英美文学总结Word 文档
Early and Medieval English Literature
Three famouse Conquests:
The Roman Conquest (55BC- 410AD)
The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066)
The Norman Conquest (1066-1485)
The Anglo-Saxon Poetry:
Pagan Poetry (Beowulf)
Religious Poetry (Caedmon and Cynewulf)
The Anglo-Saxon Prose: (Prose appeared in the 8th century )
Venerable Bede (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People)
Alfred the Great
Medieval Literature
1066: Anglo-Saxon Period bagan
1200: Middle English Literature bagan
Raman Cycles: "Matters of Rome" "Matters of France" "Matters of Britain"(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)
Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century):
1.The Romance of the Rose （translation from French)
2.The House of Fame
3.Trolius and Criseide
4.The Canterbury Tales
John Wycliffe (14th century): the first attempt to translate the latin version of the Bible into Middle English
English Renaissance literature ( the late 15th century -middle 17th century)
Wars and Refromation
Thomas More (the first English humanist)
Utopia
Edmund Spencer:
The Shepherds Calendar
The Faerie Queene
Epithalamion 1595
Bacon: the first English essayist
Advancement of Learning <<论学术的进展>>
Novum Organum <<新工具>>
Maxim of the Law <<法律箴言>>
Reading on the Statute of Uses <<谈使用法则>>
Essays<<随笔>>
University Wits
Christopher Marlowe:
Tamburlanine the Great
The Jew of Malta
The Tragical History of Doctore Faustus
William Shakespear
37plays ,154 sonnets , and 2 narrative poems
Comedies:
The Comedy of Error The Taming of the Shrew The Two Gentlemen of Verona Love's labour's Lost // A Midsummer Night's Dream The Merchant of Venice
As You Like It Twelfth Night // Troilus and Cressida
Tragedies:
Titus Andronicus Romeo and Juliet // Julius Caesar // Antony and Cleopatra // Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth
Historical plays:
Henry VI Richard III // Richard II Henry IV Henry V
Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest The Life of King Henry VIII
The Seventeenth Century (Revolution, Puritanism and Restoration)
Literature in the Revolution Period
Three Johns:
John Donne (founder of Metaphysical school) Songs and Sonnets
Devotion Upon Emergent Occasions
John Milton: Lycidas Areopagitica<<论出版自由>> In Defense of the English People
More in Defense of the British People Paradise Lost Paradise Regained Samson Agonistes
John Bunyan:
The pilgrim Progress Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
The Life and Death of Mr.Badman The Holy War
The 18th Century Literature
Industrial Revolution, Enclosure and Enlightenment Movement
Neoclassicism John Dryden Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson
John Dryden ：The Year of Wonders Absalom and Achitophel
The Hind and the Panther<<牝鹿与豹>> A Song for St.Cecilia Day
Alxander's Feast The Rival Ladies The Conquest of Grenada Marriage la Mode All for Love An Essay of Dramatic Poesy<<论戏剧诗>>
Alexander Pope：
An Essay on Criticism The Rape of the Lock The Dunciad
An Essay on Man Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot Iliad and Odyssey The Works of Shakespeare
Samuel Johnson：
A Dictionary of the English Language London The Vanity of Human Wishes
The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia Irene Lives of the Poets
Richard Steele: The Tatler
Joesph Addison: The Spectator
Daniel Defoe:
The Shortest Way with Dissenters <<消灭不同教派的捷径>>
Robinson Crusoe Moll Flanders Roxand
Swift Works:
The Battle of Books A Tale of the Tub The Drapier's Letters Gulliver's Travels A Modest Proposal
Samuel Richardson:
Pamela (Virtue Rewarded) Clarissa Howe Sir Charles Grandison
Henry Fielding:
Joseph Andrew Jonathan Wild Great Tom Jones, the Foundling Amelia
Sentimentalism
Graveyard School
Thomas Gray: An Elegy written in a Country Churyard On the Death of a Favorite Cat
The Progress of Poetry The Bard The Descent of Odin The Correspondence Robert Blair : The Grave
Edward Young: Night Thoughts
Thomas Parnell: Night-Piece on Death
James Harvey: Meditation
Romanticism
Lake Poets
William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Robert Southey:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Christable Kubla Khan Frost at Midnight Biographia Literaria
Satanic Poets
Lord Byron :
Hours of Idleness English Bards and Scottish Reviews <<英国诗人可苏格兰评论家>> Childe Harold's Pligrimage Giaour <<异教徒>> The Bride of Abydos<<阿比多斯的新娘>> The Corsair<<海盗>> Lara <<拉腊>> Parisna The Sieage of Corinth<<科林斯之围>>
Don Juan
John Keats: His 1819 odes
Percy Bysshe Shelley:
Men of England Ode to the West Wind Prometheus Unbound
A Defense of Poetry
Novels in 19th century:
Mary W. Shelley:
Frankenstein；or ,The Modern Prometheus
Charlotte
Jane Eyre Shirley Villette Professor
Emily:
Wuthering the Heights
Anne:
Agnes Grey The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
Elizabeth C.Gaskell:
The life of Charlotte Bronte Mary Barton Moorland Cottage Cranford Ruth North and South Wives and Daughters
Walter Scott:
Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border The Lay of the last Minstrel Marmion The lady of the Lake
The Waverley Novels
( Waverley Guy Mannering Old Morality Rob Roy The Heart of Midlothian )
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英美文学重点整理
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
英美文学 总结
英国文学资料 1.The period of Old English Literature extends from about the year of 450 to the year of 1066. 2.the significant event which the commencement of medieval period in English literature is Norman Conquest in the year of 1066,and the medieval literature in Britain covers about four centuries. 3.Romance is the most popular literature form in the medieval period. 4.Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, and a number of more or less lyrical poemsof shorter length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines but evoke the Anglo Saxon sense of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot. 5.Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. admired as the father of English Poetry. 一、The Renaissance Period (14th--mid-17th century) 1. The cradle of the Renaissance is Italy, and the essential characteristics of it are rising of Humanism and the Reformation of Christianity. 2. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the Engish Renaissane, and it's most important representative is Shakespeare. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞 the poet's poet
英美文学名词解释(1)
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
英美文学欣赏知识点
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
北京外国语大学英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及03
北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。
基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌
英美文学名词解释(1)
1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young
英美文学欣赏考题整理及答案
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature
howtogrowold英美文学欣赏赏析
How to grow old Russell (1872-1970) is a philosopher lived nearly 100 years biggest charm, however, is not philosophy, but ,once won the Nobel Prize for literature, vividly tells you how to have a successful old age with his simplistic and beautiful to grow old is his another masterpiece. According to the first sentence,the topic is how to grow old,but the article’s true purpose is telling people the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get the first place,Russell drolly came up with his first advice:we should carefully selected our listing his great ancestors,I couldn’t agree any more----This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen i nterests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the me rely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of yo ur future. Sure it ,Russell clearly describe the opinions of a series of healthy,growing old and pointed that in old age we should mentally be vigilant to two is undue absorption in the past, and the other is clinging to youth in the hope if sucking vigor fro m its vitality. Russell thinks that the best way to conquer the fear of death is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal. If one person in old age can regard his life as a river,he will not feel the fear of the the cause he devoted to will continue forever. And in my point of view, it entirely depends on your attitude to life. Everyone was born to death. We h ave no means to avoid it but to face it. Faced with death, what we only can do is to go for what we wa nt, what we need, and what we like. At the end of this article, Russell expressed his wish----I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done. I cannot help but feel