高中英语语法宾语补足语讲解

高中英语语法宾语补足语讲解
高中英语语法宾语补足语讲解

宾语补足语

举例:I going to paint it pink.

我打算把它涂成粉红色(选自《新概念英语第一册》)

句子中的“it”显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it,而是“paint it pink”。“pink” 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是pink呈现了it的状态,让句子意思更加完整。这里的宾语it与宾补pink 的关系是主语与表语的关系(即主系表结构),如大家所知,主系表结构是为了呈现主语的特点特征、状态、身份等信息。本质意思是it is pink,形式表现是it pink。

句子中的“pink”是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的大致还有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,副词,介宾短语。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。

比如:

I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补)

I saw the kite up and down.(up and down是副词做宾补)

Tom made the girl cry.(cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式)

常跟复合宾语的动词有:call(叫),named(叫做),make(做),think(思考),find(找),leave(离开),keep(保持),nominate(任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard(认为),see(看),recognize(认出),treat,take,consider(考虑),look up,refer to(提到),accept(接受),acknowledge (承认),describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce(指责),employ(雇佣),use(使用),show(展示),organize,express(表达)等。

注意

☆当感觉动词和使役动词,如:

see,hear,notice,watch,feel,observe(感觉动词)make,have,let,(使役动词)接宾语补足语时,不定式的符号to必须省略。不定式作get的宾语补足语时不省略to

在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。

补充:简单句常见结构有:

“主语+谓语”结构:句子由主语和谓语两部分构成,谓语动词是不及物动词。“主语+谓语+宾语”结构:谓语动词是及物动词,后面接有宾语。

“主语+系动词+表语”结构:表语通常是名词或形容词。

“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构:谓语动词是及物动词。

“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的被动关系,则宾补须用过去分词形式。如:

Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.

珍妮希望史密斯先生建议一个好办法,让她在短期内提高英语写作。

如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的主动关系,则宾补须用过现在分词形式,如:

He could hear his heart beating fast.

他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。

Do you smell something burning?(burning可以理解为现在分词,也可理解为形容词)

你闻到烧焦的气味了吗?

适用

1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。

这类动词有:consider,think,believe,discover,find,imagine,judge,suppose,prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构,think,consider,find后的to be常可省略。

We consider him (to be) a good teacher.

我们认为他是一个好老师。

2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。

这类动词有:love,like,prefer,hate,want,wish,expect等。

I'd prefer you to leave him alone.

我希望你不要打扰他。

3. 注意:hope,demand,suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。

I hope you can give me a hand.

我希望你能帮我一把。

说明

在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有1个其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补,在英语中极为重要。比如说:I heard Jean singing this morning. 句子中的“Jean”显然是宾语。但是主语I听到的并不是“Jean”,而是“Jean singing”.“singing”是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是“Jean”执行了“singing”的动作。句子中的“singing”是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补即宾语补足语的大致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。例:I find learning English difficult.“difficult”是形容词作宾补。

位置变异的用法

复合宾语的两个组成部分在意义上是一种逻辑上的“主谓关系”,宾语补足语(简称为宾补)说明宾语所表示的人或物的属类、性质、状态等。宾补在句中的位置是相对固定的,单个跟在名词前,多个放在句尾

但由于种种原因,宾补的这种相对固定的位置有时也会发生变异。一般说来,宾补的位置变异有四种句型:

句型一

宾补+主语+谓语+宾语在这种句型中,宾补前移到句首(或从句的句首)。这主要有以下几种情况。

1.为了强调而前移当我们要突出强调宾补时,就把它移至句首。置于句首的宾补可以是名词、形容词(短语)、分词短语、介词短语等。

如:Chairman of the committee they have elected Eleanor.

他们选举埃利诺担任这个委员会的主席。

2.为了句子的连贯而前移在并列句中,有时为了与前面的分句更好地衔接,使分句之间的意思连接得更加紧密,意思表达得更加清楚有力,就将后面分句的宾补提到句首。

如:Traitor he has become,and traitor we shall call him.

他已经成了叛徒,我们就得叫他叛徒。

3.为了对照而前移在并列句中,宾补的前移有助于鲜明地对照相邻的两个分句间提到的意义有差异的两件事情。如:

I knew you were careless,but dishonest never thought you.

我知道你粗心大意,但从不认为你不诚实。

4.在感叹句中宾补的前移用感叹词what或how开头的对宾补进行强调的感叹句,宾补必须紧跟在what或how之后。如:What a villain he must have thought.

他一定会认为我是个大坏蛋!

5.在疑问句中宾补的前移用疑问词作宾补或对“疑问词+宾补”进行提问,这时疑问词或“疑问词+宾补”须前移至句首。如:

What do you call this kind of flower?

这种花你们叫什么?

6.让步状语从句中宾补的前移:中学英语在as,however等引导的让步状语从句中,有时也须把宾补提到从句的开头,其后采用正常语序。如:

Charming as he found her,she had struckhim as rather presumptuous.

尽管他觉得她很美,他仍然认为她相当高傲。

句型二

主语+谓语+宾补+宾语产生这种结构的原因主要有两个:

1.宾语(或连带它的修饰语)较长,而宾补较短时,为了平衡句子结构,就把宾补提到宾语之前。我们常见的一些动词词组如cut open,cut short,lay bare,let slip,let go,make certain,make clear,make good,make possible,set free等都属于这种情况。如:

Don’t let fly away this little strange bird.

不要放走这只奇怪的小鸟。

2.宾语本身带有一个较长的定语或同位语时,就把宾补放在宾语前。

如:They proved wrong the news brought by the newly-arrived visitors.

他们证明新到的客人们带来的消息是不确实的。

句型三

宾语+主语+谓语+宾补有时为了强调宾语,就将其提到句首,宾补就跟在谓语之后了。

如:This substance we call water and comes next only to oxygen.

(=We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen.)

这种物质我们称之为水,其重要性仅次于氧。

句型四

主语+谓语+宾语+其他成分+宾补有时在宾语和宾补之间插入了定语、同位语、状语或插入语,从而造成了宾语与宾补的分隔。

1.插入定语或同位语因宾语后面带有一个无法分割的定语或同位语,因而只好把宾补放在宾语的定语或同位语之后。如:He found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors.

他看到他要寻找的人名模模糊糊地写在一扇门上。

2.插入状语

I once saw a jewel fish,during such aevening transport of straying children,perform deed which absolutely astonished me.

我有一次看到宝石鱼在转运迷路的小鱼的过程中做出了一个使我大吃一惊的动作。

3.插入插入语

Let us not,I beseech you,sir,deceive ourselves any longer.

先生,我恳求你们再不要继续自己欺骗自己了。

上述宾语补足语位置变异的种种情况在语言实践相关论文中是屡见不鲜的。我们只有对其熟悉才能进行顺利的阅读和正确的理解。

高中英语语法大全

(1)表语从句 1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类: (1) 从属连词that。如: The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如: He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如: It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释: 1.连词because可引导表语从句。如: I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如: My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(2)主语从句 1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类: (1) 从属连词that。如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如: Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如: What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释: 1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有: A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如: It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that

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