Italy的英文简介

Land

意大利是一个南欧国家，国土大部在欧洲伸入地中海的亚平宁半岛上，西北—东南走同，形状狭长，西部的是撒丁王国的旧地撒丁岛，南部的西西里岛是意国另一个大的岛屿，把这个岛和意大利本土一块看，恰象一个脚在踢球.Italy is a southern European countries, most in Europe from outside the Mediterranean Apennines land on the peninsula. Northwest-Southeast take the same shape strip west of the Kingdom of Sardinia to the old Sardinian. Another is the view of the southern island of Sicily, the largest island, a piece of the island and the Italian territory, Health feet as a footballer.

意国最北部是横亘着的阿尔卑斯山脉的一部分，它把意大利和法国、瑞士、前南斯拉夫分隔开来，法、意边境上有欧洲的最高峰——勃朗峰。Italy is the most northern part of the Alps, which spans a part of its Italian and French, Swiss, The separation of the former Yugoslavia, France, Italy -- the peak of Mont Blanc, Europe border.

接着下来的是波河平原，这个平原介于北部的阿尔卑斯山脉和亚平宁山脉之间。Next is the eutrophication Plain, the plain between the Alps and the northern Appenine Hills between. 发源于阿尔卑斯山脉的冰雪溶水的波河自西北向东南流入地中海，把两岸的泥沙冲积成了现在窄三角状、西北高东南低的波河平原。Originated in the Alps, the snow dissolved water fluctuated from northwest to southeast into the Mediterranean. Now the two sides have become narrow triangular shaped alluvial silt, the lower fluctuated southeast of the northwest high plains.

意大利的河流不多，最大的水系是波河水系。Italy not in the river, the largest river systems are fluctuated stream. 最长的河是波河，长652公里。Eutrophication is the longest river, 652 km long. 其他较大的河流，北部有阿迪杰河和皮牙伟河，中部有阿尔诺河(流经佛罗伦萨）和台伯河（流经罗马）。Other major rivers in the north ADIGE Weihe teeth and skin. central Arno (channeling Florence) and the Tiber (flows through Rome). 意大利的河流由于流量有限，很少用于航运。Due to the river flow will be limited in Italy, seldom used shipping.

再下来就是亚平宁山脉，南北纵贯于意大利，它把意大利导向地中海。Further down is Appenine Hills, ran through the South and the North in Italy, the Italian Mediterranean orientation.

由于处于欧亚大陆、非洲大陆板块挤压带上，使意大利多山、多丘陵，约占其境的80%,而且多活火山，著名的火山有维苏威火山、埃特纳火山。As in Europe and Asia, the African continent onto the plates, Italy mountainous terrain, more hills, about 80% of its territory. and most active volcanoes, a famous volcanic basalt volcano, the consequent cost of the encryption software key. 意大利境内有数千个大大小小的湖泊，其中最著名有北部的马焦雷湖、科莫湖、卡尔达湖。Italy there are thousands of large and small lakes, the most famous of which is the northern Maggiore, Komodo Lake Calda Lake.

意大利境内还有两个主权袖珍国：梵帝冈教皇国和圣马利诺。Italy, there are two sovereign countries Pocket Pope : Vatican City and San Marino.

气候Climate

意大利虽处在温带，但由于地形狭长，境内多山和位于地中海之中，各地的气候差异很大。Although Italy at temperate, but because of the terrain strip, and the mountainous territory located in the Mediterranean, 's climate varies greatly. 北方地区冬季寒冷，一月份波河平

原的平均气温为零度，而阿尔卑斯山区气温可降到零下20度，有些山峰甚至终年积雪。Cold northern winter, the average temperature of January fluctuated plain zero. and the Alps the temperature can drop to minus 20 degrees, and even some mountain snow fields. 南方地区，除内陆山区外，一月的平均气温可达到零上10度。The southern region, with the exception of the landlocked mountainous areas, the average temperature in January is 10 degrees can be achieved. 夏季整个意大利，除较海拔较高的山区外，平均气温在24-25度。Italy throughout the summer, with the exception than the higher elevations in the mountains, the average temperature 24-25 degrees.

人口Population

据1981年10月的人口普查，意大利人口5655万多人，估计现略有减少，约等于我国人口的二十分之一。According to the census in October 1981, the Italian population of 56.55 million people, is estimated slight decline equivalent to about one-twentieth of our population. 男性占48.6%,女性占51.4%。Males accounted for 48.6%, women accounted for 51.4%. 工业人口占28.6%，服务业52.5%,92年的失业率10.2%。Industry accounted for 28.6% of the population, the unemployment rate of 10.2% 52.5%,92 services. 人口密度190/平方公里，是欧洲人口密度最高的国家之一。Population density 190/ square kilometers, is one of the highest population densities in Europe. 然而，意大利人口的实际分部很不平衡：64%的人居住在只占1/3领土的平原地区、沿海地带、大中小城市的市区及周围。However, the Italian branch of the actual population is very uneven : 64% of people living in only one-third of the territory of the plains region, coastal areas and small cities and the surrounding urban areas.

历史上意大利人口迁移严重，曾有上千万意大利迁移到美洲、非洲和欧洲其他国家。Italian migration serious history, millions of Italy had moved to the Americas, Africa and other European countries. 50和60年带由于北部工业发展对劳力的需求，南方又向北方迁移，同时也有部分国外移民回流。50 and 60 years of industrial development in the northern zone because of the demand for labor, the South also migrate north. also some foreign emigrants. 70年代后回流的移民已超过向国外的移民。After returning emigrants over the 1970s to foreign immigrants.

据查意大利中国侨民已超过20万，大部分为温州地区人士(包括文成县、瑞安等地)。According to the investigation Italy and China has more than 200,000 foreigners, most of Wenzhou region (including text county. Ryan, etc.). 少量为浙江青田, 福建三明人氏。Qingtian small Zhejiang, Fujian Sanming fame. 除少部分为侨居多年的华侨外, 可以说80%以上的现有中国侨民都是在1989年以后进入意大利. 89年的非法移民合法化(大赦)吸引了大部分的其他欧洲国家的中国移民前往意大利。Apart from a few years of living overseas, It can be said more than 80% of the existing Chinese nationals in 1989 after entering Italy. 89 years of illegal immigration 's legalization (amnesty) to attract most of the other European countries, the Chinese immigrants to Italy. 95、99年的非法移民合法化也吸引了不少, 总的来说, 意大利中国侨民的历史不久.95,99, attract a lot of the legalization of illegal immigrants, on the whole, the history of Italy and China nationals soon.

同大部分其他国家一样, 意大利中国侨民也离不开中餐业、成衣业(包括皮衣)、皮包等劳动密集型行业。Like most other countries, Italy and China nationals without Restaurant.

clothing (including leather), purses and other labor-intensive industries. 及以华人为客户的食品商店。Chinese food in the shops and customers. 近年也出现了不少中国小商品批发店。In recent years, there have been many China Small Commodities Wholesale stores. 意大利中国侨民社团众多，近几年成立社团好像成了时尚，有的城市甚至10几家之多。Italy and China expatriate communities in many societies seem to have become fashionable in recent years, and in some cities, even as several 10. 但一般它们并没有为侨胞提供有效融入当地的服务，倒是过年过节都会举办摸奖联欢会，有些社团相互不合, 倒是脱离成立社团的宗旨甚远.But in general they do not provide for the effective integration of the local Chinese, but the Chinese Lunar New Year party will be held Mojiang. Some mutual societies irrational, but far from the purpose of the establishment of societies.

总之, 意大利中国侨民以不久的移民历史取得的成绩还是需要套句老话“勤劳美德”。In short, nationals Italy and China's achievements in the history of the immigrants in the near or need to use an old saying, "ethic." 但总的还是不出3大传统行业, 现有的华人劳力也已过剩，如何改变，还有待中国侨民善用智慧.But still less than three traditional industries, the Chinese have excess labor, how to change use wisdom yet to be Chinese nationals.

政府Government

意大利为议会制共和国，立法、执法、司法权三权分立，国家元首不兼任政府首脑，国家与罗马教廷的关系也是“各行其政，独立自主”。Italy parliamentary republic, legislation, law enforcement, judicial separation of powers, not the holding of the Summit of Heads of State. the relationship between the state and the Holy See also "all out its affairs independently." 意大利宪法规定，意大利的立法机构是议会，包括参众两院。Italian Constitution, the legislative bodies of the Italian Parliament, including the Senate and House of Representatives. 参议院议席325人，按地区选举，任期五年，其中十位由前任总统和现任总统从对国家有特殊贡献的人士中挑选；众议院630席，按人口比例分区选举，任期五年。325 Senate seats, according to district elections for five-year terms. Ten former president and the incumbent president from the country who were selected with special contributions; 630 House seats, District elections in proportion to the population, a five-year term.

Italy (Italian: Italia, IPA: [i'ta?lja]; officially the Italian Republic; Italian: Repubblica Italiana, IPA: [?e ?pubblika ita 'lja?na]) is a country located in Southern Europe, that comprises the Po River valley, the Italian Peninsula and the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. It is also called by Italians lo Stivale ("the Boot", due to its boot-like shape), or la Penisola[1] ("the Peninsula" as an antonomasia). Italy shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italian territory, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland.

Origin of the name

The name appears to be a Greek form of Latin Vitelia, related to the Latin vitulus and Greek ?ταλ?? 'calf', but nature of the relationship is obscure: see Italus.

The name originally applied to a small part of southern Italy. According to Antiochus of Syracuse, it was originally just the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria), but by his time Oenotria and Italy were synonymous, and covered most of Lucania as well.[3] It was only under Augustus that this denomination was applied to the whole peninsula.

History

Main article: History of Italy

Excavations throughout Italy have unearthed proof of humans presence in Italy dating back to the Palaeolithic period (the "Old Stone Age") some 200,000 years ago.

Greek migrations as early as 600 BC saw many Greek intelligentsia migrate to Western Europe —especially to Italy, including Pythagoras who built his University at Crotone, Calabria, Italy.

Italy has influenced the cultural and social development of the whole Mediterranean area, deeply influencing European culture as well. As a result, it has also influenced other important cultures. Such cultures and civilisations have existed there since prehistoric times. After Magna Graecia, the Etruscan civilisation and especially the Roman Republic and Empire that dominated this part of the world for many centuries, Italy was central to European science and art during the Renaissance.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Italy, Provinces of Italy, and Municipalities of Italy

Administrative divisions.

Italy is subdivided into 20 regions (regioni, singular regione). Five of these regions enjoy a special autonomous status that enables them to enact legislation on some of their specific local matters, and are marked by an *:

Abruzzo (L'Aquila)

Basilicata (Potenza)

Calabria (Catanzaro)

Campania (Naples, Napoli)

Emilia-Romagna (Bologna)

Friuli-Venezia Giulia* (Trieste)

Latium, Lazio (Rome, Roma)

Liguria (Genoa, Genova)

Lombardy, Lombardia (Milan, Milano)

Marches, Marche (Ancona)

Molise, (Campobasso)

Piedmont, Piemonte (Turin, Torino)

Apulia, Puglia (Bari)

Sardinia*, Sardegna (Cagliari)

Aosta Valley*, Valle d'Aosta (Aosta)

Tuscany, Toscana (Florence, Firenze)

Trentino-South Tyrol*, Trentino-Alto Adige, (Trento)

Umbria (Perugia)

Sicily*, Sicilia (Palermo)

Veneto (Venice, Venezia)

All regions except the Aosta Valley are further subdivided into two or more provinces (provincias). The lowest level of division is the municipality (comune).

Geography

Main article: Geography of Italy

Italy consists predominantly of a large peninsula (the Italian Peninsula) with a distinctive boot shape that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, where together with its two main islands - Sicily and Sardinia - it creates distinct bodies of water, such as the Adriatic Sea to the north-east, the Ionian Sea to the south-east, the Tyrrhenian Sea to the south-west and finally the Ligurian Sea to the north-west. For a complete list of the islands of Italy, see this comprehensive list.

Satellite image of ItalyThe Apennine mountains form the backbone of this peninsula, leading north-west to where they join the Alps, the mountain range that then forms an arc enclosing Italy from the north. Here is also found a large alluvial plain, the Po-Venetian plain, drained by the Po River — which is Italy's longest river with 652 km — and its many tributaries flowing down from the Alps (Dora Baltea, Sesia, Ticino, Adda, Oglio, Mincio), and Apennines (Tanaro, Trebbia, Taro, Secchia, Panaro).

Other rivers include the Tiber (Tevere) (405 km), Adige (410 km), Arno, Piave, Reno, Volturno, Tagliamento, Liri-Garigliano, Isonzo.

Its highest point is Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) at 4,810 metres (15,781 feet)3. Italy is more typically associated with two famous volcanoes: the currently dormant Vesuvius near Naples and the very active Etna on Sicily.

Climate

The Italian climate is uniquely diverse and can be far from the stereotype of a "land of sun", depending on the region. The north of Italy (Turin, Milan, and Bologna) has a true continental climate, while below Florence it becomes more and more Mediterranean. The climate of the coastal areas of the Peninsula is very different from that of the interior, particularly during the winter months. The higher areas are cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions, where most of the large towns are located, have a typical Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot and generally dry summers. The length and intensity of the summer dry season increases southwards (compare the tables for Rome, Naples, and Brindisi).

Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Italy and Western Europe.Between the north and south there is a quite remarkable difference in the temperatures, above all during the winter: in some days of December or January it can be -2°C and snowing in Milan while Rome gets +2°C and it is +18°C in Palermo. Temperature differences are less extreme in the summer. (See how Po valley can be frosty in winter [1])

The east coast of the peninsula is not as wet as the west coast, but is usually colder in the winter. The east coast north of Pescara is occasionally affected by the cold bora winds in winter and spring, but the wind is less strong here than around Trieste. During these frosty spells from E-NE cities like Rimini, Ancona, Pescara and the entire eastern hillside of the Apennines can be affected by true "blizzards". The town of Fabriano, located just around 300 mt a.s.l., can often see 0.50-0.60 m of fresh snow fall in 24 hours during these episodes.

Italy is subject to highly diverse weather conditions in autumn, winter, and spring, while summer is usually more stable, although the northern regions often experience thunderstorms in the afternoon/night hours. So, while south of Florence the summer is typically dry and sunny, the north is tends to be more humid and cloudy.

Immigration

Italy's position in Europe and the northern Mediterranean basin meant many influences, invasions and migrations over thousands of years. As a result, the Italian people are a fusion of various ethnic stocks such as the ancient Italic peoples, Etruscan, Roman, Greek, Gaul, Germanic, Norman French, and Catalan peoples who all colonised, invaded or plundered Italy for more than 3,000 years.

During the 1800s and early 1900s, Italy was a major sender of migrants to the Americas, and other nations in Western Europe. However, Italy is now a major destination for

immigrants from all over the world with Eastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia being the chief areas. As of 2005, 4.56% or 2,670,514[7] foreigners live in Italy, an increase of 268,357 or 10 percent from the previous year. In many northern Italian cities, like Padua, Milan, and Brescia, migrants make up 33%[5], 15%, and 13% of their total populations.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Italy

Saint Peter's Basilica, RomeRoman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country. Although the Catholic Church has never been the state religion, it still plays a role in the nation's political affairs, partly due to the Holy See's location in Rome. 87.8% of Italians identified as Roman Catholic [10], although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%).

Other Christian groups in Italy include more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians (1.2%) [11], including 470,000 newcomers [12] and some 180,000 Greek Orthodoxes, 550,000 Pentecotals and Evangelicals (0.8%), of which 400,000 members of the Assemblies of God, 500,000 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.9%)[citations needed], 30,000 Waldensians [13], 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 5,000 Methodists (affiliated to the Waldensian Church) [14].

However the most historical religious minority is the Jewish community, comprising roughly 45,000 Jews. It is no longer the strongest non-Christian group. Indeed, in the past two decades, Italy has been receiving many waves of immigrants from all over the world, especially eastern Europe and North Africa. As a result some 825,000 Muslims [15] (1.4%), of which only 50,000 are Italian citizens, live in Italy, as well as 110,000 Buddhists (0.2%) [16], [17] and [18], 70,000 Sikhs [19], 70,000 Hindus (0.1%).

Culture

See also: Culture of Italy

Castiglioncello, the center of the 19th century artistic movement, "Macchiaioli".Italy, as a state, did not exist until the unification of the country came to a conclusion in year 1861. Due to this comparatively late unification, and the historical autonomy of the many regions that comprise the Italian Peninsula, many traditions and customs that we now recognise as distinctly Italian can be identified by their regions of origin, which further reflect the influence of the many different peoples that occupied those areas, and of the importance

of religion, especially Roman Catholicism. Despite the pronounced political and social isolation of these regions that prevailed throughout Italy's history, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe remain immense. In fact, Italy is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (41) to date.

Teatro alla Scala, Milan.Italy has been a seminal place for many important artistic and intellectual movements that spread throughout Europe and beyond, including the Renaissance and Baroque. Perhaps Italy's greatest cultural achievements lie in its long artistic heritage, which is often validated through the names of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Bernini, Titian and Raphael, among many others. Beyond art, Italy's contributions to the realms of literature, science and music cannot be overlooked.

With the basis of the modern Italian language established through the eminent Florentine poet, Dante Alighieri, whose greatest work, the Divina Commedia, is often considered the foremost literary statement produced in Europe during the Middle Ages, there is no shortage of celebrated literary figures; the writers and poets Boccaccio, Giacomo Leopardi, Alessandro Manzoni, Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and Petrarca, whose best known vehicle of expression, the sonnet, was invented in Italy. Prominent philosophers include Bruno, Ficino, Machiavelli, Vico. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are nationalist poet Giosuè Carducci in 1906, realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926, modern theatre author Luigi Pirandello in 1936, poets Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959 and Eugenio Montale in 1975, satiryst and theatre author Dario Fo in 1997.

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da VinciIn science, Galileo Galilei made considerable advancements toward the scientific revolution, and Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance Man. Other notable Italian scientists and inventors include Fermi, Cassini, Volta, Lagrange, Fibonacci, Marconi, and Meucci.

From folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Having given birth to opera, for example, Italy provides many of the very foundations of the classical music tradition. Some of the instruments that are often associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy, and many of the existing classical music forms can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th and 17th century Italian music (such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata). Some of Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance composers Palestrina and Monteverdi, the Baroque composers Corelli and Vivaldi, the Classical composers Paganini and Rossini, and the Romantic composers Verdi and Puccini. Modern Italian composers such as Berio and Nono proved significant in the development of experimental and electronic music.

Italians are renowned for their love of sports. Their zeal for sports events is, indeed, no less than legendary; from the Gladiatorial games of Ancient Rome, to the Stadio Olimpico of contemporary Rome, where prestigious football clubs compete regularly, the impact that sports has had on Italian culture is enduring and undeniable. Towards the alps, the popularity of winter sports grows, with many Italians from that region competing in international games and Olympic venues. Moving downwards the peninsula, the disparity between participation in sports becomes less regional. Despite any regional variation that may exist, the incorporation of sports in many Italian festivities like Palio (see also Palio di Siena), and the Gondola race (regatta) that takes place in Venice on the first Sunday of September, affirms the role sports play in everyday Italian life. Popular sports include football, cycling, and auto racing (a sport which shares its renown with a staple of Italian design, Ferrari), among others.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Italy

The official language of Italy is Standard Italian, descendant of Tuscan dialect and a direct descendant of Latin. (Some 75% of Italian words are of Latin origin.) However, when Italy was unified, in 1861, Italian existed mainly as a literary language, and was spoken by less than 3% of the population. Different languages were spoken throughout the Italian peninsula, many of which were Romance languages which had developed in every region, due to political fragmentation of Italy2. Indeed, each historical region of Italy had its own so-called …dialetto? (with …dialect? usua lly meaning, improperly, a non-Italian Romance language), with variants existing at the township-level.

VeniceMassimo d'Azeglio, one of Cavour's ministers, is said to have stated, following Italian unification, that having created Italy, all that remained was to create Italians. Given the high number of languages spoken throughout the peninsula, it was quickly established that 'proper' or 'standard' Italian would be based on the Florentine dialect spoken in most of Tuscany (given that it was the first region to produce authors such as Dante Alighieri, who between 1308 and 1321 wrote the Divina Commedia). A national education system was established - leading to a decrease in variation in the languages spoken throughout the country over time. But it was not until the 1960s, when economic growth enabled widespread access to the television programmes of the state television broadcaster, RAI, that Italian truly became broadly-known and quite standardised.