2015年职称英语考试卫生类新增加文章(全)
2015年职称英语教材卫生类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。2015年职称英语教材卫生类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合A新增一篇文章；阅读理解卫生C新增一篇文章；补全短文卫生A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空卫生类整体都没有新增文章。
卫生类教材新增文章
补全短文卫生B 第七篇 Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q.
阅读理解卫生C 第五篇 Tracking Down HIV
补全短文卫生C 第二篇 The Hope Childre n’s Hospice
阅读判断卫生A Inquest told of hospital error
补全短文卫生A 第十二篇 The enemy Within
卫生B补全短文新增文章
*第七篇Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.
Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleep—about eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. ____1____ It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.
Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. ____2____ According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the person’s I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. ____3____
Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. ____4____ They say this makes the workers much more efficient.
To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, quiet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall asleep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably getting enough sleep.
Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we need. ____5____ However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems.
词汇：
emotion n. 情绪
commuting n. 乘公交车上下班，通勤
I.Q. n. 智商（全称为intelligent quotient）
deprivation n. 剥夺，匮乏
Sleep Latency Test n. 睡眠潜伏期
注释：
1．have/has an effect on... 对……有效果的
2．go down from... to...从………降至……
练习：
A They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minu tes.
B Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems.
C People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night.
D People in power are more intelligent because they take naps.
E Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise.
F That’s why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.
答案与题解：
1．E本题的做题线索为其之前的一句话，即“睡眠能有助于恢复补充身体和大脑的能量”，其描述的是睡眠的功能，选项E说的也是睡眠的功能，与前文形成补充说明。
2．B该选项对睡眠减少的后果进行了描述，与前一句中“在缺少足够睡眠的情况下，我们的身体无法正常运作”形成呼应，是一个结果性的解释，虽然选项F也是对睡眠不足人群后果的解释，但是选项F在此不符合上面一句话的语境，其主要是在描述睡眠和智商直接的关系，在下文才有所提及，故答案为选项
3．F从第三段最后一句话看出，选项F描述的是睡眠和智商之间的联系，其做题线索和上一题一样，都是对前面一句话的结果性补充描写。
4．A该题的做题线索也是对其前一句的话的补充说明，前文中提到了一些公司在睡眠方面对其员工进行了帮助，该选项则简短介绍了这些公司都采取了哪些具体方案。
5．C本题的做题线索为上下文搭配，在最后一段的第一句中明显提及了睡眠和一年中的不同时期有关，后面最后一句话又讲到了夏季的睡眠时间，那么从中可以判断出，这里描述的应该是另外一种季节的睡眠时间，从而与段首观点句呼应并与下句形成对比，而选项C 描述的便是冬季的睡眠时间，故符合要求。
卫生C：阅读理解新增文章
第五篇 Tracking Down HIV
In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the
patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.
By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.
In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.
In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated3, but it is still a race against time.
词汇：
spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘
lymph n. 淋巴结
sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤
exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭
immunologist n. 免疫学家
malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病
count n. 计数，计算
infection n. 传染病，感染
breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃
toll n. 代价，死亡人数
intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物
abnormalities n. (abnormality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况
blood transfusion n. 输血
symptom n. 症状
virologist n. 病毒学家
virus n. 病毒
panel n. 座谈小组，仪表板
hemophiliac n. 血友病患者
vaccine n. 疫苗
注释：
1．play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用
2．be responsible for...对……负责，是……的原因
3．can be eradicated可以被根除的
练习：
1．This passage is mainly about ____.
A the spreading of the disease known as HIV
B the work of Dr. Robert Gallo
C infectious diseases
D the symptoms of HIV
2．A T-cell is a ____.
A patient’s blood
B deadly strain of tuberculosis
C white blood cell important in providing immunity to disease
D red blood cell
3．The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists ____.
A have no hope in ever finding a cure for HIV
B have hope that a cure for HIV will be found
C have run out of time to find a cure for HIV
D are in a contest against each other to find a cure for HIV
4．The basic pattern used to develop this passage is ____.
A chronological order
B personal narrative
C comparison and contrast
D question and answer
5．The word u eradicated the last paragraph means ____.
A made extreme
B celebrated
C remove by rubbing
D gotten rid of entirely
答案与题解：
1．A从开篇的病例介绍，到后面感染人数的不断上升可以推断出，这篇文章的主旨是讲艾滋病病毒在美国的传播。从第二段中的最后一句话可以看出，人们最初对艾滋病的冠名是在1982年7月，而那时全美已有病例471起，并有184人死亡了，因此可以推断出是讲该病毒的传播的。
2．C第一段的最后一句话里对T细胞进行了定义，即其为白细胞的一种，并在免疫效应中起关键作用，因此答案是选项
3．B文章最后一段的最后一句话提到了解题线索，即现在科学家正在测试预防艾滋病的疫苗，他们相信，如果该病毒能被抑制，就可能被根治。
4．A该题为对文章线索总结题，chronological order意思为“按照时间次序”，chronological意思为“时间的”，从该文中的几个时间点来看，人们对于艾滋病的接触、了解、应对、研究，应该是按照不同年份进行的，故答案为选项A。
5．D本题为词义推断题，eradicate的本义为“根除”，本题的解题线索在最后一段最后一句话的前半句，即“Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed”，只要了解suppress的词义，即“抑制”，那么结合后面then（于是，那么）这个关联词就可以推断出后面的动词短语应该和“根治”有关，本题选项中的前三个选项均不含该意思，故答案为选项D。选项A为“成为极端”，选项B为“庆祝”，选项C为“通过摩擦被消除”，和前句大意均不相符。
卫生C补全短文新增文章
第二篇The Hope Children’s Hospice
The Hope Children’s Hospice provides free specialist care for children with life-limiting conditions who are not expected to live into adulthood. It cares for up to eight terminally-ill children at one time, and aims to care for them in the same way their families would care for them at home. ____1____
Life-limiting conditions present many long-term medical and emotional problems-not only for the child, but for parents and siblings too. So the hospice offers respite care-short stays for the child alone or for the whole family together. ____2____ Short stays give terminally-ill children an opportunity to meet others with similar conditions.
Each child at the hospice has their own carer and their own care plan. A normal day might start with a jacuzzi bath followed by a massage from a complementary therapist. ____3____
The hospice has a multi-sensory room. ____4____ It has touch-screen computers, video games, paddling pools, anti space for wheelchair dancing. Children have music therapy and can record their own music, not only as a way to express their feelings, but to leave something for their family and friends to listen to in the years to come.
The hospice has a number of quiet moms where we care for children during and after death. ____5____ Our support does not end with death. We help not just grieving parents, but also siblings who are experiencing bereavement. We give everyone opportunities to discuss their fears about death and dying.
词汇：
hospice n. 收容所，救济院，临终关怀
respite n. 缓期执行
care n. 临时看护
adulthood n. 成年，成人期
sibling n. 兄弟姊妹
therapist n. 理疗币
paddling n. 划动
pool n. 戏水池
bereavement n. 丧亲，丧友
注释：
1．live into adulthood...长大成人，活到成年
2．in the years to come...在大限将至之日，最后期限临近之时
练习：
A These are places where families and friends can say goodbye.
B Some children go to school, while others play with hospice play specialists.
C When families prefer to do the caring themselves, a hospice carer will go to their home and help them.
D This is a special roo m which stimulates the children’s senses with lights, music, touch, and smell.
E They become confused about time, place, and who people are.
F At these times, parents hand over responsibilities to the staff and have a “holiday”.
答案与题解：
1．C选项C的本意是，当这些儿童的家人希望能够亲自照料这些子女时，救济院的看护人员将会上门为其提供帮助，与前句中“为患儿提供家人般的关照”形成呼应。
2．E该选项意为“他们对于时间、地方以及人们的身份产生了疑惑”。这里他们指的是上文中的患儿和其家人。第二段第一句话中已经显示，在接受长期药物治疗后，患儿和其家人都会出现一定程度上的身心问题，这句话和前文中的话逻辑衔接，所以答案为选项E。3．B上文中提到的患儿一天的治疗安排，是按照从早开始的时间顺序进行的，在介绍完患儿早间的治疗活动后，文章对其一天之后的行为进行解释，而本句话的意思为“一些患儿去上学，另一些则和救济院的游戏专家一起玩”，和上文形成了补充搭配。
4．D该选项是对救济院特殊的游戏房间进行解释描述的，而最先提及该房间的就是第四段的第一句话，故补充在其后面，对其进行补充说明。
5．A该选项和上下文呼应，解题线索为下句中提到的“服务不会随着死亡而结束”，从这里可以知道上文提到的房间是关于患儿亡故的，那么这间房子的用途就是该选项所描述的“为患儿亲属提供一个对其进行最后告别的场所”。
卫生A阅读判断新增文章
+第十二篇 Inquest told of hospital error
A HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “untimely and unnecessary”.
Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.
The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.
Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.
York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeon’s care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.
Kim Daniells, Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer, said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”
A spokeswoman for York Hospital’s NHS Trust said, “We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.”
词汇：
ward n.病房
vein n.血管
thrombosis n.血栓
clot n.凝块
maintenance n.维修，维护
Fragmin n.法安明（又名片段化蛋白）
staff n.员工；职工
consultant n.顾问，咨询，会诊医师
surgeon n.心血管外科顾问
knee n.膝盖
embolism n.栓塞；栓塞形成
verdict n.裁决
misadventure n.灾难，不幸遭遇，意外事故
sympathy n.同情
注释：
1．be treated with...被用......药物进行治疗
2．be admitted to...被收容至，被移送至(本文中是“被送至病房”)练习：
1．The patient was admitted with an injured foot.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
2．The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
3．The patient did not get the correct medication.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
4．The patient died before he could be operated on.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
5．The patient died of brain damage.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
6．It was decided that the patient’s death had been an accident.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
7．Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer was not qualified.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A从文中第二段的第一句话可以看出，病人是因为感觉右脚胀痛而去医院的（a swollen right foot），而从文章第二段的第三行最后一句话（However, hospital staff...)可以看出他是被医院容留住院了，只不过是去错了病房。
2．B从文章第二段第三行最后一句话可以看出，病人起初并未被直接送至外科病房，而是被送去了骨科病房，从第二段第四行整句话可以看出，病人在骨科病房被观察了两日后才被转送进行心血管诊断。
3．A本题答题线索有两点，首先在文章第二段的第二行第二句话中提到了病人本应该被给予法安明这种药物进行治疗的，should have done有“本应做却没有做”的意思，后面第三句话中however这个转折词也进一步说明了这一点。其次是从第四、五段中对法安明这种药物进行介绍时可看出，病人并没有及时被给予正确的药物治疗。
4．B文章第三段进行了介绍，即手术是11月10号进行的，而本段最后一句话说明病人在11月16号因大脑创伤而死亡，故不正确。
5．A文章第三段中最后一句话说明了在饱受脑创伤折磨后，病人于11月16号在医院中死亡。
6．B从文章的第一段第一句话就可以判断出，病人是由于医院的失误而致死的（a hospital error left a dying man...)，并非意外致死。
7．C文章中的第六段讲到，Newbold一家的律师转达了其希望医院从这次事故中汲取教训，从而使更多其他家庭免遭类似的不幸,但是并没有说起律师不合格这样的信息。
卫生A补全短文新增文章
+第十二篇The Enemy Within
Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.
Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. ____1____ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.
An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. ____2____ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately.
____3____ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma.
____4____ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.
There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. ____5____
A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. 词汇：
allergy n. 过敏，过敏症
sufferer n. 患者，受害者
asthma n. 哮喘
substance n. 物质
pollen n. 花粉
micro-organism n. 微生物
antibodies n. antibody的复数形式，意为抗体
allergen n. 过敏源
nut n. 坚果
histamine n. 组织胺，组胺
tissue n. 人体组织
symptom n. 病症，征兆
rash n. 疱疹
sneezing n. 打喷嚏
breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁
anaphylaxis n. 全身性过敏反应，过敏反应
wasp n. 黄蜂
sting n. 蟄，咬
hayfever n. 枯草热，花粉病
additives n. 添加剂，食品添加剂
cure n. 治疗，解药
注释：
1．suffer from...忍受^的折磨
2．be devoted to sth. ...全身心投入于^
练习：
A The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.
B In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.
C Allergies run in families.
D International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.
E When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.
F Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.
答案与题解：
1．A该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。2．E本题做题线索有两点，首先是上下文，本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍，故与选项E主题相符，同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词，本段的第一句话中提到了An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而该选项中又有了the next time，这两个逻辑顺序词也构成了解题线索。
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5．B该选项为概括总结项，是对前文说的内容进行总结，该段的前面部分提及的是抗生素与过敏反应之间的关系，即其对于人体免疫系统的影响，而该选项则是一个结果性的描述，即免疫系统变得过于敏感了，其可对前文中抗生素的作用进行总结说明。
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