有限元分析系统的发展现状与展望外文翻译

有限元分析系统的发展现状与展望外文翻译
有限元分析系统的发展现状与展望外文翻译

Finite element analysis system development present situation and forecast

Along with modern science and technology development, the people unceasingly are making the faster transportation vehicle, the large-scale building, the greater span bridge, the high efficiency power set and the preciser mechanical device. All these request engineer to be able precisely to forecast in the design stage the product and the project technical performance, needs to be static, technical parameter and so on dynamic strength to the structure as well as temperature field, flow field, electromagnetic field and transfusion carries on the analysis computation. For example analysis computation high-rise construction and great span bridge when earthquake receives the influence, has a look whether can have the destructive accident; The analysis calculates the nuclear reactor the temperature field, the determination heat transfer and the cooling system are whether reasonable; Analyzes in the new leaf blade the hydrodynamics parameter, enhances its operating efficiency. The sell may sum up as the solution physics question control partial differential equations often is not impossible.

In recent years the finite element analysis which develops in the computer technology and under the numerical analysis method support(FEA, Finite Element Analysis) the side principle for solves these complex project analysis estimation problems to provide the effective way. Our country in " 95 " Plan period vigorously promotes the CAD technology, mechanical profession large and middle scalene terries CAD popular rate from " 85 " End 20% enhances that present 70%.With enterprise application of CAD, engineering and technical personnel has gradually get rid drawing board, and will join the main energy how to optimize the design, engineering and improving the quality of products, computer-aided engineering analysis (CAE. Computer Aided Engineering) method and software will be the key technical elements .

ln engineering practice, finite element analysis software and CAD system integration design standards should be a qualitative leap, mainly in the following aspects :

The increase design function, reduces the design cost;

Reduces design and the analysis cycle period;

Increase product and project reliability;

Uses the optimized design, reduces the material the consumption or the cost;

Discovers the latent question in advance before the product facture or the project construction;

Simulates each kind of experimental plan, reduces the experimental time and the funds;

Carries on the machine accident to analyze, search accident cause factor.

In vigorously promotes the CAD technology today, from the bicycle to the aerospace craft, all designs manufacture all will not be able to leave the finite eleme nt analysis computation, FEA obtains the more and more widespread value in the engineering design and the analysis. The next chart is the American San Francisco bay bridge earthquake responds the computation the finite element analysis model. The development direction and on significant progress international early20th century in the end of the 50's, at the beginning of the 60's has the formidable function on the investment massive manpower and the physical resource development the finite element analysis procedure. What is most famous was (NASA) entrusts US by American country Space Agency in 1965 to calculate the NASTRAN finite element analysis system which the scientific company and the Bell aerospace system company developed.

This system development until now had several dozens editions, is in the present world the scale is biggest, the function strongest finite element analysis system. From at that time to the present, the world each place development facility and the university also developed one batch of scales smaller but to use nimble, the price is lower special-purpose or general finite element analysis software, mainly had German ASKA, England's PAFEC, France's company's the and so on SYSTUS, US'S ABQUS, ADINA, ANSYS, BERSAFE, BOSOR, COSMOS, ELAS, MARC and STARDYNE product. Now on the international FEA method and the software development presents below some tendency characteristics:

1.develops from the pure structure mechanics computation to solves many physical

fields question finite element analysis method most early is comes from the structure matrix analysis development, gradually promotes to the board, the shell and the entity and so on the continual body solid mechanics analysis, the practice proved this is one extremely effective numerical analysis method. Moreover the or etically also already proved, so long as uses in to be separated solution object the

unit enough to be small, the obtained solution may enough approach to the precise value.

Therefore the recent years finite element method has developed question the and so on hydromechanics, temperature field, electricity conduction, magnetic field, transfusion and sound field solution computation, recently developed solves several inter disciplinary studies. the questions. For example when the air current flows a very high iron tower to have the distortion, but the tower distortion in turn affects to the air current flows. This needs to use the solid mechanics and the hydrodynamics finite element analysis finally overlapping iteration solves, namely so-called " Flows solid coupling " Question.

2 Progresses from the solution linear project question to the analysis non-linear problem along with the science and technology development, the linear theory already by far could not satisfy the design there quest. For example in construction profession high-rise construction and great span hanging bridge appearance, request consideration geometry non-linear problem and so on structure big displacement and big strain; Astronautics and power engineering high temperature part existence thermal deformation and thermal load, also must consider the material the non-linear problem; Such as the plastic, the rubber and the compound material and so on each kind of new material appearance ,only depends on the question which the linear computation theory is insufficient to solve meets, only has uses the non-linear finite element algorithm to be able to solve. It is well known, the non-linear value computation is very complex, it involves to the very many special mathematics question and the operation skill, thanks the general engineering technical personnel to grasp very much. Has spent massive specialty and so on manpower and investment development such as MARC, ABQUS and ADINA for this recent years overseas some companies to solution non-linear problem finite element analysis software, and widely applies to the project practice. These software common characteristics are have the highly effective non-linear solution as well as rich and the practical non-linear material. Definitely.

3 The enhancement visible pretag e modelling and the post positioned data processing function early time finite element analysis software research key lies in infers new high efficiency solution method and the high accuracy unit. Along with the numerical analysis method gradually consummation, the computer operating speed rapid development, the entire computing system uses in to solve the operation in

particular the time more and more few, but the data preparation and the operation result performance question day by day is actually prominent. On the present project workstation, solves to contain 100,000 equations the finite lement models only to need to use several dozens minutes. But if establishes this model with the manual way, then the rehandling massive computed result must use several week-long time. May not exaggerate said, engineer calculates a project question when the analysis has 80% above the energy all to spend in the data preparation and the result analysis. Therefore the present nearly all shangye finite element software all has the function very strong pretage modeling and the post positioned data processing module. Is emphasizing " Visible " Today ,very many procedures have all established to user extremely friendly GUI (Graphics User Interface), enables the user direct-viewing fast to carry on the grid automatic division by the visible graphic mode, the production finite element analysis needs the data, and the massive computed result will reorganize the distortion chart, the equivalentd is tribution cloud chart according to the request, will be advantageous for the extreme value search and needs the data to tabulate the output.

4 With the CAD software seamless integration now the finite element analysis system another characteristic is and the general CAD software integrated use namely, after uses CAD software to complete the part and the components modeling design, automatically produces the finite element grid and carries on the computation, if analyzes the result does not conform to the design requirement then recarries on the modeling and the computation, until satisfaction, thus enormously raised the design level and the efficiency.

The complex project analysis question today, which engineer may quickly solves in integrated CAD and in the FEA software environment in before is unable to deal with. Therefore now all shangye finite element system business all has developed and famous CAD software (for example Pro/ENGINEER, Unigraphics, SolidEdge, SolidWorks, IDEAS, Bentley and AutoCAD and so on) connection.

5 Basically in Wintel platform development early time finite element analysis software all is in the large and middle scale computers(mainly is Mainframe) on the development and the movement, after wards also developed take the project workstation (EWS, Engineering WorkStation) as the platform, their common characteristic all uses the UNIX operating system.. The PC machine appearance caused the computer the application to have he fundamental change, engineer had

longed for completed the complex project analysis on the desk the dream to become the reality. But early PC machine uses 16 CPU and the DOS operating system, in the memory public block data is restricted, at that time there fore calculated the model the scale not to be able to surpass 10,000 steps equations. Microsoft the Windows operating system and 32 Intel Pentium processor promoting for used in the finite element analysis PC machine to provide essential software and the hardware supports the platform. Therefore on the current international famous finite element procedure research and the development organization all in abundance move theirs software the value to the Wintel platform in. Next cava logged version environment and the SGI workstation simultaneously calculates the solution time with ADINA the V7.3 in PC machine Windows on the NT which 4 projects examples needed. May see the newest upscale PC machine solution ability already and center low-grade EWS is equally matched.

In order to will develop on the large and middle scale computers and EWS the finite element procedure will move the value to PE machine on, frequently will need to use Hummingbird Corporation simulation software Exceed. Does this the result quite is troublesome, moreover cannot fully use the PC machine software and hardware resources. Therefore recently some companies, for example IDEAS, ADINA and R&D starts in the Windows platform to develop the finite element procedure, is called as " Native Windows" The edition, meanwhile has the finite element routine package which in on Linux operating system environment develops in PC machine.

The domestic development situation and the prospect in 1979 US'S SAP5linear structure was static, the mechanical analysis procedure transplants successfully to the domestic introduction, raised the application general finite element procedure to analyze the computation project question the high tide. This high tide continuously continued to 1981 the ADINA non-linear structure analysis procedure introduction, many continuously was unable the project difficult problem which solved all to be easily solved for a while. Everybody also starts to realize indeed is engineer carries on then is computation to the finite element analysis procedure using the compute r the important tool。At that time but was restricted in the domestic large and middle scale computers very few, probably only had the Hangzhou steam turbine factory Siemens7738 and the Shenyang air blower factory IBM4310installment has the above procedure, therefore the user mathematics problem was not extremely convenient,

moreover the expense was expensive. The PC machine appearance and its the performance miracle enhancement, for transplanted and develops the PC edition finite element procedure to provide the essential movement platform.

May say domestic FEA software the development continuously revolves the PC platform to make the issue. Compares successful and has (above comparatively multiuser 100) the finite element analysis system in the domestic development to have the Dalian technical Universit beijing mechanics department FIFEX95, Beijing University mechanics and scientific engineering department's SAP84, Chinese farm machine arcade my of science's MAS5.0 and Hangzhou automation technical institute's MFEP4.0 and so on. But just like above-mentioned, the overseas very many famous finite element analysis company already formerly a year not spare a glanced to the PC platform transforms for craves the development, to the domestic FEA procedure development said developed the PC edition no longer to have the superiority, but should perform from following several aspects diligently:

1.Research developments solves the non-solid mechanics and the interdisciplinary

studies. FEA procedure passes through several dozens years research and the development, used in to solve the solid mechanics the finite element method and software already quite is mature, now studies the front question was the hydrodynamics, may compress and the compressible flow body not flow a nd so on non- solid mechanics and the interdisciplinary studies question. Because domestic not similar function commercialized software, therefore overseas software sells extremely expensively. In order to break this kind of monopoly aspect, we must develop have the independent copy right, use in to analyze the fluid and so on non- solid mechanics and interdisciplinary studies. software.

Because the hydromechanics question far is much more complex than the solid, moreover very little has ready-made software to be allowed to profit from, therefore needs to invest the massive manpower and the funds. This must have the country and the major industry group supports.

2.Developments has the Chinese characteristic the automatic modeling

technology and the GUI development modeling technology and the GUI investment states the topic compared to front to have little many, but actually may greatly enhance FEA software the performance and the user receptivity, thus gets up the twice the result with half the effort effect. The domestic many people did in this aspect have very worked, but because at that time PC machine on graph strut

environment limited, therefore the development effect not really was all ideal. In Windows has provided the OpenGL graph standard, for applied visible graph technology development GUI on PC machine to provide the powerful tool.

OpenGL is the high performance graph and the interactive ground view processing standard which now on international recognizes, applies three dimensional graph software which it develops deeply specialized technical personnel's cherish, at present in the world occupied the dominant position the computer company all to use this standard. Just like front states, in recent years overseas had the FEA procedure has abandoned simulation software, directly developed the finite element procedure in the Windows platform. The Hangzhou automation technical institute 1997-1999 year uses the OpenGL graph standard and corresponding Visual C++ and so on programs the tool, successfully has developed set of visible finite elements routine packages on PC machine. It can direct-viewing pass to " Menu" " Window " " Dialog box " With " Chartsign "

And so on visible graph picture and mark operation, automatically establishes the finite element analysis model, and by interactive side Buddhist ritual procedures realization computed result visible processing, thus may greatly enhance limitedly raises the analysis the efficiency and the accuracy, also is advantageous for the user to study and to grasp.

3.With had the our country independent copyright front the CAD software

integration already to say, now a finite element method important characteristic is and the CAD software seamless in the gration. FEA procedure voluntarily develops which as our country, first must consider and our country independent copyright CAD software integration. Because the finite element analysis mainly uses in the shape quite complex spare part, therefore must with have the three dimensional modeling function and the CAD software integration, causes the design and analysis in close integration with, merges in tone organic whole.

In this paper, the static stress of the coupling is analyzed by the finite-element software ANSYS8.0.Through computing and analyzing the stress and the displacement are got and it gives the base theory to improve the force condition and the structure of the coupling. What is more the paper illustrates the method of apply finite-element analysis to the calculation of internal force in design.

Has to the center tenon shaft coupling, depends in a half shaft coupling the raised shoulder to coordinate with another half shaft coupling on scoop channel but to the

center. The shaft coupling connects two axes, after because makes and the wiring error, the load bearing distortion as well as the temperature change influence and so on, often cannot guarantee strictly to the center, but is has some kind of degree the relative displacement, this request designs the shaft coupling time, must take each kind of different measure from the structure, reduces its distortion enable it to have is suitable the certain scope the relative displacement performance.

This article from finite element analysis development history to finite element analysis use scope; To the finite element analysis software application method has all made the detailed introduction from the finite element analysis software contact surface introduction. The antithetical couplet axial organ has also made the introduction in this article, has carried on the analysis to its stress and the strain, has analyzed with the ANSYS antithetical couplet axial organ distortion weakly discovers the shaft coupling the book to be partial, thus is helpful to the shaft coupling enhancement.

Keywords:Flange coupling; ANSYS8.0; Finite element; Stress; Strain

有限元分析系统的发展现状与展望

随着现代科学技术的发展,人们正在不断建造更为快速的交通工具、更大规模的建筑物、更大跨度的桥梁、更大功率的发电机组和更为精密的机械设备。这一切都要求工程师在设计阶段就能精确地预测出产品和工程的技术性能,需要对结构的静、动力强度以及温度场、流场、电磁场和渗流等技术参数进行分析计算。例如分析计算高层建筑和大跨度桥梁在地震时所受到的影响,看看是否会发生破坏性事故;分析计算核反应堆的温度场,确定传热和冷却系统是否合理;分析新只叶片内的流体动力学参数,以提高其运转效率。这些都可归结为求解物理问题的控制偏微分方程式往往是不可能的。近年来在计算机技术和数值分析方法支持下发展起来的有限元分析(FEA,Finite Element Analysis)方法则为解决这些复杂的工程分析计算问题提供了有效的途径。我国在"九五"计划期间大力推广CAD技术,机械行业大中型企业CAD的普及率从"八五"末的20%提高到目前的70%。随着企业CAD应用的普及,工程技术人员已逐步甩掉图板,而将主要精力投身如何优化设计,提高工程和产品质量,计算机辅助工程分析(CAE,Computer Aided Engineering)方法和软件将成为关键的技术要素。在工程实践中,有限元分析软件与CAD系统的集成应使设计水平发生了质的飞跃,主要表现在以下几个方面:

增加设计功能,减少设计成本;

缩短设计和分析的循环周期;

增加产品和工程的可靠性;

采用优化设计,降低材料的消耗或成本;

在产品制造或工程施工前预先发现潜在的问题;

模拟各种试验方案,减少试验时间和经费;

进行机械事故分析,查找事故原因。

在大力推广CAD技术的今天,从自行车到航天飞机,所有的设计制造都离不开有限元分析计算,FEA在工程设计和分析中将得到越来越广泛的重视。下图是美国旧金山海湾大桥地震响应计算的有限元分析模型。发展方向及重大进展国际上早20世纪在50年代末、60年代初就投入大量的人力和物力开发具有强大功能的有限元分析程序。其中最为著名的是由美国国家宇航局(NASA)在1965年

委托美国计算科学公司和贝尔航空系统公司开发的NASTRAN有限元分析系统。该系统发展至今已有几十个版本,是目前世界上规模最大、功能最强的有限元分析系统。从那时到现在,世界各地的研究机构和大学也发展了一批规模较小但使用灵活、价格较低的专用或通用有限元分析软件,主要有德国的ASKA、英国的PAFEC、法国的SYSTUS、美国的ABQUS、ADINA、ANSYS、BERSAFE、BOSOR、COSMOS、ELAS、MARC和STARDYNE等公司的产品。当今国际上FEA方法和软件发展呈现出以下一些趋势特征:

1. 从单纯的结构力学计算发展到求解许多物理场问题有限元分析方法最早是从结构化矩阵分析发展而来,逐步推广到板、壳和实体等连续体固体力学分析,实践证明这是一种非常有效的数值分析方法。而且从理论上也已经证明,只要用于离散求解对象的单元足够小,所得的解就可足够逼近于精确值。所以近年来有限元方法已发展到流体力学、温度场、电传导、磁场、渗流和声场等问题的求解计算,最近又发展到求几个交叉学科的问题。例如当气流流过一个很高的铁塔产生变形,而塔的变形又反过来影响到气流的流动这就需要用固体力学和流体动力学的有限元分析结果交叉迭代求解,即所谓"流固耦合"的问题。

2. 由求解线性工程问题进展到分析非线性问题随着科学技术的发展,线性理论已经远远不能满足设计的要求。例如建筑行业中的高层建筑和大跨度悬索桥的出现,就要求考虑结构的大位移和大应变等几何非线性问题;航天和动力工程的高温部件存在热变形和热应力,也要考虑材料的非线性问题;诸如塑料、橡胶和复合材料等各种新材料的出现,仅靠线性计算理论就不足以解决遇到的问题,只有采用非线性有限元算法才能解决。众所周知,非线性的数值计算是很复杂的,它涉及到很多专门的数学问题和运算技巧,很难为一般工程技术人员所掌握。为此近年来国外一些公司花费了大量的人力和投资开发诸如MARC、ABQUS和ADINA 等专长于求解非线性问题的有限元分析软件,并广泛应用于工程实践。这些软件的共同特点是具有高效的非线性求解器以及丰富和实用的非线性材料库。

3. 增强可视化的前置建模和后置数据处理功能早期有限元分析软件的研究重点在于推导新的高效率求解方法和高精度的单元。随着数值分析方法的逐步完善,尤其是计算机运算速度的飞速发展,整个计算系统用于求解运算的时间越来越少,而数据准备和运算结果的表现问题却日益突出。在现在的工程工作站上,求

解一个包含10万个方程的有限元模型只需要用几十分钟。但是如果用手工方式来建立这个模型,然后再处理大量的计算结果则需用几周的时间。可以毫不夸张地说,工程师在分析计算一个工程问题时有80%以上的精力都花在数据准备和结果分析上。因此目前几乎所有的商业化有限元程序系统都有功能很强的前置建模和后置数据处理模块。在强调"可视化"的今天,很多程序都建立了对用户非常友好的GUI(Graphics User Interface),使用户能以可视图形方式直观快速地进行网格自动划分,生成有限元分析所需数据,并按要求将大量的计算结果整理成变形图、等值分布云图,便于极值搜索和所需数据的列表输出。

4. 与CAD软件的无缝集成当今有限元分析系统的另一个特点是与通用CAD软件的集成使用即,在用CAD软件完成部件和零件的造型设计后,自动生成有限元网格并进行计算,如果分析的结果不符合设计要求则重新进行造型和计算,直到满意为止,从而极大地提高了设计水平和效率。今天,工程师可以在集成的CAD 和FEA软件环境中快捷地解决一个在以前无法应付的复杂工程分析问题。所以当今所有的商业化有限元系统商都开发了和著名的CAD软件(例如

Pro/ENGINEER、Unigraphics、SolidEdge、SolidWorks、IDEAS、Bentley和AutoCAD 等)的接口。

5. 在Wintel平台上的发展早期的有限元分析软件基本上都是在大中型计算机(主要是Mainframe)上开发和运行的,后来又发展到以工程工作站(EWS,Engineering Work Station)为平台,它们的共同特点都是采用UNIX操作系统。PC机的出现使计算机的应用发生了根本性的变化,工程师渴望在办公桌上完成复杂工程分析的梦想成为现实。但是早期的PC机采用16位CPU和DOS操作系统,内存中的公共数据块受到限制,因此当时计算模型的规模不能超过1万阶方程。Microsoft Windows操作系统和32位的Intel Pentium处理器的推出为将PC 机用于有限元分析提供了必需的软件和硬件支撑平台。因此当前国际上著名的有限元程序研究和发展机构都纷纷将他们的软件移值到Wintel平台上。下表列出了用ADINA V7.3版在PC机的Windows NT环境和SGI工作站上同时计算4个工程实例所需要的求解时间。从中可以看出最新高档PC机的求解能力已和中低档的EWS不相上下。

为了将在大中型计算机和EWS上开发的有限元程序移值到PE机上,常常需要采用Hummingbird公司的一个仿真软件Exceed。这样做的结果比较麻烦,而且不能充分利用PC机的软硬件资源。所以最近有些公司,例如IDEAS、ADINA 和R&D开始在Windows平台上开发有限元程序,称作"Native Windows"版本,同时还有在PC机上的Linux操作系统环境中开发的有限元程序包。

国内发展情况和前景1979年美国的SAP5线性结构静、动力分析程序向国内引进移植成功,掀起了应用通用有限元程序来分析计算工程问题的高潮。这个高潮一直持续到1981年ADINA非线性结构分析程序引进,一时间许多一直无法解决的工程难题都迎刃而解了。大家也都开始认识到有限元分析程序的确是工程师应用计算机进行分析计算的重要工具。但是当时限于国内大中型计算机很少,大约只有杭州汽轮机厂的Siemens7738和沈阳鼓风机厂的IBM4310安装有上述程序,所以用户算题非常不方便,而且费用昂贵。PC机的出现及其性能奇迹般的提高,为移植和发展PC版本的有限元程序提供了必要的运行平台。可以说国内FEA软件的发展一直是围绕着PC平台做文章。在国内开发比较成功并拥有较多用户(100家以上)的有限元分析系统有大连理工大学工程力学系的FIFEX95、北京大学力学与科学工程系的SAP84、中国农机科学研究院的MAS5.0和杭州自动化技术研究院的MFEP4. 0等。但正如上面所述,国外很多著名的有限元分析公司已经从前些年对PC平台不屑一顾转变为热衷发展,对国内FEA程序开发者来说发展PC版本不再具有优势,而应该从下面几方面加以努力:

1. 研究开发求解非固体力学和交叉学科的FEA程序经过几十年的研究和发展,用于求解固体力学的有限元方法和软件已经比较成熟,现在研究的前沿问题是流体动力学、可压缩和不可压缩流体的流动等非固体力学和交叉学科的问题。由于国内没有类似功能的商品化软件,所以国外的软件就卖得非常贵。为了破这种垄断局面,我们必须发展有自主版权、用于分析流体等非固体力学和交叉学科的软件。因为流体力学问题远比固体复杂得多,而且很少有现成的软件可以借鉴,所以需要投入大量的人力和经费。这就必须有国家和大型企业集团来支持。

2. 开发具有中国特色的自动建模技术和GUI开发建模技术和GUI的投入比前述课题要少得多,但却可以大大提高FEA软件的性能和用户接受程度,从而起到

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转型经济体汇率传递过渡经济体外文文献翻译中英文2020

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