初中英语动词的时态与语态总结

新目标初中英语总复习资料精品讲义(二)

动词的时态与语态的综合运用

确定正确的时态

1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切的关系.

①. I ____ ____ (write) now. ②. I ____ __(lose) my pen yesterday.

③. We ______ _____ (study) English for two years.

2.根据上下文来确定时态

有些句子没有明显的时间状语,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定正确时态.

A: Where are the twins? B: They ______ (go) to visit Uncle Wang.

3.根据主从句的关系来确定时态.

4.根据语言习惯来确定时态

*come,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动作.

*永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时.

*祈使句中,或在情态动词,助动词后,谓语动词用原形

Don't (read) in the sun, will you?

You'd better (stay) at home since it's raining outside.

注意所填动词的语态:

Today both basketball and volleyball __ _______(play) in many countries.

确定动词的形式:

1. be busy, what/how about 等后用动词的-ing 形式.

2.在介词后一般应用动词的-ing 形式.

3.在keep, enjoy, finish, mind 等动词后采用动词的--ing 形式.

4.在动词decide, hope, wish, hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell, want, teach 之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即“ask sb. to do sth.”的形式

5.在see, hear, watch, make, let 等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词不定式符号“to”,但在被动句中, 应添上"to".

6.在It’s time(for sb.)to do sth. 和It's kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth. 和It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语.

7.疑问代词/副词(why 除外) + to do sth. 结构,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语.

练习题：

1. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ________(blow) the earth away.

2. Mr. Smith kept on (ask) the players to remember-----TEAMWORK

3. Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now, so she doesn't know how ____ (do) the problem.

4. The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him ______ (carry) it for her.

5.用help, happen, listen, have, ask, be, plant, miss, leave, look 的适当形式填空:

(1).Wang Hai is a good comrade. He always does his best ________others.

(2).Dig the hole big enough, or the trees can’t ___________well .

(3).It's time for class. Let's stop _______to the teacher.

(4).Her face turned red when she _______ to sing a song for all of us.

(5).She is older than Mary but ________much younger.

(6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe you ___________ them at home.

(7).We waited in the next room while they ____________a meeting.

(8).Hurry up. You __________the train if you don't.

思考题：

用send, show, turn, cost, write, fly, get, stop, see, do, hear, go 的适当形式填空

1.___ _ you _ __ each other since you left school ten years ago?

2. What __ _they _ __at 8:00 yesterday evening.

3. The Smiths are getting ready to Australia for their holiday.

4 .The beautiful jacket too much, doesn't it?

5 .Lucy and Lily were playing cards when they __ _ a loud knock at the door.

6. The radio says the rain _ __later on.

7. The boy __ _to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened.

8. Today films__ _in English everywhere in the world.

9. It's summer now. The days__ _longer and the nights shorter.

10. Mother _ __ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or so.

动词的时态（上）

A:一般现在时:

①表示现在的状态，如：He is twelve. / She is at home.

②表示经常的或习惯性的动作，如：I go to school at 7:30 every day.

③表示主语具备的性格和能力等，如：She likes apples. / They know English.

结构：1）be 动词：第一人称单数为am，第三人称单数为is，其他人称为are。

肯定式: 主语+ am /is/are +其他否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他

疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?

简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语+ am/ is /are (否) No,主语+ am /is/are not.

缩写形式: I'm = I am That's =That is We're =We are What's= What is You're = You are Who's = Who is They're =They are Where's =Where is He's =He is

isn't=is not She's =She is aren't=are not It's == It is

2）行为动词：除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加-s 或-es （变化规则与名词变复数时相同，注意：have 的第三人称单数为has）。

肯定式：主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数

否定式：主语+助动词don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他

疑问式：Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他

简略回答：(肯)Yes,主语+do/does. (否)No,主语+don’t/doesn’t.

缩写形式：don't == do not doesn't ==does not

用法：

1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day/morning, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays 等时间状语连用。

2.表示普遍真理、客观存在、科学事实。

如.：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。/ The earth is round.地球是圆的。

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.

3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作. eg. Here comes the train.

4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时. eg. I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow. B:一般过去时：

一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night/week/year, in 1990, when I was five years old, two days ago等。一般过去时也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和always, often等表示频度的时间状语连用。

如：I got up at 6:30 yesterday. He always went to work by bus last year.

结构：1）be动词：第一、三有称单数用was,其他人称用were,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。

2）行为动词：行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加ed或d,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。

肯定式：主语+动词的过去式+ 其他eg. I got up at six this morning.

否定式：主语+ did not + 动词原形+ 其他eg.John didn't live here last year.

疑问式：Did+ 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他? eg.Did you see him a moment ago?

简略回答：(肯) Yes, 主语+did. (否) No , 主语+ didn't.

★规则动词过去式的构成和发音如下：

①一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。如look—looked /play—played /start—started/work—worked

②结尾是e的动词加-d。如live—lived /hope—hoped /use—used

③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。如stop—stopped

④以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-ed。如study—studied / worry—worried

读音：清辅音后读作/t/；浊辅音、元音后读/d/；/t/、/d/后读作/id/。

★常见的不规则动词有：

am/is---was are---were become---became begin---began bring---brought buy---bought catch---caught come---came do---did eat---ate feel---felt find---found get---got give---gave go---went grow---grew have/has---had hear---heard know---knew

make---made put---put run---ran say---said see---saw sit---sat stand---stood take---took (undertake---undertook) teach---taught tell---told write---wrote

C:一般将来时：

一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与明确表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, in a month, next time, soon等。

如We will come to see you next week. How will the world be different in the future?

结构：助动词will + 动词原形

肯定式：主语+ will+动词原形+其他.

否定式：主语+ will not / won’t+动词原形+其他.

疑问式：Will+主语+动词原形+其他?

简略回答：(肯) Yes,主语+ will . (否) No,主语+ will not /won’t.

缩写形式：'ll = will won't == will not

用法:

1.am/is/are going to +动词原形也可表示将来时。

①表示主观意愿、打算、计划或安排要发生的事等。

如What are you going to do tomorrow? He's going to learn English next term.

②根据已有迹象，可能要发生的情况。如Look at the black clouds! ----It is going to rain.

2.表示某种必然的趋势。如Fish will die without water.

3.①在疑问句中，主语为第一人称（I和we）时，常用助动词shall表示提议和询问情况，主语为第二人称时，用will 表示请求。如When shall we have the party? / Where shall we have the meeting? / Will you please lend me your pen?

②在书面语中，主语为第一人称（I和we）时，也常用助动词shall。如I shall write you a letter next month.但在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。

4.当主语是第一人称时，用will 表示意愿、决心、允诺、命令等。

如I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.

5.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时.

如Tom will write to me when he gets there.

D:现在进行时：

①表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。

如We are waiting for you. The students are listening to the teacher.

②表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。

如We are working on a farm these days. I am writing a book this month.

结构：am/is/are + 动词的-ing 形式

肯定式：主语+ am /is/are +动词的-ing 形式

否定式：主语+ am/is/are +not +动词的-ing 形式

疑问式：Am /Is /Are + 主语+动词的-ing 形式?

简略回答：(肯) Yes,主语+ am/ is /are. (否) No,主语+ am /is/are not.

★动词-ing形式的构成规则：

①一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如go—going /ask—asking /look—looking

②以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。

如write—writing/take—taking/make—making

②以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing。

如get—getting /sit—sitting /put—putting /run—running /begin--beginning

用法：

1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now, at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与look, listen 连用.

eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment?

Listen! She is singing in the next room.

2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days.

3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon. 注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如love, like, prefer, hate, see, know 等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science.

E.过去进行时：

过去进行时表示在某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有：this morning, the whole morning, all afternoon, at this time yesterday, at that time, at 8 o’clock last night, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。

结构：was/were + 动词-ing形式

肯定式: 主语+ was/were +动词的-ing 形式

否定式:主语+ was/were +not +动词的-ing 形式

疑问式:Was/Were + 主语+动词的-ing 形式?

简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语+was/were. (否) No,主语+ was/were not.

缩写形式：wasn’t=was not weren’t=were not

e.g. I was watching TV at 9 o’clock last night. at 9 o’clock last night是时间点

They were playing football all afternoon. all afternoon是时间段

At that time she was cleaning the room.

It was raining when they left the station.

练习题：

1. Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center ___ .

a. once a week

b. in a week

c. next week

d. for a week

2. Be quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in the next room.

3. Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he ______ (meet) her in her office tomorrow.

4. The bell for the class rang while they ___________ (play) on the playground.

5. Lucy said it ___________ (rain) later on.

6. He'll write to you as soon as he ___ __ (arrive) in Hainan.

7. The students of Class One_ __(have) a meeting from three to five yesterday afternoon.

8. The sky is black. It __ __ (rain), I'm afraid.

9. If it _ __ (not snow) tomorrow, we'll go skating

10. Mr. and Mrs. Green__ __ (travel) to the south of China next week, aren't they?

11. I__ _ (not see) the film with you because I've seen it already.

12. He told us that he___ __ (stay) here till the next week.

13. I___ __ (lose) my pen this morning. I haven't found it yet.

14. We ______ _____ (study) English for two years.

15. When I (come) into the classroom, she (read) a storybook.

16. She (play) computer games while her mother (cook) yesterday. F:现在完成时

结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词

肯定式：主语+ have/has + 动词的过去分词形式

否定式：主语+ have/has +not +动词的过去分词形式

疑问式：Have/Has+ 主语+动词的过去分词形式?

简略回答：(肯) Yes,主语+have/has. (否) No,主语+ have/has not.

缩写形式：hasn’t= has not haven’t= have not

用法:1.表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，不关心动作发生的时间，只关心动作产生的影响。常与一些时间状语，如already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice 等连用，也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语，如these days, today, this year, so far 等连用。eg：I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)

I have just cleaned the room.（结果是：地面变干净了）

2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在，也许还将继续下去，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用，即for +时间段、since+时间点/从句，in the last ten years 等，谓语只可用延续性动词。

解析：1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种：一种是延续性的，一种是终止性的。终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词/,瞬间动词/点动词)，如begin, start, die, buy, leave, come 等，表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成，不能再延续，所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用，即不能与表示一段时间的状语：for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用，也不能用在how

long 引导的特殊疑问句中。

eg. I've left Shanghai for three days. (×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √).

I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √)

2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有：leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become 等，终止性动词要表示持续时，可用以下方法:

⑴将时间状语改为时间段+ ago，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。

eg.我弟弟参军两年了。——My brother joined the army two years ago.

⑵若保留for+时间段、since+时间点/从句、或用在how long 句型中，则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词.

★常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:

come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open close----be closed

die------be dead become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army /be a soldier

join the Party----be in the Party/be a Party member

e.g. My brother has been in the army for two years.

→My brother has been a soldier for two years.

3.现在完成时中been to, gone to 和been in/at

have been to 去过某地，表示某人的一种经历，可以和once,twice,already,ever,never 等连用.

eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)

have gone to 去某地了，说话时某人已离开此地、在去某地的途中或已在某地, eg. She has gone to Shanghai。(表示现在她人不在这里)

have been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days, since I came here 等连用.

eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.

4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别▲

现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，强调的是现在的情况，不可以和表示过去的时间状语，如yesterday, in 1991,three days ago, last time, last night 等连用。

一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。

He has lived here since 1992. 1992年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里。）

He lived here in 1992. 1992年他住在这里。（不涉及现在他是否还住在这里。）

5.现在完成时中的for 与since

for + 时间段与延续性动词的现在完成时连用= since + 时间段+ ago

since + 时间点/从句

e.g. I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.

6. It is /has been +一段时间+ since 从句. “自从某事发生已有一段时间了.”

eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.

注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时

2.when 引导的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.

3.have got, has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has

练习题:

1. It's a long time since we __ __ (meet) last year, isn't it?

2.--I know you _______ (choose) a picture book among these. --Yes, have a look at it, please.

3. So far, spaceships without people _______ (reach) the moon and some other parts of the

universe.

4. My father__ __ home for nearly three weeks.

A. has gone away from

B. has left

C. has been away from

D. went away

5. Mr. and Mrs. Green have _____in China for a week.

A. been

B. got

C. arrived

D. reached

6.--Where's Mary? - -Oh, she _____the library.

A. has gone to

B. went to

C. has been to

D. had gone to

G:现在完成进行时：

结构：have/has been + 动词-ing

表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。现在完成进行时有时也用来表示经常的反复的动作。如：

I have been sitting here for an hour.我在这儿坐了一小时了。（我一小时前在这儿坐下，现在还坐在这儿。）

He has been doing morning exercises for years.几年来他一直做早操。（几年前开始做早操，现在还在坚持做。）

H:过去完成时：

结构：助动词had + 动词的过去分词(注意) 否定式had not == hadn't

用法：

1. 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。

eg. By the end of last term, we had learned a thousand English words.

By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.

He had finished his homework before his father came back last night.

2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去. eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.

动词的语态

动词的语态---表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

一、被动语态

结构:

1.①行为动词的被动语态：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.

②be 有人称、时态、数的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样：

*一般现在时am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词

*一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词

*一般将来时will +be +及物动词的过去分词

*现在完成时have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词

2.情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

否定式:是在助动词be 或情态动词后加not 构成

疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.

用法: 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者.

eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school?

2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来

表示. eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.

注意点：1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.

2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after, take care of, cut down, laugh at, talk about, turn on 等。eg. Catherine always takes care of the little girl.

→The little girl’s always taken care of by Carherine.

3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有be covered with, be surprised at, be interested in, be worried about, be made of/from, be known to.

4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.

eg. This dictionary sells well. / This kind of car drives fast. / The woolen sweater costs $ 88.

5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系

主动句: 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者)

被动句: 主语+谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者(动作承受者)

1）主动句如何变为被动句:

a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的主语.

b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的结构.

c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作by 的宾语.若不必指出动作的执行者,可省去by 短语.

d.确定be 动词的时态.数.

例如: She makes the beautiful kites.-----The beautiful kites are made by her. (被动句)

2）被动句如何变为主动句.

a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语.

b.找到be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形.

c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语.

d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意)在以上转换中,代词作主语用主格, 代词作宾语用宾格.

6.主动语态中有些动词如:make, see, listen, watch, feel 后常跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态要带上to.

He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.

7.主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时, 通常把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语.

His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday. 练习题: 把下列句子变为被动句:

1. They asked me to come a little later. →I to come a little later.

2. Women often talk about food and clothes.

→Food and clothes often about by women.

3. Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? →this kind of truck __ ___ in Nanjing?

4. We must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must __ _ __ __ twice a day.

5. Can I answer this question in simple English?

→___ __this question __ _ _____ in simple English?

6. You may clean the room after work. →The room may ___ __ _____ __ after work.

1. We use brooms for sweeping the floor. →Brooms_ __ __ _for sweeping the floor.

2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year.

→Quite a few tall buildings _ __ ____ _ in their hometown last year.

3. You must not put the bike there. →The bike _ __ ___ _ ____ _there.

4. Can you see the stars in the daytime? →Can the stars __ ___ __ in the daytime?