高考英语试题各个题型的试题分析

高考英语试题各个题型的试题分析
高考英语试题各个题型的试题分析

高考英语试题各个题型的试题分析

导读:本文高考英语试题各个题型的试题分析,仅供参考,如果能帮助到您,欢迎点评和分享。

知识、能力、文化三位一体突出考查英语运用能力

99年高考英语试题总体保持了98年高考英语试题的格局和特点,保持了相对稳定的题型、权重和阅读总量。在不同的语境中,从多个角度、多个层次考查考生实际应用英语知识正确性和得体性;在地道丰富的英语语言文化氛围中,通过语篇考查他们运用英语获取信息、分析问题、判断问题、解决问题的能力;通过写回信,考查他们表述简单事实和个人观点的能力。整套试题有机地将使用语言知识、运用英语能力和丰富的文化背景结合起来,有效地考查考生英语水平。下面就各个题型的试题作简要分析,求教于同行。

一、字母组合多样,考查辨音能力力度更大

以考查元音为主、辅音为辅是单词辨音题多年来的测试特点,但今年又在此基础之上有所发展。以往考查三个元音、两个辅音,今年考查四个元音、一个辅音,将元音的考查作为单词辨音题的绝对重点。元音的学习和掌握,既是英语学习初级阶段的学习重点,又是学习英语语音的难点。元音的变化较辅音复杂,元音读得较准的学生,语音就标准得多,所以它理所当然成为测试的重点。

以考查字母组合的发音为主,兼顾单个元音或辅音字母的考查是今年高考语音题的另一特点。在考查的25个单词的划线部分中,字

母组合有15个之多,占测试单词总数的60%,单个字母只有10个,占测试单词总量的40%。

在同一个小题中,从相同的字母组合的考查发展到完全不同的字母组合的考查。首先让我们回顾一下97和98两年高考的语音试题特点,97年高考语音试题考查的80%是单个字母的读音,o, g, a, c 字母各5个单词,而且都是相同字母的不同读音和相同读音的辨别,考查字母组合的只有一个小题。在98年高考语音题中60%的试题为单个字母读音的考查,如o, n, i,在这些题中,又有73%的为相同字母。考查字母组合的占该题总量的40%,但在每小题中的字母组合是相同的,第4小题考查ea、第5小题考查ch。99年考查的字母组合没有规律性,如:将字母组合ier、ew、ui、ure和字母u放在同一小题中来考查。这样的小题占该题的总量的60%。这样的试题能真正考查到考生读音的准确性,使完全依靠记忆字母组合发音而不具备较强的读音能力的考生更加难以应付,使具有正确读音能力的考生显示出优势。

二、语境设置真实,知识考查依附语境

语境真实,贴近生活是99年高考单项选择题的特色之一。首先让我们信手拈来几道题品味一下,如:

--Will you stay for lunch?

-Sorry, I can't. My brother is coming to see me.

就象是我们在留客人一起共进午餐,客人因故不能留下来时的情景。在炎热的夏天,烈日当空,我们会感到:Few pleasures can equal

that of a cool drink on a hot day.

当今的经济生活丰富复杂,物价常常是人们关心的问题,目前物价回落,有利提高百姓生活水平,但我就会有这样的担心:The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so.

在99年高考英语单项选择试题中,几乎所以试题的语境均体现出真实性,每一个句子都是我们日常交际中可能说到或听到的,而不是为了测试某一项语法知识而编造出来的。语境的设置始终将意义放在第一位,把结构放在第二位。

通过设置的语境,考查考生使用语言知识的正确性。在真实可信的语境中,考查考生能否正确地选择词汇、短语或时态。如试题:- Are the new rules working?

- Yes. _____ books are stolen.

A. Few

B. More

C. Some

D. None

From this short dialogue, we can infer that books w ere often stolen in this bookshop, library or some plac e else. Then they decided to renew the rules. These new rules are so effective that few books are stolen.

这里我们需要填的部分是提供"新的规章制度有效的佐证",既是"偷书现象得到遏制,现在几乎没有人偷书了"。如果不能领会到这一点,只从语法知识的角度来分析该题,那么,B和C两个选项就干扰得我们无法作出正确的选择。D选项None的意义非常符合题意,但只要稍有语感的考生就会判断出D不是正确选项,因为我们常常

说:None of th e books…。语境对正确选择短语也起到控制作用,再看试题:

Your performance in the driving test didn't reach t he required standard -- ____, you failed.

A. in the end

B. after all

C. in other words

D. at thesame time

前半句说"你在驾驶测试中的操作没有达到要求的水准",后半句是"你没有通过(测试)",它们表达的是相同的意思,前半句比较委婉,后半句直截了当。中间用破折号连接,表明后面半句是对前面半句的注解或说明。从前后两个句子意义所给的语境以及破折号来看,只有C选项的意义与题意相符,其它选项的意义均不够贴切,不能达意。该题主要是考查对前后语句的理解,它们的逻辑关系,四个选项所提供短语的意义和功能的综合考查。语境对正确选择时态有较强的提示和控制作用,如试题:

Robert is said _____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying

D. tohave been studying

从所给的四个选项中,可以看出它们之间的差异只是时态不同,它们分别是完成态、一般态、进行态和完成进行态,到底该空用study 的哪一中形式呢?题干中没有提供具体的时间状语,主句谓语动词的时态是一般现在时,并没有给选择该空不定式的形式提供多少帮助。

倒是下文中的studied对前面的动词形式起到了提示和控制作用。

通过设置的语境,考查语言知识运用的得体性。以前是选择正确选项填空,也就是说只要是符合语法规则的选项就是正确选项。而从96年开始,要求选择最佳答案填空,特别是近两年来,对语言的得体性的考查体现得更加充分。对语言得体性的考查是对英语学习者提出的更高层次的要求,只有学习掌握得体的英语,才是真正习得了英语。如试题:

- I'm going to the post office.- _____ you're there , can you get me some stamps?A. AsB. WhileC. BecauseD. If

若从语法规则的角度来选择的话,除了C选项不可填之外,其它的三个选项均可以填。但从语言的得体性来看,B选项就最佳答案。D选项If是一种假设,上文已经表明去邮局是计划好了的,不是拿来和你商量的,因此,D选项不可选。A 选项最具干扰性,但as在英文中常常表示"两个动作相继接连发生"。当你请人帮忙买邮票,你总不能苛求别人一到邮局就得给你把邮票买了,因此A选项不合情理,更不得体。再看另一小题:

- I had a really good weekend at my uncle's.

- _____.

A. Oh, that's very nice of you

B. Congratulations

C. It's a pleasure

D. Oh, I'm glad to hear that

它完全依赖语境来作出判断哪个答语更贴切,只有D选项才符合语境。

在权衡选项的过程中,要体会说话者的意图,揣摩文字背后的潜台词。只有在语境中考查考生运用语言知识的能力,才能真正地考查出他们的实际能力。在很大程度上扭转了低效的语法定向的传统考试方向,避免会死记硬背就能考好英语的现象,从而扭转学习英语只需记记背背语法和单词的学习观和教学方法。

三、篇章理解与词义选择有效结合

99年高考的完形填空题选材贴近生活,是人人都很关心的环境污染问题。该篇短文讲述了Burlington的四位大学生为了保护家乡免遭汽车噪音的污染和过量的交通带来的危害,他们人为地制造了让人心烦的噪音,并准备让此噪音持续两个星期,以引起公众,特别是官员们的注意,以此达到让大家共同采取措施来改善目前的状况。这种反对噪音而制造噪音的作法虽然有些让费解,但在完形填空中运用此材料更能使人新鲜。

将阅读理解能力和选词能力综合起来考查是完形填空题的特点。首先它考查了考生对该篇短文的正确理解,他们只有在正确理解的基础上才能对选项作出正确的选择。从这一点上来说,它不是阅读理解的阅读理解题,而且它的难度比阅读理解题的难度还要大,因为它是一篇挖去许多关键词或短语的短文。譬如第33空是填through还是round,取决于对文章大意的理解,现在一条公路穿过Burlington,汽车噪音给该镇的居民带来了难眠之夜,毁坏了的房屋,毫无疑问,抗议者提出的反问应该是:他们为何不修一条绕过该镇的公路呢?因此只有在理解全文的基础上才会知道应填round 。在正确理解短文

的基础之上,能否正确把握选项中所给词语意义,了解词语搭配方面的用法,就是至关重要的。如27空,首先要明确四个选项所给的动词change, repair, ring, shake的意义,它们分别是"改变,修理,响(鸣),摇晃"的意思。从后面的宾语the bells与四个动词的搭配,ring最为合适,同时它也符合短文的文意。再如第30空do damage to sth,填do属于搭配方面的考查。

完形填空题短文词汇量是252,平均挖空间距为10.08词,但有些地方挖空过于密集,如倒数第三段只有一句话,共11个单词,却留有三空,平均3.7词就有一空,给考生正确理解设置了较大的障碍。从挖去的词汇看,它们分别是8个动词和非谓语动词、8个名词和名词短语、5个形容词和副词、2个连词、1个介词、1代词,绝大部分为含有意义的实义词。完形填空题越来越注重短文内在的逻辑关系与词义的匹配,填上一个词义合适的词,使句子和短文完整,而不再在动词时态和非谓语形式上做文章。如Harry Fields also studying 36 said they …, 上文介绍Jean Lacey时,说她是a biology student,此处的also是个关键词,暗示了Ha rry和Jean 学的是同一专业,因此应该填biology才符合上下文的逻辑关系。

四、语篇地道涉猎面宽突出实用求深层理解

篇章的考查是近几年来高考英语试题测试的着力点,也是决定试题整卷难度的关键点。今年考生普遍感觉英语试题较难,其中主要是觉得阅读的难度较大。许多考生感觉今年试卷的版面较多,纷纷反映试题的量太大,考试时间紧张,虽然在两小时内做完了,但做得很勉

强草率。实际上,今年试题的量并非象我们感觉的那么大,整卷的阅读总量为3039个单词,与97、98年的阅读总量基本持平。许多考生读完一遍没有什么感觉,再读第二遍还是没读懂,读了多遍之后,对作者的意图还是似懂非懂。这样一来花时多,效率差,正确率不理想。

阅读理解题所选文章地道,原汁原味,是今年阅读理解题的特色之一。试题设计者对短文没有作什么改写,象人名T om Brennan、Deborah Logan、James Madison、Cory Lexmoore、Da vid Tebbutt没有简化,也没有替换成考生较熟悉的人名,地名象Philadelphia也没有注解,这些都要求考生根据英文人名和地名的特点结合句子或短文进行理解。当然,这些给考生答题时的短暂记忆增加了一定的负担和难度。

文章所述内容涉猎较广,A篇是寻找丢失的古老的文献,B篇是人与电脑的关系,C篇是英国公交车票种类及用途简介,D篇是对系安全带误解及真相,E篇是艺校学生的学习与从艺,从社会、文化、经济、科普等多方面考查考生的知识面。考生对这些方面的文化和生活经验虽间接地知道一些,但总体来说还是比较生疏,不能很好地理解其中部分内容。外加今年阅读理解所选短文的句子相对较长,结构较复杂,一些句子和词语的含义晦涩,也增加该题难度。一些合成词及短语,如peo ple-literate、computer-literate、be thrown clear、throw yo u clear等一些概念性词语意思比较模糊,对这些词语的理解要依赖上下文,短文的理解又依赖这些观点词语的正确把握。还有

一些生词象myth没有注解,也影响了考生对短文的正确理解。

从问题设计的角度看,深层理解的试题占的比例越来越大,象53、59、62、63、64、65等6小题均考查why或相当于why问题,考查主旨大意有51、56、66、68、70等5小题,这两类题占整个阅读题的55%,从较深层次上考查考生对文章的理解和推断能力。句义、词义的考查有55、57、69等3小题,它们要求考生通过上下文推测它们的含义,考查他们的顿悟能力。虽有些词并非生词,但其含义超出它字面的意义,只有通过上下文才能把握住它们确切含义。考查具体细节理解题趋于复杂,如52、60、61、67小题,通过改变部分条件,或调整控制因素来考查考生的收集信息、整理信息和处理信息的能力。因此,今年阅读理解部分没有轻松就能答对的题。

补全对话部分考查考生对对话各部分之间的逻辑关系的把握,对内容的理解及谈话双方的意图觉察等能力。第71、72、73题,信息充分,关系清晰,有利于答题。但第74、75空之间只有No一个单词,挖空过于集中,缺乏足够的信息供参考,难度偏大。如果一题出错,就要牵涉到另一题,产生株连错误。

五、语境中考拼写,拼写中考运用

99年高考单词拼写考查动词3个,名词4个,形容词2个,副词1个,其中只有3个词有词尾变化,大部分均为原形。从这一点上来说,今年单词拼写的难度有所降低。词尾变或者不变,都要取决于所给的语境。在语境中考查单词拼写能力,给中学英语教学起到了良好的反拨作用。英语词汇只有在语境中学习才能精确,单词拼写的

考查也只有在语境中进行,才能考查到考生运用这些词语的能力。

从今年单词拼写题的参考答案中可以得知,高考对英语词汇要求是开放性的。除98年的equal,96、97、98三年所给的参考答案中的词汇都是《大纲》和《考试说明》中所要求的,而99年单词拼写题的词汇都是要求学习掌握的,但所给参考答案除给了《大纲》和《考试说明》中列出单词外,还给了许多《大纲》和《考试说明》中所没有的单词,如e ssential, indispensable, canteens, pubs, inns, bars等。说明高考试题注重《大纲》和《考试说明》所给的要求,但并不拘泥于《大纲》和《考试说明》。也就是说,如行文的需要,可能会有些单词超出所给的范围。另外,在单项选择题中的now that 短语和阅读D篇中的myth也超出《大纲》和《考试说明》的范围。

六、加强语篇逻辑考查错误信息过于集中

短文改错讲述了这样的一个故事:一个大家庭因为各人所喜爱的节目不同而发生争执,在无法解决争端的情况下,买掉了电视机,现在晚上大家都不看电视,而是看书。故事曲折,行文简洁,耐人寻味。

全文共92个单词(含标题),平均9.2个词设置一个错误,比97、98年的设错密度大(见表1)。全文共6 个句子,比97、98年少。99年短文改错的句子长些,其中有一个句子占有3行半,难度也随之加大。因为试题中错误是按行来设置的,而试题的性质却要求考生按句子(个别行要按篇章)为单位来判断哪些地方是错的。也就是说句子越长,占的行数越多,可能出现的错误就相应多些。一个句子中的错误越多,难度就越大。从设置错误的密度和句子的长度来看,99

年的要求比97、98两年的要高些。99年短文改错除保留前些年的特点之外,加强了篇章逻辑及句子前后呼应的考查(见表2)。

表1 近三年设置错误情况对比表:

年份词汇量设错密度句子数1个错2个错3个错

NMET97 128 12.8词13 6句2句

NMET98 128 12.8词8 6句2句

NMET99 92 9.2词6 3句2句1句

表2 近三年考查内容统计表:

年份逻辑词组介词词性呼应时态一致缺be 形容词冠词

NMET97 1 2 2 1 2 1

NMET98 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

NMET99 2 2 1 2 1 1

七、图画简洁主题突出

99年高考书面表达题要求考生通过图画提示来提炼主题大意,并通过适当的想象使文章增添些血肉,正确地使用英语给友人Mr. Smith写一封信,介绍你们学校三年来的变化。它是对考生的语言输出能力的综合考查。

99年高考书面表达题改变了几年来类似连环画的模式,由多幅图变为两幅图,而且画面非常简洁,两幅画中几乎没有多余的信息。通过对比两幅画,第一幅图是三年前的校园概貌,第二幅图是三年后的校园变化,考生能准确地把握三年来学校的变迁。图不仅画得简洁

明了,而且图中的标识非常清楚,因此主题就显得非常突出。图画中描述的内容是所有考生都非常熟悉的校园,因此对每一位考生都是公平的。

通过图画提示,给了考生一定的想象空间,有利于他们发挥自己的想象力。避免了由于母语提示带来的思维局限,或造成的思维定式,避免了逐句翻译这种相对单一能力考查,使具有较强想象力和语言表达能力的考生能脱颖而出。99年书面表达题有利于提高英语试题的区分度,能使不同程度的考生拉开距离,有利于高校选拔优秀新生。

99年书面表达题是用英文写回信,它要求考生有一定的英语文化常识。试题将英文特有的格式,如时间、称呼、祝愿和落款等,均已给出,只要求考生写出信的正文部分。正文部分刚好是一个整体,除了要表达图画中所标识的变化之外,还要求考生根据英文信的一般习惯,写出开头语和结束语,使信的正文部分自成整体。许多考生由于缺乏这方面的知识,或具备这方面知识却缺乏正确的英文书信习惯,致使在写信的时候,缺少开头语,或结束语,或开头语和结束语均没有写。它体现了试题命制者将知识和能力溶为一体的巧妙设计。

NMET99有机地将知识、能力、文化融为一体,突出考查英语运用能力,符合新版《全日制高中英语教学大纲》的要求。它有利于中学英语教学,并会促进中学英语教学朝着培养学生运用英语进行交际能力的方向改革,对提高21世纪中国国民英语素质,实施素质教育也会起到良好的导向作用。

宜昌市教研中心扈华唯宜昌市第一中学田爱华

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