中学生百科英语讲义
小升初冲刺班暑假第六讲
一．Vocabulary:
《中学生百科英语1 Facts ＆Figures》Lesson 1黑体单词：
1.yawn /j??n/ v. 打哈欠
2.quickly /'kw?kl?/ adv. 迅速地；很快地
3.contagious /k?n'te?d??s/ adj. 感染性的；会蔓延的
4.bored /b??d/ adj. 无聊的；无趣的；烦人的
5.might / ma?t/ v. 可以；或许（may的过去式）；应该
6.however /ha?'ev?/ conj. 无论以何种方式; 不管怎样
adv. 无论如何；不管怎样（接副词或形容词）；然而；可是
7.excited /?k'sa?t?d/ adj. 兴奋的；激动的；活跃的
8.race /re?s/ n.比赛
9.alert /?'l??t/ adj. 警惕的，警觉的
10.deeply /'di?pl?/ adv. 深刻地；浓浓地；在深处
11.stretch /stret?/ v.伸展，延伸
12.muscle /'m?s(?)l/ n. 肌肉；力量
二：Key sentences:
必背句子：
1.No one really know the answer.
2.We do know that everyone yawns in the same way.
3.Your mouth stays open for about five minutes.
4.Then you quickly close your mouth.
5.Many people say that they yawn because they are bored or tired.
6.Olympic runners , for example, often yawn before a race.
7.Scientists do not spend much time studying yawning.
8.Maybe this makes you feel more alert.
三．语法点：
There be句型的用法：
表示某个地方存在某物或某人，Be动词的单复数必须依主语的变化而变化。
单数is 复数are
如：There is a table in the room. There are some birds on the tree.
一．There be 句型的结构：
1.（一）There is+单数可数+地点状语
例：There is a ruler on the desk.
（二）There are+复数主语+地点状语
例：There are four apples on the tree.
There are some flowers in the park.
（三）there is + 不可数名词+地点状语（即使有some 也是单数）
例：There is some water in the bottle.
2.There be选择就近原则：
There be句型的就近原则是There be句型中语法项目的重点考点。
There be句型中be动词的单复数形式由最挨近的一项的单复数决定。
如：There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.
二、There be 句型的疑问句及回答
（一）There be 句型的疑问
1. 在“There is/are...”的疑问句中,要把Be动词放在there之前,并将句号变问号。难点:句中出现的some要改成any。
2. 肯定回答为：Yes, there is/are.
3. 否定回答为: No, there isn’t/aren’t.
例句
可数名词单数
1. 肯定句There is an apple on the tree.
疑问句Is there an apple on the tree?
肯定回答: Yes, there is. 否定回答: No, there isn’t.
可数名词复数
2. 肯定句There are five pens on the desk.
疑问句Are there five pens on the desk?
肯定回答: Yes, there are.
否定回答No, there aren’t.
不可数名词的时候
3.肯定句There is some water in the cup.
否定句Is there any water in the cup?
肯定回答: Yes, there is.
否定回答: No, there isn’t.
三、There be 句型的否定形式
（一）There be 句型的否定：
否定形式只要在be动词后面加not即可，is not =isn’t are not= aren’t
但要注意的是句中如果出现some则改成any.
1.There is a knife in the kitchen. 否定:There is not a knife in the kitchen.
2.There are five apples on the tree. 否定:There are not five apples on the tree.
3.There is some ink in the bottle.
否定:There is not any ink in the bottle. （ink是墨水，不可数名词）
4.There are some birds singing in the tree.
否定:There are not any birds singing in the tree.
Exercise:
用is或are填空：
1.There________many monkeys in the mountain.
2. There_______a beautiful garden in our school.
3. There _________some water in the glass.
4. There __________some bread on the table.
5. _________there any maps on the wall?
6. There __________twenty desks in our classroom.
7. There__________a bird in the tree.
8. There __________some trees near the house.
9. ________there a cup of tea on the table?
10. There_________some apple juice in the glass.
11. There_____a bed and two chairs in Betty's room.
12. There __________some milk in the bottle.
13. There __________some children in the park.
14. There __________an ice cream in the boy’s hand.
15. There__________a teacher and many students in our classroom.
16. There_______many birds and a lion in the forest.
17. There__________an orange on the table.
18. There__________many things over there.
19. There__________an eraser in the pencil-case.
20. There__________a football match on television this evening.
Homework:
一．单项填空。
( )1.There___ not ____ milk in the cup on the table .
A. are, many
B. are , much
C. is ,many
D. is ,much
( )2How many ___ are there in the room ?
A. apple
B. students
C. milk
D. paper
( )3.How many boys ____ there in Class one?
A. be
B. is
C. are
D. am
( )4.There ____ pencil-box, two books and some flowers on the desk.
A. is a
B. are some
C. has a
D. have some
( )5.There ____ an apple and ten bananas in the basket. You can take any of them.
A. are
B. is
C. has
D. have
( )6.____ any flowers on both sides of the street?
A．Is there B．Are there C．Has D．Have
( )7.----What did you see in the basket then ?
----There ____ a bottle of orange and some oranges（一般过去时：is-was,are-were).
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
( )8. ____ any trees on both sides of the street ?
A.Is there
B. Are there
C. Has
D. Have
( )9. ____ is there on the table?
A. How many apples
B. How much bread
C. How much breads
D. How many food
( )10. There isn't ___paper in the box. Will you go and get some for me?
A. any
B. some
C. a
D. an
( )11. How many ____ are there in your classroom?
A.desks
B. desk
C. chair
D. door
( )12. There is some ____ in the bottle.
A.apple
B. orange
C. cake
D.juice
三.将下列句子一般疑问句。
1.There is water in the bottle.
2.There are many apples in the box.
3.There is some juice in the bottle.
4.There are some apples in the box.
5.There is a piece of bread in the fridge.
6.There are two pockets of grapes in the box.
7.There are many children in the park.
8.There is an elephant in the zoo.
四. 对句子划线部分提问。
1.There are seven days in a week.
2.There is an apple on the table.
3.There are 24 hours in a day.
4.There are three bottles on the table.
5.There are 12 months in a year.
初中英语八大时态讲解及练习(全)
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A. Has milk boiled B. Is milk boiling C. Does milk boil D. Was milk boiling 6. He signed to us with his hand, “The lesson is over. You ________.” A. dismissed B. are dismissed C. have dismissed D. were dismissed 7. I haven’t met him for ages, but his mother ________ him sometimes. A. had still seen B. still sees C. has still seen D. still saw 8. We will start as soon as our team leader________ . A. comes B. will come C. come D. is coming 9. I think Jack ________ the answer. A. has known B. does know C. is knowing D. knows 10. My father ________ George quite well; they were introduced at a party. A. is knowing B. was knowing C.
专业外语讲义 (14)
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中学生百科英语讲义
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初中英语八大时态练习题
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Chapter one Literary Feature of Specialized English 1.1 Introduction 1 Purpose: To study specialized English aims at training students’comprehension and application ablity to specialized English, and letting them to grasp some requisite specialized terms for speciality reading.basic skill and knowledges. thereby they can acquire the newest specialized knowledge(expertise) for science and technology. information data and other information relative to speciality by means of English, and positively take part in international interflow course of science and technology. 2 The definition of specialized English [1]:I n general speaking, English can be divided into two classes,one is common English or general English or ordinary English and English for science and technology,the other Specialized English or English for special [2]The relation of English for science and technology and specialized English 1.2 lexical characteristic As the developing of English,old vocabularies eliminate gradually while new ones spring up constantly. 1.2.1lexical classification 1 special technical words such as diode,substation. 2 special sub-technical words special sub-technical words are words used in common by many specialities and subjects while they have different meanings/connotations in different specialities and subjects such as power, condenser. 3 non-technical words used in common English.
中学生百科英语1-U2-L2-Why Do People Laugh
U2 - How? Why?: Lesson 2 - Why Do People Laugh? Do you laugh every day? Most people do. Scientists say that people laugh about 17 times a day. That is a lot of laughter. In India, there are hundreds of laughter clubs. The people in these clubs get together every morning. First they stretch their hands above their heads. Then they pretend to laugh. Soon everyone is laughing naturally.People say they feel good after laughing together. Scientists believe that laughter is good for you. Why? For one thing, laughter is good exercise. When you laugh, you exercise many muscles in your body. Scientists say that one hundred laughs equals ten minutes of running. When you laugh, you also breathe deeply. This helps you relax. That's good for you, too. Why do we laugh? That is a hard question to answer. We know that people laugh more often in a group. They don't laugh very often when they are alone. Many scientists believe that we use laughter to connect to other people. Laughter helps us feel part of a group. In English, people say that laughter is the best medicine. Some think that laughter helps sick people get well. Do you think so, too? (194 words) 中学生百科英语1-第二单元How? Why? 1
初中英语语法八大时态复习讲义资料
初中英语语法八大时态复习讲义资料 1.一般现在时态结构 肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他 否定句式: 主语+（助动词） don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句：He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.一般现在时的用法 1）表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的副词连用。 常用的频度副词有： always、often、 usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays。频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。 例如: He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。 I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）表示现在的状态。 例如：My father is at is very busy. 我父亲在工作，他很忙。 The boy is twelve. 这男孩十二岁。 3）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。 例如：All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。 My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 4)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。 例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 5）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。 但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。 例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。 6）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 1.一般过去时态结构
初中英语八大基本时态详解
初中英语八大基本时态详解 时态无疑是初中英语最重要的语法内容，学好时态基本就拿下了语法的半壁江山。今天老师加油总结的八种时态是大家在初中阶段必学必考的，期中复习时一定要加倍重视哦！ 英语八大时态表： 1 一般现在时 标志：动词原形 1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作，常与表频度的时间状语连用： She often speaks English. I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2. 表示现在的状态、特征、职业、能力、感觉等： He seems to feel a bit down today. He works as a driver.
3. 表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中： Shanghai lies in the east of China. Columbus proved that the earth is round. Where there is a will, there is a way. 4. 表示现在瞬间的动作： Here comes the bus! 5. 表示将来1) 表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词），可以与表示未来的时间状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通状况。如： The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon. How often does the shuttle bus run? 2) 在时间和条件状语从句中常使用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情：When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me. I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy. 2 一般过去时标志：动词过去式
中学生百科英语必背
Unit 1 The Kiwi 1.strange [streind?] adj. 奇怪的 2.wing [wi?] n. 翅膀,翼 3.tail [teil] n. 尾部 4.feather ['fee?] n. 羽毛 5.each [i:t?] adj. 每个 6.beak [bi:k] n. 鸟嘴 7.around [?'raund] prep. 在……周围 8.sunlight ['s?nlait] n. 阳光 9.smell [smel] v. 闻 10.kill [kil] v. 杀 https://www.360docs.net/doc/09574601.html,ernment ['g?v?nm?nt] n. 政府 The Camel 1.camel ['k?m?l] n. 骆驼 2.without [wie'aut] prep. 没有 3.store [st?:] v. 储存 4.hump [h?mp] n. 驼峰 5.true [tru:] adj. 真实的 6.change [t?eind?] v. 改变 7.fat [f?t] n. 脂肪 8.desert[?dez?t]n. 沙漠 9.heat [hi:t] n. 热量 10.Arabian [?'reibi?n] adj. 阿拉伯(人)的 11.Bactrian[?b?ktri?] n. 双峰驼 https://www.360docs.net/doc/09574601.html, ['ei??] n. 亚洲 13.thick [θik] adj. 厚的 14.eyelash [?a?l??]n. 睫毛 15.Arabic ['?r?bik] n. 阿拉伯语 16.important [im'p?:t?nt] adj. 重要的 17.central [?sentr?l]adj. 中部的 The Polar Bear 1.polar ['p?ul?] adj. 两极的 2.inside ['in'said] adv. 在里面 3.arctic circle ['ɑ:ktik] ['s?:kl]北极圈 4.north pole [n?:θ] [p?ul] 北极 5.meter ['mi:t?] n. 米 6.weigh [wei] v. 称重量
初中英语八大时态总结
英语八大时态总结 一、一般现在时： 基本结构：①动词原形②主语三单：动词原形 +s/es 三种常考基本用法：1、经常性和习惯性动作 Eg. I always get up early. 2、客观事实和普遍真理 Eg. The earth goes around the sun. 3、在时间状语从句及条件状语从句中，一般现 在表将来 If it doesn't rain, we will have a picnic. 其中，第三种用法就是学生们熟知的"主将从现"的原则，这一点大家务必掌握，此知识点会在初二，同时也是中考重要考点。 常见时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, on Sundays, at weekends, once a week, twice a month, etc. 二、一般过去时： 基本结构：动词的过去式
基本用法： 1、过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 Eg. I got up late yesterday. 2、过去习惯性、经常性的动作 Eg. When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river. 常见时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (year, night, month…), in 1986, just now, at the age of 10, at that time, once upon a time, etc. 三、一般将来时： 基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do. 基本用法： am/is/are/going to + do 1、(人)计划打算做某事 Eg. I'm going to go shopping with my mom tomorrow. 2、(事)即将发生 Eg. Look at the clouds, it's going to rain.
专业英语复习资料
1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.360docs.net/doc/09574601.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.