云南财经大学英语思辨复习资料

Unit1

Part 1

1. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking

2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type.

3. An issue simply raises a question.

4. The part of an argument that provides a reason for accepting the other part is called the premise.

5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.

Part 2

1.The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates.

2.The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than positive evidence is called a negativity bias.

3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim.

4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.

Part 3

1.“President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is an

objective claim. (F)

2.Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people think it is true or false. (F)

3.Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F)

4.Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely

make

mistakes in reasoning. (F)

Part 4

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0017057850.html,cated guesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics

2.Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking.

3.What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically (Check all that apply.) (C, D)

A. To make vise decisions

B. To come to correct conclusions

C. To make hasty generalization

D. To develop adversary thinking

4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to. (D)

A. self-serving bias

B. negativity bias

C. confirmation bias

D. belief bias

5. This bias is present when most members of a group think they are better

at something than most other members of the group. (A)

A. Better-than-average illusion

B. Fundamental attribution error

C. Belief bias

D. Bandwagon effect

6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name

you see the most often is probably the most popular candidate (B)

A. Obedience to authority

B. Availability heuristic

C. Majority rules

D. Bandwagon effect

Part 5

1. An argument consists of, at minimum, _____B______.

A. a conclusion

B. one premise and a conclusion

C. two or more premises and conclusion

D. a premise

2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically (Check all that

apply.) (A, D)

A. To come to correct conclusions

B. To develop adversary thinking

C. To make hasty generalizations

D. To make wise decisions

3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality,

most of her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating (A)

A. Overconfidence effect

B. Poor estimation

C. Belief bias

4. Charles and his colleague Mike’s children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his children's exceptional performance at school is due to their superior intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mike's children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute

their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of

the following is illustrated in this scenario (A)

A. In-group bias

B. Availability heuristic

C. Bandwagon effect

D. Selection bias

5. A critical thinker tries to ____B____.

A. overstate conclusions

B. evaluate arguments

C. understate conclusions

D. persuade an audience

6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decide

not to visit the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play

(C)

A. In-group bias

B. Bandwagon effect

C. Availability heuristic

Part 6

1. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question.

A. Negativity Bias

B. Bandwagon effect

C. Fundamental attribution error

D. Obedience to authority

2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of ____B__.

A. informational theory

B. logic and common sense

C. statistics, history, and research

3. What types of arguments should you avoid (A)

A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant

B. Strong, invalid, and relevant

C. Weak, valid, and relevant

D. Strong, valid, and relevant

is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth.

A. Moral absolutism

B. Moral objectivism

C. Moral subjectivism

5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative sentence (A)

A. A claim

B. A question

C. An exclamation

Unit 2

Part1

1.Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusion

2. When there is an unstated premise, you should use the context and content to clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive.

3. When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argument is sound.

4. The more support the premise provides to the conclusion of an inductive

argument, the stronger the argument.

Part2

1. Which of these is an argument (B)

A. I am a great thinker.

B. I think. Therefore I am.

C. I believe that I exist

2. What are the two parts of an argument (B)

A. Statement and conclusion

B. Premise and conclusion

C. Premise and reasoning

D. Premise and statement

3. “1) She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overly tired

this morning. 3) So, she won’t show up for class.” How would you map this

A. 1-2-3

B. 2-1-3

C. 3-2-1

4. True or false: Common sense and background knowledge are important

components of critical thinking. (B)

A. False

B. True

Part 3

1.“The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life in

prison. Also, it does not deter crime.” What is needed to make

this into an argument (A)

A. A conclusion

B. A premise

2. Which word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow (C)

A. However

B. The reason is

C. Consequently

3. Which of these words indicates a premise (B)

A. Therefore

B. Since

C. Consequently

D. Hence

4. Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments (A)

A. Logos

B. Pathos

C. Ethos

5. “I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.” This is an example of (A)

A. Ethos

B. Pathos

C. Logos

Part 4

1.The conclusion of an argument is also called the ____A___.

A. thesis

B. answer

C. argument

D. premise

2.“Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.” What is

the unstated premise (A)

A.All twins have siblings.

B. Harold is not an only child.

3.In a deductive argument, the premises ___B_ the conclusion.

A. support

B. demonstrate

4. What type of reasoning involves weighing considerations for or against making a certain decision (D)

A. Rational Adjudication

B. Inference to the Best Explanation

C. Common Sense

D. Balance of considerations

5. This type of reasoning compares alternative hypotheses to find the one with the best predictive accuracy. (B)

A. Common Sense Explanation

B. Inference to the Best Explanation

C. Balance of Considerations

Part5

1. The first and essential step in understanding an argument is to ___A____.

A. spot the conclusion

B. identify the premise

C. determine whether it is true

D. determine whether it is valid

2. A movie can be considered as a/an: (A)

A. none of the options

B. conclusion

C. argument

D. premise

3. Identify a true statement about premises. (A)

A. They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric.

B. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be stated explicitly.

C. All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be commonly known truths.

D. They are absent in an argument

4. True or false: An if…then phrase can be considered an argument. A. True B. False

5. In an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately support the conclusion, the argument is ____C__.

A. invalid

B. unsound

C. weak

Part 6

1.An argument is sound ___B__ the argument is valid and the premises are true.

A. generally when

B. if and only if

2. A deductive argument (B)

A. tries to support the conclusion.

B. proves or demonstrates the conclusion.

3. When thinking critically, “argument” means (B)

A. a violent conflict

B. attempt to support or prove something.

C. a heated exchange

4. Which list of words indicate a conclusion will follow (A)

A. Accordingly, consequently, therefore

B. Given that, because, since

C. Accordingly, because, therefore

D. Hence, given that, because

5. “I have an allergic reaction to nuts so I couldn’t eat the cake. Further,

I don’t like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert.” What word indicated the conclusion (B)

A. So

B. Hence

C. Further

Unit3

Part1

1.A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguous

2. Syntactic ambiguity results when there is a structural problem in the claim.

3. A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have in order for the term being defined to apply to it.

4. A definition by example is also called a (n) ostensive definition.

5. Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or phrase has more than one meaning. Part2

1. When writing an essay, you should strive to be ____A___ in your treatment of the topic.

A. complete

B. biased

C. haphazard

2. Identify the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.)

A. Personal considerations should be included in the discussion.

B. Strongest arguments should be presented first.

C. Every last criticism of one’s position should be refuted, even if space or time is limited.

D. If an opponent’s argument is good, one should concede that it is good.

3. What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essay

pertain to the issue under discussion (C)

A. Outlining the essay

B. Logical sequencing

C. Sticking to the issue

4. Which of the following is a component of an argumentative essay

A. Rhetorical flourishes to add interest

B. Rebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions

5. “Secretaries make more money than physicians.” Does this claim suffer from grouping ambiguity (A)

A. Yes

B. No

6. A good definition strives to be ___C____.

A. Persuasive

B. Convincing

C. Neutral

Part 3

1. Which of the following is not a vague term (D)

A. Spicy

B. Passionate

C. Hot

D. 100℃

2. What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claim

A. Annoyance

B. Frustration

C. Anger

D. All of the above

3. The secret to good writing is ___C___.

A. persuasion

B. verbosity

C. revision

D. ambiguity

4. When an issue is buried within a historical or descriptive discussion, what type of error is committed (A)

A. Glancing blow

B. Knee jerk reaction

5. When writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid (B)

A. A thesis statement

B. A windy preamble

C. A thorough statement of the topic

6. What principle requires that all points in an essay are clarified in an orderly fashion (A)

A. Logical sequencing

B. Sticking to the issue

Part4

1.“Aaron saw Ben after his Bar Mitzvah.” What type of ambiguity is this (A)

A. Pronoun reference

B. No ambiguity

2. A ___D____ definition is what is usually found in a dictionary.

A. precising

B. persuasive

C. stipulative

D. lexical

3. In the case, the “defendant” will refer to Professor Plum. What type of definition is this (C)

A. Rhetorical

B. Legal

C. Stipulative

4. What is the purpose of rhetorical definitions (A)

A. Persuade

B. Define

C. Stipulate

5. A(n) _____C___ refers to giving another word or phrase that means the same as the term being defined.

A. analytical definition

B. lexical definition

C. definition by synonym

D. definition by example

6. “When I speak of animals, I’m referring to non-human animals.” What

type of definition is this (C)

A. Lexical

B. Analytical

C. Precising

Part 5

1. When an author fails to organize thoughts in the essay, what type of

problem can arise (C)

A. Burden of proof

B. Lengthy preamble

C. Stream of consciousness

2. What is not a component of an argumentative essay (A)

A. Emotionally charged claims.

B. A rebuttal of counterclaims.

C. A statement of the issue.

3. What are possible explanations as to why a passage might be unclear

(D)

A. Incorrect word use

B. Vague language

C. Intentionally abstruse

D. All of the above

4. True or false: Taking a break from an essay is often a good way to catch

proofreading errors. (A)

A. True

B. False

5. “The parents scolded the children and they screamed a lot.” What type

of ambiguity is this (B)

A. Grouping

B. Pronoun reference

C. Modify ambiguity

6. Which is more general (A)

A. Sue lives in a large blue house

B. Sue lives in a threestory blue house.

Unit4

Part1

1.Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when we engage in wishful thinking.

2.Conditions that may undermine our ability to trust our own observations as a source of truth can be physical or mental.

3. A claim that comes from the most authoritative source may still be wrong.

4. Background knowledge is a crucial part of becoming a critical thinker. Part2

1.A sourc e’s expertise should be directly related to the issue.

2.A source’s accomplishments are relevant to his or her expertiseif they are related to the question at hand.

3.It is too easy to lose objectivity when one’s interests and concerns

are at

stake.

our hopes and expectations can affect our perceptions, we must monitor their ability to affect the accuracy of our observations.

Part3

1. Simply being taller, speaking louder, or seeming more assertive can often

make a person appear more credible. (T)

2. Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or it

doesn’t. (F)

3. A claim that “fits” with our background information is likely to be

assigned a lower degree of initial plausibility than one that does not fit

as well. (F)

4. The content of a claim can be judged independently of where it came from.

(F)

Part 4

1. Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes used to judge a

person’s credibility. (Check a ll that apply.) (C,D,E,F,G)

A. Educational qualifications

B. Experience

C. Age

D. Accent

E. Ethnicity

F. Gender

G. Mannerisms

2. Beliefs based on our observations are only as good as our____B__

A. Ability to interpret our observations.

B. Memory.

C. Ability to articulate our observations

3. There are two grounds for suspicion when credibility is the issue. What

are they (D)

A. The claim and your own intuition

B. The claim and your reaction

C. Common sense and the media

D. The claim itself and its source

4. Which of these is not usually an important factor in a source’s credibility (A)

A. Appearance

B. Reputation

C. Position

D. Education

5. Which is generally true of talk radio hosts (D)

A. They often lie

B. They do not document asserted facts

C. They don’t present interesting new

D. They often reflect a political ideology

Part5

1.The large body of justified beliefs we have accumulated from our

observations and from information received from others is our ___C___.

A. expertise

B. foundational information

C. background knowledge

D. intellectual heritage

2. We should be skeptical of a claim itself when a credibility problem is presented by its __C____.

A. vagueness

B. forceful language

C. content

3. Which of these is the most important factor in considering a web site’s credibility (A)

A. Who are the sources behind its information

B. How many people access it daily

C. How long it has been in existence

D. What companies support it with their money

4. Which of these sources is dedicated to fact checking (C)

A. The Economist

B. CNN

C. D. Wall Street Journal

5. Which is true (B)

A. The major metropolitan newspapers are teeming with factual errors.

B. The major metropolitan newspapers sometimes make mistake in reporting.

C. The major metropolitan newspapers never make mistake in reporting. Part6

1. According to the text, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflicts with any of three things. Which of these is not one of those three things (D)

A. Other credible claims

B. What we have ourselves observed

C. Our background information

D. The beliefs of people we like and admire

2. Which of these would probably NOT negatively influence our observations and recollections of an event (B)

A. Tiredness

B. Attention

C. Distraction

D. Emotions

3. Which one of these professions often carries a negative bias due to an unkempt appearance (B)

A. Politician

B. Artist

C. Lawyer

D. Doctor

4. Which one of these is not a good reason for stereotypes to be ignored when judging a person (A)

A. They provide background information

B. They create an initial bias

C. They create false reputations

D. They cloud possible good judgment

5. Conservatives accuse the news media of having what kind of a slant A. Moderate B. Liberal C. Atheist D. Religious

6. What percent of the comments from professional website evaluators are focused on a website’s visual design (B)

A. More than 80%

B. Less than 20%

C. More than 50%

Unit5

Part1

1.A euphemism is a neutral or positive expression used in place of an expression that usually has negative associations.

2.A(n) innuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is often masked with positive phrasing.

stereotype is a cultural belief or idea, usually simplified or exaggerated, about a social group’s attributes.

proofs urrogate suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the evidence.

Part2

1.A dysphemism is a negative expression used in place of an expression that usually carries positive associations.

2. Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggeration

3. A rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than the other.

4. An explanation used to express and influence attitudes is a (n) rhetorical explanation.

Part3

1. A slanter is a rhetorical device that gives a claim a positive or negative connotation.

2. The technique of repetition makes the same point, over and over again, to drive home a point.

3. A demagogue uses extreme rhetoric and propaganda to argue for false ideas and preposterous theories.

4. Rhetoric is used to persuade while logic is used to demonstrate a claim or support a claim.

Part4

1. Which of the following fallacies is a rhetorical device (C)

A. False dichotomy

B. Argumentum ad Baculum

C. Hyperbole

D. Slippery Slope

2. “Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime.” What type of definition is this (A)

A. Rhetorical

B. Hyperbole

C. Analogy

D. Lexical

3. “Andy voted from Senator Abad is because everyone at the country club supported Abad and Andy follows the crowd.” What type of rhetorical device is this (A)

A. Rhetorical explanation

B. Rhetorical definition

C. Ad hominem

D. Rhetorical analogy

4. What do we call the power words or expressions that elicit various psychological and emotive responses (A)

A. Rhetorical force

B. Ethos

C. Logos

D. Critical force

5. When candidates saturate the airwaves with campaign advertisements, the technique they are using is known as __A___.

A. Repetition

B. Rhetorical analogy

C. In group bias

D. Hyperbole

Part5

1.What is a rhetorical device that is a word or phrase with either a positive or negative connotation (C)