英语听力教程第三版(张民伦主编)Unit_6_Find_the_Right_Words听力原文
Listen this way听力教程第三册-6
Unit 6 Find the Right Words Part I Getting ready Audioscript:
The English language can be traced back to prehistoric Indo-European through the West Germanic line. However, many other influences have shaped the development of Modern English. We will review some important dates in the history of the English language. The first three are Latin influences:
1. In 5,5 B.C. Caesar conquered Britain and the Celtic people.
2. In 4
3. B.C. Rome colonized the island.
3. The Romans remained for 400 years (the first four centuries of the Christian Era).
The next significant dates were:
4. The year 499 (which was the year of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the island).
5. From 500 on, the West Germanic language was the basic language of Britain (or England).
Influences from other languages continued however.
6. In the sixth and seventh centuries England was Christianized by missionaries sent by the Pope (so that Latin influence continued).
Then,
7. In the eig11th and ninth centuries the Norsemen (Vikings), invaded England with their Old Norse language.
8. In 1066. the Norman Conquest brought French linguistic influence.
9. The French influence continued for 300 years (the ninth century through the 11th century).
10. And finally, in the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, when classical learning was revived, there was continued Latin language influence.
Audioscript:
1. People are delighted if you can speak their language, and they don't care how well you speak it. They are not upset when you make mistakes. I think in order to learn, you mustn't be afraid of making mistakes.
2. I'm a very shy person and it's not easy for me to talk to strangers. But you have to force yourself to talk to people. That's what I did and it really helped me.
3. I think the best language learners are people with a sense of humor. Try to laugh at your own mistakes and don't take yourself too seriously. You'll find that other people will be sympathetic when you make mistakes.
4. I took two courses in business studies. I read, studied, listened to lectures and took notes in English. It was a very good experience for me because I didn't have time to think about the language. I recommend forgetting about the grammar and thinking about the meaning instead.
5. In my experience, learning a foreign language always involves a lot of time, a lot of boring work and lots of problems! In short, if you want to learn another language you have to work hard.
6. Try to read as much as you can. I think that's the best way to improve your English and to learn more new words.
I always try to read something in English everyday.
Part II Skills to communicate bad
news
Audioscript:
Avi Arditti：I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: giving doctors better skills to
communicate bad news.
Rosanne Skirble：Anthony Back is a medical oncologist at the University of Washington and the Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. He
and four colleagues are in the fifth year leading
a program funded with one and one-half million
dollars from the National Cancer Institute.
Avi Arditti：Doctor Back says specially trained actors play cancer patients to help oncologists learn how to
avoid sounding insensitive when the prognosis is
grim.
Anthony Back：Probably the biggest misconception I face is that you're either born with this or you're not. In
fact, what the research shows is that people learn
to do this over time. And the way they learn to do
it is they see good role models, they practice, they
get specific feedback on what they're doing, they
try-out new things, they innovate and develop new
conversational practices for themselves.
Avi Arditti：Can you give us some examples of those conversational practices -- what are some ways to
impart bad news?
Anthony Back：Here's an example: The patient has had cancer in the past, has been doing well and is coming in
for some routine follow-up tests. The routine
follow-up tests unexpectedly show the cancer has
started to come back.
The doctor will typically go in and say to the
patient, "Guess what, your cancer's back." And the
patient will be just blown away, right? There are
a couple of practices there that doctors can do that
can help. One is to start with -- especially if you
don't know the patient -- asking what the patient
expected, what did they understand about their
cancer, what were they expecting with this test.
Because if the patient says to you "You know, they
didn't tell me anything. I'm just here because I got
this appointment in the mail," that's one whole kind
of comprehension level. Whereas if the patient says
"I had a Tl Nl MO lung cancer and they told me I had
a fifty-five percent chance of disease recurrence
in the next two years," that's a whole different
story, right?
The second thing is that after you give this
difficult news, then I think it's really important
to address both the cognitive reaction and also the
kind of the emotional side of it.
Rosanne Skirble： What are some of the phrases or the ways in which you can couch this news?
Anthony Back：You know, the way to make it easier is to make sure that you are going from the context the patient
drew for you. So you go from what the patient
understands and you try to use their words as much
as possible. And then, when you get to the really
bad part of the news, I think it's actually
important to be direct and concrete and not to couch
the news. It's better to say "The cancer has come
back" than to say "There are hypo-densities in your
liver on the CT" (or) "You have a malignancy." All
those euphemisms force patients to struggle to
understand what's happening to them, and it adds to
their confusion and distress.
Rosanne Skirble: ：Well, should they say things like "I wish things were different" or "I hope for the best," or
should a doctor kind of maintain a distance? Anthony Back：You know, my thought about that actually is that the more skilled the physician, the less they
have to distance themselves. There are some phrases
that we use, and the most important ones are really
the ones that are about empathy for the patient. You
know, "I see this is a difficult situation, I see
this is not what you expected, I'm hoping for the
best." And I think it's fine for doctors to talk
about hope, and I think it's important actually. AviArditti：Let me ask you, have you seen any cultural differences come up in the training programs as
you've had doctors go through?
Anthony Back：You know, we have actually a very
multicultural group of physicians who come, and
they all bring in all their own different values
about how frank should people be. Because the
American standard, of course, is that patients
themselves get all the information, they make the