I wondered, I thought, I hoped etc. Past progressive verb forms like I was wondering are even more polite.

?19.I. was hoping you could lend me a pound.

?20.I wondered if you were free this evening.

The modal auxiliaries could, should, might and would usually

have present reference.

?Could you help me with my homework?

?Would you mind my smoking?

时态易错考题链接：

1-5 AACBB

6-10 CBDCB

11-15 DCAAA

16-20 BBBAD

I had no idea it w as so late.说这句话时，意识到已经很晚，之前不知道。

Sir, you can't smoke here.--Sorry, I didn't know.之前不知道，现在知道了。

I thought you were wrong. VS I think you are wrong.

现在我认为你对。现在认为你错。

我还以为你明天来呢！I thought you were coming tomorrow.

I wondered if you can/could do me a favor.

I was thinking if you can/could come with me.

2.4被动语态

2.4.1

1. His own friends are deceiving him.

2.The people welcomed Prince Hamlet.

3. The committee has rejected the proposal.

4. They /he/she/ you have/has given me much cause for anxiety.

5.Have you carried out my orders?

6.We /he/she/they eagerly listened to the story.

7.We waste our lives in anticipation.

8.The storm uprooted the tree.

9.The police took the wounded persons to the hospital.

10.Who wrote this piece of composition?

11. Columbus discovered America.

12. Do you teach John?

被动态的基本结构be done

Shall/will be being done

Should/would be being done

变量：be（跟时态走）不变量：done（表语态）Write: is being written, has been written, was being written, will be written; had been written;

2.4.3被动语态的重要用法：1）科技文章中经常使用，侧重对事物的客观说明2）避免句子变换主语从而使句子结构更加紧凑有了现代科技手段，风能可以轻易转化成电能。

With modern science and technology, wind energy can be converted into electricity easily.

He spoke at great length, was asked many questions afterwards and answered them all satisfactorily.

他的演讲非常详细，讲完后听众们问了很多问题，他都一一给出令人满意的回答。

2.4.4双宾变被动，需要加入to或者for。一般语感可以确定用哪个词。不确定时可以查看：

以下加to:

award bring give hand leave lend mail offer pass pay play post promise recommend read return sell send serve show sing take teach

tell throw write

以下加for

boil book bring build buy call catch change choose cook cut do draw fetch find fix gather get keep leave make order pick prepare reach reserve save sing

1. They did not offer her a seat.

No seat was offered to her.

She wasn't offered a seat.

2. The police officer showed us the way.

The way was shown to us by the police officer

We were shown the way by the police officer.

3. My mother made me a new dress.

I was made a new dress by my mother.

A new dress was made for me by my mother.

4. We awarded him a medal.

He was awarded a medal.

A medal was awarded to him.

2.4.5 make（迫使）, hear, see, watch, feel, let(放手）sb. do sth. 役使类动词：make/let/have sb do sth 没to

My mom makes/lets me play video game every day.

My mom makes/lets me get up early every day.

感官类：...

变为被动：sb. is made/heard/seen/watched/felt/let +to do sth.

广告公司的员工常常被迫加班加点到深夜。难怪有人会过劳死。(die from...)

Advertising company employees are often made to work overtime till midnight. No wonder people die from overwork/karoshi.

她被人听见上班时间打了个私人电话，这在她们公司可是个禁忌。(taboo)

She was heard to make a private call at work, which is a taboo in their company.

2.4.6 短语动词也有被动语态，特别注意和动词连用的介词和副词不能在被动态中丢失。

They took care of everything by themselves. (变被动)

Everything was taken care of by them….

We will put on a short play at the party. (变被动)

A short play will be put on at the party.

改错：The carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food are broken down into simpler forms in the digestive tract.

2.4.7主动表被动的用法

1) 常见感官动词：

smell, sound, taste, feel, look, seem, appear, prove

1.泉水尝起来好甜。The spring water tastes so sweet.

2.丝绸摸起来很光滑。The silk feels so smooth.

3.这个谣言被证明和事实不符。The rumor proves false against

the fact.

2) 一些动词在主动表示被动时，通常和well等副词连用。表示状态

clean/cut/cook/draw/play/read/sell/wash/wear/write +well

1.The fabric washes/sells well. 这种布料好洗、好卖。

2.The pen writes well. ___________________

3.The pair of glasses wears comfortably. ___________________

4.这首诗读起来朗朗上口。(read) The poem reads well.

5.在夏天，肉坏起来很快。(spoil) Meat spoils fast in summer.

6.马铃薯煮起来很慢。(cook) Potatoes cook slowly.

考题链接

1. —It is said that Beijing Olympic tickets can _____ online from

April, 2007. (上海)

—Yes, and I am sure the 110-meter hurdles tickets will _____ well.

A. be booked; be sold

B. book; be sold

C. be booked; sell

D. book; sell

2. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen

______ comfortably. (杨浦区)

A. is worn

B. wearing

C. wears

D. are worn

3. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets

_____ out. (2009上海)

A. would sell

B. had sold

C. have sold

D. was selling

3) want/need/require/deserve +doing =want/need/require/deserve to be done

1.在学写求职信时，这个技巧值得再次提及。

When we learn to write a cover letter, this skill is worth mentioning again./deserves mentioning again.

2.厕所需要马上修理。它抽不了水了。

The toilet needs repairing right now. It won't flush.

4) 使役态have sth. done

两种情况A. 某事被别人完成