数控专业英文资料翻译

NC technology application and development prospects The numerical control technology is the development emerging high-techindustry and the state-of-art industry enables the technology. Variouscountries defense industry and so on information industries,biological industry, aviation, astronautics widely uses the numericalcontrol technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level,enhances to the market adaptiveness and the competitive ability.

1.NC technology development trends

NC technology applications not only to the traditional manufacturing industry has brought revolutionary changes to the manufacturing sector to become a symbol of industrialization, and with the continuous development of NC technology and the expansion of application fields, he Guojiminsheng some of the important sectors (it , Automobiles, light industrial, medical, etc.) development plays an increasingly important role, because these industries for the digital equipment is the major trend of modern development. NC from the world's technology and its equipment development trends, its main research focus in the following areas [1-4].

1.1 High-speed, high-finishing technology and equipment to the new trend Efficiency, and quality is the main body of advanced manufacturing technology.

High-speed, high-finishing technologies can greatly increase efficiency, improve product quality and grades, and shorten the production cycle and enhance market competitiveness. To that end Japan will tip technology research as its five major modern manufacturing technology of international production Engineering Society (cirp) be identified as the 21st century one of the studies.

In the car industry, with an annual output of 300,000 rhythms of production is 40 seconds / vehicles, but cars are more varieties processing equipment needed to be solved in one of the key problems in the field of aviation and aerospace industry, processing more for the thin-walled parts And the thin line, stiffness poor material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only high cutting speed and cutting force in small cases, can these tendons, wall processing. Recently a large overall aluminum billet "hollowed out" approach to manufacture wings, fuselage and other parts to replace large parts by a large number of rivets, screws and other means assembled links to members of the strength, stiffness and reliability Is improved. These are the proposed high-speed processing equipment, high-precision and high flexibility requirements.

Emo2001 show from the situation, high-speed processing center feed rate up to 80 m / min, or even higher, and air speed up to 100 m / min around. At present many of the world's automobile plants, including China's Shanghai General Motors Corp., have adopted a high-speed processing center of the production line some

combination of alternative machine. U.S. Cincinnati hyper mach machine tool company to the maximum speed of 60 m / min, quick to 100 m / min, acceleration of 2 g, spindle speed has reached 60 000r/min. A thin-walled processing aircraft parts, only 30 min, and the same high-speed milling machine parts in the general processing takes 3 h, in the general processing and milling machine to be 8 h; Germany dmg company's dual-spindle lathe spindle speed and acceleration respectively 12 *! 000 r / mm And 1 g.

In the processing precision, the past 10 years, the general level of processing precision CNC machine tools by 10 μ m to 5 μ m, Precision Machining Center from 3 ~ 5 μ m, to 1 ~ 1.5 μ m, and ultra-precision machining accuracy has begun to enter the nano - - (0.01 μ m).

The reliability of foreign NC devices mtbf value has reached more than 6 000h, servo system mtbf value reached more than 30000 h, showing a very high reliability.

In order to achieve high-speed, high-finished, its accompanying features such as the spindle, linear motor has been the rapid development of applications to further expand.

1.2 5-axis processing and rapid development of the processing machine

Using a 5-axis three-dimensional surface of the parts processing, the best available tool for cutting geometry, not only finish high, but also substantially improve efficiency. Is generally believed that, one 5-axis machine efficiency can be equivalent to 2 sets of 3-axis machine tools, in particular the use of super-hard materials such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling cutter hardened steel parts, 5-axis processing comparable three-axis Processing to play a higher efficiency. But in the past due to 5-axis NC system, host of complex reasons, its price than the three-axis CNC machine tools is several times higher, plus the programming more difficult, and restricted the 5-axis machine tool development.

At present, due to the emergence of spindle, making 5-axis processing to achieve the main axis of the first structure greatly simplified and its manufacturing difficulties and costs significantly reduced, the NC system to narrow the price gap. Therefore promotion of the first type of spindle 5-axis machine tools and composite Machines (including 5-Machines) development.

Emo2001 in the exhibition, the new Japanese machine-processing machine used five main axis of the first to achieve four vertical plane of any point of processing and processing, making 5 of 5-axis machining processing and the same machine can be achieved, Can achieve tilt-and inverted cone-processing. German exhibition companies dmg dmuvoution series processing center, a fixture in the 5-processing and 5-axis machining, cnc system can be controlled or cad / cam direct or indirect control.

1.3 Intelligent, open-end, the network has become the contemporary development of numerical control system of the main trends

NC 21 will be equipped with certain intelligent systems, intelligent content, including numerical control systems in all aspects: the pursuit of processing efficiency and quality of the intelligence processing, such as the adaptive control process, process Parameters automatically generated; drive to improve performance and facilitate the use of intelligent connection, such as feed forward control, the electrical parameters of adaptive computing, automatic identification load automatically selected model, self-tuning, and so to simplify programming, simplifying the operation Intelligent, such as intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface; are intelligent diagnosis, intelligent monitoring of the content, facilitate the diagnosis and repair.

To address the traditional system of NC and NC closed the application software industry production of the existing problems. At present, many countries open NC system to study, such as the United States ngc (the next generation

work-station/machine control), the EC osaca (open system architecture for control within automation systems), Japan's osec (open system environment for controller), China's onc (open numerical control system) and so on. NC system and opening up has become a numerical control system for the future path. The so-called open system that is NC NC system in the development of a unified operating platform, and the machine tool manufacturers and end-users, through the change, increase or cut structural object (NC function), a series, and easily The user's application-specific integrated into the technical know-how and control system, and rapid realization of different species, different grades of open NC system, forming a distinct personality of the brand-name products. NC currently open system architecture standards, communications standards, standardized configuration, operating platforms, NC system and the NC system functions such as software development tools is the core of the current study.

NC Network equipment is world-renowned machine tool the past two years, the Expo a new bright spot. NC equipment of the network will greatly meet the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing enterprise information integration on the demand, but also create a new model such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, the global manufacturing base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad CNC machine tools and CNC manufacturing company in the past two years introduced a new concept and related prototype, as in emo2001 exhibition, the Japanese Yamazaki Mazak (mazak) at the company's "cyber production center" (Smart Production Control Center, or cpc); Japan's Okuma (okuma) machine tool company at "it plaza" (Information Technology Square, referred to it Square);

Germany's Siemens (Siemens) at the company's open manufacturing environment (open manufacturing environment, or omen ), Reflecting the NC machine tool to develop in the direction of the network trend.

1.4 Takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment

(1)About numerical control system design development gauge

As noted previously, there are better common ability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, countries such as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on research and formulation of the systematic norm of structural numerical control of the open system (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ), 3 of world heavy economy carry on the same science plan and standardize formulation nearly in a short time most, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of the technology of numerical control. Our country started research and formulation which standardized the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.

(2) About the numerical control standard

The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Numerical control technology information exchange of 50 year born , to based on ISO6983 standard, adopt G , M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet demands of high-speed development of the technology of modern numerical control more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC ) in the world, its purpose is offering a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in whole lifespan of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, and even the standardization of each industrial field product information. acne of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technical field of the numerical control, on development and even the whole manufacturing industry of the technology of numerical control , will exert a

far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea , in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on single computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can

be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of technology of numerical control. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system also can reduce , process (about 75% ) drawing , process procedure work out (about 35% ) time and process (about 50% ) time greatly.

At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1- 2001.12.3 ) of STEP-NC. 20

CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users , manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed and accused of the super model (Super Model ) of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has

already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS , FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.

2. World numerical control engine bed industry market and expense demand

2.1 Market demand development and pattern change

The world equipment manufacturing industry market is making great strides forward to the comprehensive information direction, the technological development main performance for the flexible manufacture system, the computer integration manufacture system development and the application, and develops to the manufacture intellectualization direction.

The market pattern performance for the colony development tendency, namely homogeneous industrial or the correlation industry enterprise organically gathers in the same place, through unceasingly innovates wins the competitive advantage

2.2 World engine bed industry productive consumption and trade

（1）Engine bed production

In 2006 the world engine bed output value is 59.25 billion US dollars, with compared to increases 10.4%, increases nearly 5.6billion US dollars compared to 2005, the concrete data see Table 1.Before the world engine bed production five are in turn: Japan 13.52billion US dollar, Germany 10.78 billion US dollar, China 7.06 billion US dollar, Italian 5.45 billion US dollars with South Korean 4.14billion US dollars. In first five has three in Asia, two in Europe.

（2）The engine bed expends

Starts from 2003, China became the global biggest engine bed to expend the country, also was in the world the biggest numerical control engine bed imports the country. In 2006 China continued to maintain the engine bed to expend the world first, imports first, produces third and exports the eighth status.

（3）Engine bed trade

In 2006 the world engine bed total export is 33.73 billion US dollars, approximately composes the world engine bed output value 57%.This indicated the world engine bed produces one above the half is the exportation, keeps only four tenths which uses for oneself.

3. The Chinese numerical control engine bed industry is rising

Our country engine bed profession is being in the high speed development time, profession total output value and the sales income continuously 6 years maintains 20% above the growth, the numerical control engine bed expends continuously for 5 years to be situated the world first. The strong market demand has brought the development opportunity, " 十15 " Period will be the numerical control engine bed big development time, the country highly takes with the support development domestic product numerical control engine bed, has formulated the numerical control engine bed development plan, has appeared the corresponding support

policy, the domestically produced numerical control engine bed accounts for the domestic market proportion 2010 to reach 50%，mix domestic numerical control system (popular ) to up to 10%.

3.1 Review the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially pass the brainstorm of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements：

（1）Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has basically mastered the technology of modern numerical control. Our country know from numerical control system , servo urge , numerical control host computer , special plane and their basic of fittings basically already now, among them most technology have already possessed the foundation that is commercialized and developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.

（2）Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity of batch such as numerical control of Central China , spaceflight numerical control etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, a batch of servo systems and first machine tool plant , first machine tool plant of Jinan of servo electrical machinery factory and Beijing ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories such as the numerical control in Central China. These factories have basically formed the numerical control industrial base of our country.

（3）Have set up research of a numerical control, development , managerial talent's basic team .

Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of the technology of numerical control, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, there is greater disparity between current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level especially in industrialization. Though very fast from longitudinal development to watch our country, horizontal until (contrast with foreign countries ) , the engineering level has disparity, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, i.e. the disparity of engineering level between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand .

3.2 Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the numerical control engineering level of our country and industrialization level：

（1）On the engineering level, in probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.

（2）At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage rate is low, have not formed the large-scale production yet; Function part specialized level of production and form a complete set ability to be lower; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized intensity is insufficient; Not setting up one's own brand effect yet in domestic numerical control system, users have insufficient confidence.

（3）At the ability of sustainable development, to competition numerical control research and development of technology, engineered ability weaker; Numerical control technological application expand efforts to be better; The research , formulation that relevant standards are normal lags behind.

3.3 I t is analyzed that the main reason for having disparity described above has the following several respect.

（1）Realize the respect. Know to domestic numerical control industry process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic insufficiently; One that is to market substandard, foreign blockade add strangle , system ,etc. underestimate while being difficult; It is not enough to analyze to technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country.

（2）System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Set up intact related system , complete training , service network ,etc. of high quality support the system.

（3）Mechanism. The bad mechanism causes the brain drain , restraining technology and technological route from innovating again , products innovation, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. d.

（4）Technology. Enterprises are indifferent in autonomous innovation in technology, key technology is engineered and indifferent. Lathe standard lag behind, level relatively low, numerical control system new standard study enough. 4．Strategic thinking until technology and industrialization of numerical control of our country develop

4.1 Strategic consideration

our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from security of national defense, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realize embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.

4.2 Development tactics

Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of the national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose the support technology that the initial our country makes the key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and supports the development of industrialization in 21st century of leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump type development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development.

Emphasize market demand is a direction, take terminal products of numerical control as the core , with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , model digitized machinery , key industry key equipment ,etc. ) drive numerical control development of industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability in (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , electric main shaft system of high speed and new attachment that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products without high dependability of scale ; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale ; Certainly, it is difficult finally to have the day to hold up head that there is no Chinese numerical control equipment of scale .

In equipping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advanced , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of end user, regard " obtaining, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. The technology of numerical control, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the numerical control industry of our country , sustainable development of the equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.

数控技术的应用及发展前景

数控技术是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业的使能技术。世界各国信息产业、生物产业、航空、航天等国防工业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对市场的适应能力和竞争能力。

一、数控技术的发展趋势

数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（it、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面〔1～4〕。

1.1高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势

效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（cirp）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。

在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”

的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。

从emo2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国cincinnati公司的hypermach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国dmg公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*!000r/mm和1g。

在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密级加工中心则从3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01μm)。

在可靠性方面，一些发达国家数控装置的mtbf值已达6 000h以上，伺服系统的mtbf值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。

为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。

1.2 5轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展

采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。

当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。

在emo2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国dmg公司展出dmuvoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由cnc系统控制或cad/cam 直接或间接控制。

1.3 智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势

21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。

为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，如美国的ngc(the next generation

work-station/machine control)、欧共体的osaca(open system architecture for control within automation systems)、日本的osec(open system environment for controller)，中国的onc(open numerical control system)等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。

网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机，如在emo2001展中，日本山崎马扎克（mazak)公司展出的“cyberproduction center”（智能生产控制

中心，简称cpc)；日本大隈（okuma）机床公司展出“it plaza”（信息技术广场，简称it广场)；德国西门子(siemens)公司展出的open manufacturing environment （开放制造环境，简称ome）等，反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势。

1.4重视新技术标准、规范的建立

（1）关于数控系统设计开发规范

如前所述，开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、扩展性，美国、欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划，并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定，预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临。我国在2000年也开始进行中国的ONC数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定。

（2）关于数控标准

数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势。数控技术诞生后的50年间的信息交换都是基于ISO6983标准，即采用G，M代码描述如何（how）加工，其本质特征是面向加工过程，显然，他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要。为此，国际上正在研究和制定一种新的CNC系统标准ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制，能够描述产品整个生命周期内的统一数据模型，从而实现整个制造过程，乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化。

STEP-NC的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命，对于数控技术的发展乃至整个制造业，将产生深远的影响。首先，STEP-NC提出一种崭新的制造理念，传统的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在单个计算机上。而在新标准下，NC程序可以分散在互联网上，这正是数控技术开放式、网络化发展的方向。其次，STEP-NC 数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸（约75％）、加工程序编制时间（约35％）和加工时间（约50％）。

目前，欧美国家非常重视STEP-NC的研究，欧洲发起了STEP-NC的IMS计划(1999.1.1～2001.12.31)。参加这项计划的有来自欧洲和日本的20个

CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用户、厂商和学术机构。美国的STEPTools公司是全球范围内制造业数据交换软件的开发者，他已经开发了用作数控机床加工信息交换的超级模型(SuperModel)，其目标是用统一的规范描述所有加工过程。目前这种新的数据交换格式已经在配备了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及欧洲OSACA-NC数控系统的原型样机上进行了验证。

二. 世界数控机床产业市场及消费需求

2.1 市场需求发展和格局变化

世界装备制造业市场正在向全面信息化的方向迈进，技术发展主要表现为柔性制造系统、计算机集成制造系统的开发与应用，并向制造智能化方向发展。市场格局表现为集群化发展趋势，即同种产业或相关产业的企业有机地集聚在一起，通过不断创新而赢得竞争优势

2.2 世界机床业的生产消费和贸易

（1）机床生产

2006年世界机床产值为592.5亿美元，同比增加10.4%，比2005年增加近56亿美元，具体数据见表1。世界机床生产前五名依次是：日本135.2亿美元、德国107.8亿美元、中国70.6亿美元、意大利54.5亿美元和韩国41.4亿美元。前五名中有三个在亚洲，两个在欧洲。

（2）机床消费

从2003年开始，中国就成了全球最大的机床消费国，也是世界上最大的数控机床进口国。2006年中国继续保持了机床消费世界第一、进口第一、生产第三和出口第八的地位。

（3）机床贸易

2006年世界机床出口总额为337.3亿美元，约占世界机床产值的57%。这说明世界机床生产的一半以上是出口的，留给自己用的仅四成。

三. 我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本概况

我国数控技术起步于1958年，近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年，即封闭式发展阶段。在此阶段，由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制，数控技术的发展较为缓慢。第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期，即引进技术，消化吸收，初步建立起国产化体系阶段。在此阶段，由于改革开放和国家的重视，以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善，我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步。第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间，即实施产业化的研究，进入市场竞争阶段。在此阶段，我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步。在“九五”末期，国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50％，配国产数控系统（普及型）也达到了10％。

3.1纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程，特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关，总体来看取得了以下成绩：

（1）奠定了数控技术发展的基础，基本掌握了现代数控技术。我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术，其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础，部分技术已商品化、产业化。

（2）初步形成了数控产业基地。在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上，建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂。兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产厂。这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地。

（3）建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍。

虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步，但我们也要清醒地认识到，我国高端数控技术的研究开发，尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距。虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快，但横向比（与国外对比）不仅技术水平有差距，在某些方面发展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势。

3.2从国际上来看，对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下：

（1）技术水平上，与国外先进水平大约落后10～15年，在高精尖技术方面则更大。

（2）产业化水平上，市场占有率低，品种覆盖率小，还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应，用户信心不足。

（3）可持续发展的能力上，对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后。

3.3分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面。

（1）认识方面。对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足；对市场的不规范、国外的封锁加扼杀、体制等困难估计不足；对我国数控技术应用水平及能力分析不够。

（2）体系方面。从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多，从系统的、产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少；没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、完善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系。

（3）机制方面。不良机制造成人才流失，又制约了技术及技术路线创新、产品创新，且制约了规划的有效实施，往往规划理想，实施困难。

（4）技术方面。企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强，核心技术的工程化能力不强。机床标准落后，水平较低，数控系统新标准研究不够。

四、对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考

4.1 战略考虑

我国是制造大国，在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移，即要掌握先进制造核心技术，否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中，我国制造业将进一步“空芯”。我们以资源、环境、市场为代价，交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”，而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位，这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程。

我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题，首先从社会安全看，因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业，制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平，而且还可缓解我国就业的压力，保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看，西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质，对我国实现禁运和限制，“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证。

4.2发展策略

从我国基本国情的角度出发，以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导向，以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水平为目标，用系统的方法，选择能够主导21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化发展的支撑技术、配套技术作为研究开发的内容，实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展。强调市场需求为导向，即以数控终端产品为主，以整机（如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等）带动数控产业的发展。重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件（数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等）的可靠性和生产规模问题。没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然，没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日。

在高精尖装备研发方面，要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合，以“做得出、用上、卖得掉”为目标，按国家意志实施攻关，以解决国家之急需。

在竞争前数控技术方面，强调创新，强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品，为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础。