2016年清华国际关系考博真题回忆版
2016年清华国际关系考博真题回忆版
一、必答题（40分）
记不太清楚了，大致意思如下。
1.“因果关系”和“反事实”的定义？请用国关理论或实例进行解释？请对比说明它们之间的关系？（10分）
2.建立“因果关系”理论要遵循哪些原则？举例说明？（10分）
答案：逻辑自洽，可实证检验，有预测功能。（阎学通《世界权力的转移》第105页）
3.“推论”、“假定”、“原理”等需要得到证明其有效性，请举两个例子说明？（20分）
答案：感觉可以从阎学通教授的《世界权力的转移》第105页，第五章“道义现实主义理论的形成及解释”第一节“理论的普世性问题”中找到答案。
二、选答题（60分，请在以下7道题中，根据你的报考方向任选其中两道做答，30分/题，多答只按前两道计分）
1.关于政治民主制度的
2.关于政府治理的
3.国际关系方向的题
4.用国外一个人的主义解释什么理论，因为不了解直接忽视。
5.国际规范的定义？国际规范的演化？
答案：参见阎学通教授的《世界权力的转移》第45页，第二章“国际主导国和国际规范的演化”第三节“国际规范的演变”中，关于“国际行为体、国际体系、国际格局、国际规范”的论述。
6.冷战结束后，中国GDP是美国的1/7，日本是2/3，德国是1/3，但目前中国占到60%，日本是1/3，德国是1/4，为何经济发展这么不平衡，用一个国关理论来解释这背后的原理是什么？
答案：感觉可以用阎学通教授的《世界权力的转移》中第21页“推论4：政治实力变化可改变实力对比”中，关于“政治领导力是国家综合国力的决定性要素，一国政治领导力的强弱决定其经济是否能持续发展和发展速度”的论述。
7.甲国为了自身安全而采取的行为，会导致乙国的不安全，乙国进行反制，反过来又会损害甲国的利益，这就是所谓的安全困境，或者两难境地。
（1）举两个例子说明甲国的两个行为和其带来的后果，可以是现实世界中的实例也可以是假定的，其中一个行为对乙国的安全损害大，一个行为对乙国的安全损害小。
答案：是否可以举“朝鲜拥核（损害大）和发展弹道导弹技术（损害小），甲国是朝鲜，乙国是中国”？
（2）对（1）的回答给出一个解决思路，运用国关理论？
答案：可以用阎学通教授的《世界权力的转移》中第29页“战略信誉与国际秩序”部分，关于“道义现实主义”提出“中国应通过结盟为周边弱小国提供安全保障，建立国际信誉”的观点解释。
（3）针对（2）所提出的理论，或者解决方案，结合现实世界的事例，进行论证，或者对当前的政策，提出建议？
答案：可以用阎学通教授的“道义现实主义”观点，中国为朝鲜提供核保护伞换取朝鲜弃核，以便放弃先军政治、专心发展经济，同时王毅外长提出的“半岛无核化与停和谈判转换”并行的双轨机制，在六方会谈框架下彻底解决朝核问题。这样以来中国可以提升国际信誉，建立道义形象。
总体上感觉，国际关系方向的题都可以用“道义现实主义”理论来做答，因为《世界权力的转移》是阎教授在2015年10月才出版的新书，是“道义现实主义的”结晶，肯定是清华国关院考察和推广的重点。
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Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
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