科技英语写作高级教程参考答案完整
练习1
II冠词
1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.（Emmet博士2001年毕业
于哈弗大学）
2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an
University of Technology in 1988.（李教授1998年在西安理工大学获得机械工
程博士学位）
3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.（现在我们转向（turn
to）讨论一下局域网）
4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical
spectrometer.（质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器）
5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?（做这个实验
需要多长时间？）
6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.（压力的增加总会引
起体积的减少）
7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).（图（2-5）画出了式（2-2）所表
示的情况）
8.The unit of inductance is the henry.（电感的单位是亨利）
III、改错
1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.（UASMA协议采用了
独特的帧结构）
2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.（最
后，用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器）
3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing
system（先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估）
4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an
arbitrary profile.（该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒）
5.We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.（我们提出
了一种基于牛顿地带发的数值方法）
练习2
1. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.（该电路是由一个电池、一个电感器和一个电容器组成）
2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.（试计算在a、b、c三点处的电场。）
3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.（这颗卫星用于美国与英国、法国、意大利之间的通讯）
4. We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.（我们假设该天线是垂直的，并且其损耗为0）
5. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.（第6、7、8章论述传输线）
II、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用数词
1. Its error is six parts in 101
2.（其误差为千亿分之六）
2. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).（这台计算机存储的信息比那台多3倍）
3. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.（不久的将来对这种设备的需求量是现在的20倍）
4. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.（这个元件上的电压为零点几伏特）
5. Now its internal pressure is one sixteenth what it was.（现在其内部压力是原来的十六分之一）
III、改错
1. This object is over five times heavier than that one is.（这个物体比那个物体重4倍多）
2. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and that I CBO can be neglected.（除非另有说明，我们假设使用的是硅管、I CBO可以忽略不计）
3. This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment.（这个电路的优点是结构简单、容易调整）
4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.（图1、2、3详细地画出了这个过程）
5. For further information, consult references [3, 5, 9].（对于进一步信息，参见文献[3]、[5]、[9]）
练习3
I、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用介词
1. This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.（这种新型计算机与普通计算机相比有许多优点）
2. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.（解这个微分方程把未知量求出来并不难）
3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.（在这新的五章中，第一章论述负反馈的基本原理）
4. At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.（这时，电流与电压相位（phase）相差90°）
5. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.（通过分析该仪器的参数，我们就能了解它的性能）
6. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.（我们要求出它在这一距离上的平均速度）
7. The science of electronics is too important in the world today. （电子学这门科学在现今世界太重要了）
8. They solved this problem with great difficulty.（他们极为困难的解出了这道题）II、画线部分用介词短语表示
1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].
2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] the equation, we
obtained the following expression.（在把这些代数带入该方程后，我们得到了下面的表达式）
3. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.（这个电路的工作情况类似
于图1-10 的电路）
4. This computer is very good in performance.（这台计算机的性能很好）
5. These waves travel only in one direction.（这些波只向一个方向传播）
III、改错
1. This paper presents a new method for the recognition of radar targets.（本文提
出了雷达目标的一种新的识别方法）
2. The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF
is great.（目标的运动状态对EKF的跟踪精度影响是非常大的）
3. Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October.（在10月8日
早上又发射了一颗通信卫星）
4. V oltage is measured in volts.（电压时用伏特来度量的）
5. They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile
communication.（他们将赴北京参加移动通信国际会议）
练习4
1. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.（该力垂直于桌面作用）
2. The three coefficients here remains to be determined.（这里的三个系数有待于确定）
3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in the chapters which follow.（下面的两个式子在后面几章将会经常用到）
4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.（这里我们使用相距10厘米的两个金属球）
5. The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same. （输出保持不变）
6. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.（现有的教科书均讨论了这一问题）
7. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.（计算机由于运算准确、速度快而得到了广泛的应用）
8. The answer to this problem looks correct.（这个题的答案看起来是正确的）
9. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.（两根相距为δ的平行导线有电流i）
10. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.（现在的问题
是如何测量这个元件上的电压）
11. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.（这些数据将传送到2千米外的计算中心）
12. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.（对上面的那个方程整理之后，我们得到下面的表达式）
13. These charges can interact with other charges present.（这些电荷能与存在的其他电荷相互作用）
14. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.（力可以没有接触而传递，这与普通的观念相反）
15. This coefficient is typically 0.35.（这个系数的典型值为0.35）
II、改错
1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]（在这种情况下。输入并不下降，输出也不下降）
2. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.（导体的电阻不仅取决于制成导体的材料，而且取决于导体的尺寸和温度）
3. These scientists are very interested in this topic.（这些科学家们对该论题很感兴趣）
4. This parameter can hardly be measured.（这个参数几乎不能测出来）
5. In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one/ any one else.（在这个实验中，这台仪器比其他任何一台都贵）
6. The features of this device are small size and light weight.（该设备的特点使体积小、重量轻）
练习5
I、画线部分用短语表示
1. This equation can be solved in either of the following two ways/the two ways which follow.（这个方程我们可以用以下两种方法的任何一种来求解）
2. This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground.（这个棒球不久会停下来，是因为它与地面相互作用的缘故）
3. Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct.（我们把这个系数选为1是正确的）
4. From its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).（从把它定义为力与长度之比，我们可以看出k具有与功相同的单位）
5. Our analysis of the machine is of great significance.（我们对该机器的分析是很有意义的）
6. This facilitates their use in circuit analysis.（这有助于把他们用在电路分析中）II、画线部分用名词或名词短语表示
1. This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox. （这辆警车装备了像火柴盒那样大小的接收机）
2. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components. （人们使用一根丝线（silk thread）的百分之一那样粗细（diameter）的导线（wire）来连接这些部件）
3. We must water cool these equipments/devices. （我们必须对这些设备进行水冷却）
4. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected.（在过去，电话是靠接线员（operator）来连接的）
5. AC can be changed/turned/converted/transformed/translated into/to DC, a process called/known as/referred to as rectification.（交流电可以被转换成直流电，这一过程被称为整流（rectification））
6. A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.（磁铁（magnet）能吸引铁质材料（iron material），这是大家熟悉的现象）
7. Computers are capable of processing information, a process that previously could be accomplished only inside our heads.（计算机能够处理信息，而这一过程以前只能在我们头脑里完成）
8. An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.（万用表是测量电流、电压、电阻的仪表，它广泛的用在电器工程中）
III、翻译
1. Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems.（在1.1和1.2节将讨论其它几个问题，sec.）
2. Problems are listed/given on pp. 1-5.（习题列在第1-5页上）
3. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters.（在上面的几个式子中，所有的h都是混合参数）
4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277 kilograms.（标准磅的质
量等于0.4535924277千克）
5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance Ro.（式5-1中所有的a和b
都与阻抗R0有关）
6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.（我
们必须把温度对半导体的影响考虑进去）
7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.（在这种情况下，输出
随输入的变化是很小的）
8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed. （这一曲线表示出了
距离对于速度的依从关系）
IV、改错
1. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation.（他们都不会解这类特殊的微分方程）
2. They do not know whether this material can stand so large a force or not.（他们不知道这材料能否承受这么大的力）
3. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes.（共有M个多边形，其每个顶点数均为N）
4. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software.（这两位工程师在忙于设计一种新的软件）
5. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum.（铁的导电性能几乎与铝一样好）
练习6
I、画线部分用插入语表示
1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.（人们将会注意到，这个像是个实像）
2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.（我们希望，这个技术问题不久就会解决）
3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.（210近似为1000，这一点我们认为在学习数字电子学中是很有用的）
4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.（这里应该使用一个比如说100欧姆的电阻器）
II、翻译，正确表达否定和时态
1. None of those textbooks have/has mentioned this point.（那些教科书均没有提到这一点）
2. All of these x values cannot satisfy the equation.（这些x值并非都能满足该方程）
3. Neither of the two conditions is satisfied here.（那两个条件在此都没有得到满足）
4. In the preceding/previous chapter, we discussed all kinds of force.（在前一章，我
们讨论了能量）
5. This paper describes a new method for designing aircraft.（本文论述了设计飞机的
一种新方法）
6. By the end of the last century, the company had manufactured 5 000 radars.（到上个
世纪末，该公司已经制造了5000部雷达）
7. Since 2008, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot.（自从2008年以来，这个研究所一直在开发一种特殊的机器人）
III、翻译正确使用被动句
1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.（在1.2节介绍了力的概念）
2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful. （早在20
世纪40年代，人们发现半导体是非常有用的）
3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.（这一结果也能用另一种方法来获
得(arrive at)）
4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, this phenomenon was made
no use of.（当时人们没有使用（make use of）这一现象）
5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.（这一点将在下一章讨论（deal with））
IV、翻译，正确使用表示比较的句型
1. This computer works much better than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is).（这台计算机的性能比那台好得多）
2. This computer requires many more components than that one (does).（这台计算机所需的元件数比那台多得多）
3. The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240 000 miles.（月亮离地球的距离远达24万英里）
4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)（电阻（resistance）越大，电容器（capacitor）达到其最大电压（voltage）所需的时间越长）
5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.（小达0.1A的电流不能产生足够的热量）
V、改错
1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.（我们容易确定该物体的质量）
2. The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.（这两位工程师忙于设计一种新的计算机）
3. We find this concept very difficult to explain.（我们发现这个概念很难解释）
4. None of these windows can withstand so large a force.（这些窗户均承受不了这么大的力）
5. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by/times distance.（功等于力乘以距离）
6. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. [… are in agreement with the experimental values.]（所得结果与实验数值想吻合）
练习7
I、画线部分使用不定式
1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.（借助计算机设计这种飞机只需要几个月的时间）
2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.（证明（show）这个表达式成立（hold）就留作读者的一个练习）
3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.（要执行（execute）的程序存储在这一单元中）
4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.（这山谷（valley）用作
为建坝（dam）的基础（foundation））
5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.（这实验中有许多种仪表供学生选择）
6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.（设（let）t0等于零）
7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.（目标离得越远，回波（echo）返回所需的时间久越长）
8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.（为使该级数（series）收敛（converge），x必须小于1）
9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.（我们发现这个概念很难理解）
10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.（这方法使得检测（detect）目标容易得多了）
11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.（这个因素会影响计算机存储信息的能力）
12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.（我们得求出使r为多大时才能使该级数收敛）
13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.（这是画画所用的笔）
14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.（弹性（elasticity）是物体变形（deform）后能恢复（return to）原状的趋势） 15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.（普通物质被说成是电中性的（electrically neutral））
16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.（这一性质使得金属能被做成任何的形状）
17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.（这张桌子不适宜学生做实验）
18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.（现在我们考虑取什么样的积分路径（path of integration））
II、改错
1. The sine law of the variation of light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized.（强调指出了光强随圆柱体直径变化的正弦规律）
2. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.（不仅温度和光影响导电率，而且给半导体加杂志也会使导电率变化很大）
3. Various satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.（人们经常发射各种卫星来获得有关太空的信息）
4. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.（我们的半导体工业是在20世纪50年代形成的）
5. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.（我和我的同事们愿对w.史密斯教授给予我们的大力帮助表示感谢）
练习8
I、画线部分使用分词或分词短语
1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.（该放大器（amplifier）放大（amplify）接收到的信号）
2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.（运动的分子（molecule）具有动能（kinetic energy））
3. Speed equals distance divided by time.（速度等于距离除以时间）
4. V oltage equals/（is equal to）current multiplied by resistance. （电压等于电流乘以电阻）
5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.（空气阻力随速度的增加而增加）
6. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on/round an iron core.（变压器（transformer）是由绕（wind）在铁芯（iron core）上的两个或多个线圈（coil）组成的一种装置）
7. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.（必须求出流过这个元件上的电流）
8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.（这本书，如果使用得当，对读者是很有帮助的）
9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.（流过电路的时候，电流会失去一部分能量）
10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.（若已知时间和速度，我们就能求出距离来）
11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.（学完这章后，学生们将懂得计算机的原理了）
12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.（由于光速极大，我们不能用普通的方法来测量它）
13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.（在过去发射了几颗通信卫星（comsat），它们都是高空（high-altitude）卫星）
14. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network.（英特网被称为“所有网络之母”，它是使用极为广泛对国际网络）
15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.（这个力可以分解（resolve）成两个分量（component），一个是水平的（horizontal）一个是垂直的（vertical））
II、画线部分使用“with”结构
1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.（让我们
以原点（origin）为圆心画一个半径为R的圆）
2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.（这个参数应该在E接地
（ground）的情况下加以测量）
3. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.（若电路中没有电阻，电流就会无限增大）
4. With this in view, we have written this book.（由于考虑到这一点，我们编写了这本书）
5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle.（本文介绍了一种新的设计方法，重点放在其原理上）
III、画线部分使用动名词表示
1.Let us consider designing a computer.（让我们来考虑设计一台计算机）
2.We refer to these components as being passive.（我们把这些元件称为（refer to …
as）是无源的（passive））
3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.（这涉及（involve）到取傅氏变换）
4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.
（对上面的方程整理（rearrange）后，我们得到了以下一个方程组）
5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as 1.（在使用这
个式子时，把哪一个平面看成1是没有关系的）
IV、改错
1. Given/Knowing resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.（已知电阻和电流，就能计算出电压来）
2. The price of this instrument is high.（这台仪器的价格很昂贵）
3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.（机器人是一种特殊的电子设备）
4. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.（电流就在我们闭合电路的那一瞬间开始流动）
5. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.（这六个月来他们一直在设计一种新型的计算机）
练习9
I、画线部分用状语从句
1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.（直到引入（introduce）了一种完全不同的概念，这个问题才得到了解决）
2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.（在过了将近100年之后才由实验证实了（confirm）亚原子微粒（subatomic particles）的存在）
3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.（在发明该设备的那年，爆发了第二次世界大战）
4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.（虽然（as）原子很小，它们是由更小的微粒构成的）
5. These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate
normally.（这两个电阻（resistor）应该选择使得该晶体管（transistor）能正常工作）
6. The body is in such a state that it can do work. （该物体处于这样的状态（state）以至于它能做功）
II、画线部分用同位语从句
1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.（电压是电流和电阻之乘积（product）这一关系（relation）适用于一切直流电路（dc circuit））
2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.（磁（magnetism）能够产生电流这一发现在电学领域是极为重要的）
3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.（方程式就是两个代数式（algebraic expression）相等的一种代数陈述（algebraic statement））
4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.（有证据表明，月球上没有生命存在）
5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.（现在出现了这么个问题，该算法（algorithm）是否实用呢？）
6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.（在这种情况下，不能保证该级数（series）是收敛的（convergent））
7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.（人们越来越认识到这些方法是很有用的）
8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.（当时最显著的（noteworthy）成就之一是人们认识到了光是由电磁波（electromagnetic wave）组成的）
9. This is due to/is caused by/results from the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.（这是由于在导体中存在许多自由电子引起的）
10. Besides/In addition to the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.（除了材料的性质应该包括在分析模型之中外，我们还必须把其他因素考虑进去）
III、改错
1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept,
analyze and jam this kind of signal.（这些特点使电子对抗系统难以截获、分析
和干扰这种信号）
2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.（这些现象的存在及对他们的控制能力使得制造那些器件成为了可能）
3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.（滤波器的齿数变化对滤波器通带性能的影响比结构尺寸变化产生的影响大）
4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.（标量检测会失去
部分相位信息）
5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.（图6表示出了本征参数变化法测量散射参数的原理图）
练习10
I、画线部分用名词从句表示
1. 现在有待于确定该级数何时收敛。Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.
2.从杜巴梅尔定理可清楚的看出，这个极限是存在的。It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.
3. 有麦克斯韦假设得知，每当电场发生变化时就产生磁场。It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.
4.在这种情况下磁铁是否被运动是没有关系的。It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.
5. 温度决定了热传递朝哪个方向发生。Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.
6.一切物质均是由微粒构成的，这现在已是一个众所周知的事实了。It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.
II、画线部分用what从句表示
1. 发电机所做的是把机械能转化为电能。What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2. 这一章所讲的内容非常重要。What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.
3.物质是能够占有空间的东西。Matter is what can occupy space.
4. 在这个实验中我们所发现的是电现象这一崭新领域。What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.
5. 这个方向与假设的方向相反。This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.
6. 大小方向和作用点就是我们所说的一个力的三要素。Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.
7. 这些数构成了所谓的实数系。These numbers constitute what is known as the real
number system.
8. 在下面，我们要熟悉一些基本概念。In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves
with some basic concepts.
III、改错
1.图7表示了x波段波导测试系统。An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].
2. 这种方法降低了对采用网络硬件的要求。This method lowers the requirement for
the hardware of a sample network.
3. 根据上面对该多项式分解的分析，就得到了一种新颖的排列。On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]
4. 最后用计算机仿真对窗口损耗概率进行了分析。Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.
5.导出的阻抗矩阵稀疏率高达40%。The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.
练习11
I、画线部分用定语从句。
1.我们用来测量一个电阻上的电压的仪表被称作电压表。( The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.)
2.计算机是人类所有过的最有效的助手.( Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.)
3. 现在这种病不再是原来那样的严重的问题了.(Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.)
4. 雷达可以测出无线电回波返回所需要的时间.(Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.)
5.我们必须计算出该物体被提起的距离.( We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.)
6. 一个物体运动的方向也是很重要的.(The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.)
7. 这个质点每秒钟振动的次数被叫做频率.(The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.)
8. 我们使两个比值相等，由此得出了最简式.(We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.)
9.需要确定y分量降为零的时间.( It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.)
10.其每一点的y坐标都为零的曲线就是x轴.(The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.)
II、画线部分用以“介词+which”开头的定语从句
1. 该圆切割实轴的点处于α= ω处.(The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.)
2. 重力意思是地球吸引物体的力.(The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.)
3.电子在其上面产生图像的显像管的表面成为荧光屏.（The surface of a picture tube
upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.）
4.作者要感谢本书所属的那套丛书的编辑们.( The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.)
5.这事给定的两个矢量为其边的一个平行四边形.( This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.)
6. 压强等于总的力除于所施压的面积.(The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.)
7. 组成水的两个元素是氢和氧.(The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.)
8. 这取决于产生电子的效率.(This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.)
9.这两的定律是建立其他所有定律的基础.( These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.)
10.水结冰的温度一般是0o C.( The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.) III、画线部分用as从句表示
1. 如标题所示，本章将讨论非线性方程.(As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.)
2. 顾名思义，流体就是一种可以流动的物质.(As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.)
3. 这单个力产生的效应与那几个力一起产生的效应相同.(This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.)
4. 现在我们能够理解像出现在物理中的这种方程了.(Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics. )
5.这个功能可以用像上一节中所描述的全加器来完成.( This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.)
6.这些概念是我们能够理解静电学，即人们通常所说的静电中广泛的现象.( These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.)
7. 这个电流，正如预测的那样，是特别小的.(This current is, as predicted, very small,)
8.首先让我们来考虑一下如第2页上所示的那个简单的电路.( First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.)
IV、画线部分用“than”等从句表示
1. 这个值比我们预料的稍微高一点.(This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.)
2. 这个反应堆能产生比它消耗得多的燃料.(This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes. )
3. 让我们来考虑一下当力矩为零的情况.(Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.)
4.我们必须确定当开关闭合时的电流和电压值.( We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.)
5. 自从本书首次出版以来的十年间，金属加工业发生了很大的变化.(During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.)
V、改错
1.甚至在这种情况下，这些协议也能为数量有限的用户提供质量可接受的语音服务..( Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.)
2. 本书介绍了8098微控制器与386PC机串行通信的方法.（This paper presents a method for an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.）
3. 对均衡器参数对均衡性能的影响进行了详细分析（The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzed in detail. [A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]）
4. 图1中的接收机每个信道包括射频放大器、混频器、中频放大器、A/D转换器等.（Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier, a mixer, an IF amplifier, an A/D converter, etc.（注意：句尾的句号与缩略词“etc.”的黑点重合在一起了））
5.异常程度越大，残留的失配就越大，曲线就上扬. The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.
练习12
I、1. be grounded; 2. be carried; 3. be raised; 4. be; 5. not try; 6. be; be satisfied; 7. be; 8. be; was; have; 10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14. be;
15. leak
II、虚拟语气
1.一旦出现不正常的情况，立即关闭电源.(Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.)
2. 如果当时不使用电子计算机，我们解这个题就要花费很长时间. (Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.)
3. 在原方程中检验一下所有的解是十分重要的. (It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.)
4.人们建议这个设计应立即加以修改.(It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.)
5. 若没有半导体，卫星通信就不可能了.(Without semiconductors, satellite communications would be impossible.)
6. 我们本来也可以用定理导出这一结果.(We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.)
7. 能量要守恒这一要求必须得到满足.(The requirement that energy (should) be
conserved must be satisfied.)
8.这里的每一样东西，不论是原件还是配件，都是国产的.( Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.)
III、强调句型
1.是这位科学家在一个世纪前发现了这一现象.( It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.)
2. 钨就是用于电灯里的那种金属.(Tungsten is the very metal used in electric lamps.)
3.声波通过介质的速度的确取决于介质的性质(The speed with which sound waves move through a medium does depend on the properties of the medium.)
4. 尚不清楚到底在什么情况下才能使用这个公式.(It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.)
5.这一性质我们称之为惯性.( This property we call inertia.)
IV、改错
1. 作者现在从事于计算机视觉、图像处理和识别.(The author is engaged in the teaching of and the research on computer vision, and image processing and recognition.)
2.设P和Q为同阶的两个布尔排列，那么他们的合成为一个新的布尔排列.( Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.)
3.我们给出了三种算法，这些算法能明显的减少提起画笔的时间，从而提高绘画的速率.( Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.)
4. 本文所讲的内容对通讯工程师来说是很感兴趣的.What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.
5. 本文介绍了用于估算多普勒调频率的最小熵方法，它与经典方法相比具有精度高、计算量小的优点.(The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.)
练习13
I、画线部分倒装.
1.所谓电动势，指的是当没有电流流动时电池两端的电位差。(By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current.)
2. 下表列出的是大家熟悉的计算机的各种参数.(In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.)
3. 元素不能分解，也不能用化学方法加以拆散.（An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.）
4. 只有当x=8时，这个方程式才成立.(Only when x = 8, does this equation hold/apply.)
5. 特别重要的是以下两个概念.(Of particular importance/Especially important are the
two concepts which follow.)
6. 这样的集我们称之为数系.(Such a set we call the mathematical system.)
7.几乎没有人绝对精确的知道这个函数. (Rarely does one know this function with precision.)
8. 电场和磁场之间的这种相互关系使得电磁铁和发动机成为了可能.(This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.)
9. 知道1818年，光的绕射才得到了解释.(Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.)
10.在导线中，电子绝不会从正端流向负端.( By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.)
II、画线部分用省略句。
1. 空气阻力的影响在15章中讨论，而加速度随高度的增加而降低则在第17章中讨论.(The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.)
2. 必须求出这个电容器上的电荷和电压.(It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.)
3.在这种情况下，不需要标准，而仅仅需要一个数字习惯.( In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.)
4.这个电压小于或等于0.4伏.( This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volt.)
5. 阴极受热时能够发射电子.(The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.)
6.每个物体，不论受到加速与否，均被认为是平衡状态.( Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.)
7. 如果需要，该导线将涂有某种绝缘物.(If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.)
8. 该晶体把他的材料排列成p-n-p的，因而得到了pnp晶体管这一名称.(The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.)
III、画线部分用分割句型
1. （本文）对该设备的性能做了初步的分析.(An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.)
2. 磁场是在磁铁周围、有磁力线所占据的空间.(The magnetic field is the space around
a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.)
3. 这就导致该模型的电池电压为500毫伏.(This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 500 mV.)
4. 这曲线图表示了电阻器的电阻随频率的变化情况.(This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.0
5. 这造成了降落在大地上的一半以上的水返回到了大气层.(This is responsible for
the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land.)
6. 现在出现了这个问题，如何能确定这些未知数呢？(The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined.)
7.必须确定改变周围温度对该器件的影响.( It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.)
8. 已经作出假设，在测试期间压力总是保持不变.(The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test.)
IV、改错
1.模拟结果表明，所有这两种方案是很容易实现的.( The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.0
2. 本文提出的模型和算法比传统的BP算法在性能上有一定的优越性.(The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.)
3. 本文提出了估算频率偏移的一种新方法，其精度高、计算量小.(A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires
a small amount of computation.)
4.利用超分辨率方法来提高在ISAR成像中距离调整的精度.( Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by) using the super resolution technique)
5. 对密码编译器中的DTMF的研究及实现.（Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder）
6. 石英扰性加速度计抗恶环能力的分析.(Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment)
华科双学位英语new
2008级、07级（五年制）英语二学位通知 2008级、2007级（五年制）申请修读华中科技大学英语第二学位的同学请注意：非华科大同学请于2010年3月5号上七校联合办学网查看自己的分班情况及课表，仔细阅读课表下方有关上课时间、上课地点以及教材购买等的通知，按通知要求做好上课前的准备，并根据课表的安排准时到指定地点上课。华科大的同学除上述要求外，还必须于缴费当天上班时间持缴费收据到科技楼南楼212注册。 华中科技大学外国语学院英语系 2009年12月20号
英语双学位（1班---16班）2009－2010学年度第二学期课表（周六上课） 第一次上课时间: 2010年3月6号（第一周周六）上课地点: 东九教学楼（上午8：30----11：40，下午2：00----5：10） 请同学们第一次上课时于7：50以前到达上课地点，以便有充足的时间购买教材；请仔细阅读课表下方的有关通知 注：第一次上课时间：2010年3月6号（第一周周六）； （2010年3月6号为第一周周六，2010年3月7号为第二周周日，3月13号为第二周周六，3月14号为第三周周日，以此类推。）上课周次：周六班（1---16班）：1---3周、5---12周、14---15周； 除按课表已安排的周次正常上课外，本学期节假日（如清明节、五·一节、端午节）均安排补课。
英语双学位（17班---26班）2009－2010第二学期课表（周日上课） 第一次上课时间: 2010年3月7号（第二周周日）上课地点: 东九教学楼（上午8：30----11：40，下午2：00----5：10） 请同学们第一次上课时于7：50以前到达上课地点，以便有充足的时间购买教材；请仔细阅读课表下方的有关通知 注：第一次上课时间：2010年3月7号（第二周周日） （2010年3月6号为第一周周六，2010年3月7号为第二周周日，3月13号为第二周周六，3月14号为第三周周日，以此类推。）上课周次：（17---28班）：2---4周、6 ---12周、14周、16周 除按课表已安排的周次正常上课外，本学期节假日（如清明节、五·一节、端午节）均安排补课。
科技英语写作高级教程参考答案完整
练习1 II冠词 1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.（Emmet博士2001年毕业 于哈弗大学） 2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in 1988.（李教授1998年在西安理工大学获得机械工 程博士学位） 3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.（现在我们转向（turn to）讨论一下局域网） 4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer.（质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器） 5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?（做这个实验 需要多长时间？） 6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.（压力的增加总会引 起体积的减少） 7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).（图（2-5）画出了式（2-2）所表 示的情况） 8.The unit of inductance is the henry.（电感的单位是亨利） III、改错 1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.（UASMA协议采用了 独特的帧结构） 2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.（最 后，用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器） 3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system（先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估） 4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.（该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒） 5.We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.（我们提出 了一种基于牛顿地带发的数值方法） 练习2 1. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.（该电路是由一个电池、一个电感器和一个电容器组成） 2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.（试计算在a、b、c三点处的电场。） 3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.（这颗卫星用于美国与英国、法国、意大利之间的通讯） 4. We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.（我们假设该天线是垂直的，并且其损耗为0）
实用英语写作大纲
VII. 实用英语写作 一、课程基本情况 1．学分： 1 学时：16 （理论学时：16 实验学时：0 ）2．课程类别：限选课 3．适用专业：非英语专业本科 4．适用对象：非英语专业本科三年级学生（第五学期） 5．先修课程：大学英语 6．教材与参考书目： 教材：教师讲义 参考书：《新世纪实用英语写作》，张玉娟，陈春田，外语教学与研究出版社，2003 《英语应用文写作大全》，《英语应用文写作大全》编写组，社会科学出文献出 版社 《英语应用文写作》，杨晓钰，重庆大学出版社 《英语写作系列-英汉应用文手册》，傅似逸，北京大学出版社 《英语常用应用文写作》，韩铁椿、陈汉华，上海财经大学出版社 《实用英语写作教程》，李予军编著，国防工业出版社，2008年 《研究生英语写译教程》，杨若东、袁锡兴，中国人民大学出版社，2004 《英语论文写作》，石坚、帅培天，四川人民出版社，2005 《高级英语写作教程》，马红军、毛卓亮，中国对外翻译出版公司，2006 二、课程介绍 1．实用英语写作作为一种国际商贸动作和国际事务交往过程中必不可少的交际工具, 对贸易的缔结和双边关系的保持起着举足轻重的作用。随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展,国际商务交往日益频繁，为了增强学生在国际商务活动中的交际能力,培养复合型人才,本课程向学生提供了一个选材广泛和能体现各种商务情景的优秀范文资料库,帮助学生了解涉外英语中最常见的和最常用的各种信函的用途,使学生在学习各种信函的同时,不仅能够熟悉各种信函的英文表达法,而且能够广泛增加有关商务活动的知识,从而提高他们运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2．本门课是专业教学计划中的普通教育必修课，与先前英语基础课的关系是其后续的专业英语课。 3．本课程的教学目的：旨在使学生掌握各类英语书信的语言特点及篇章结构；了解便条及卡片、社交信函、求职、求学申请信的起草方法和各类信件的写作方法；熟悉各类涉外证件、商务信函、对外经济贸易中的技术交流合同、保险、外贸业务相关的各类电传以及广告、产品使用说明及产品维护等信函的写作技巧等。
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-2-Initiating-Research
Unit 2 Initiating Research Objectives - Understand what a research is - Become aware of two language features of academic writing - Initiate your research Contents - Reading and discussion: What is a research? - Language focus: personal pronoun and nominalization - Writing practice: topic selection; focus formulating; a working title; outlining - Research practice: start the research 1.Reading Activity This unit aims to describe what a research is, bring you an awareness of two language features of academic writing, and finally help you initiate a research of your own. 1.1 Pre-reading Task Before you learn the detailed steps to initiate a research, please discuss the following questions: What is the purpose of initiating a research? How do you select the topic? What kind of topic can be studied?
BEC初级至高级全套用书下载链接必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资
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周 次 学 时 分 配 内 容 课外阅读及 习题作业 备 注 讲 授 实 验 上 机 其 它 1 2 0 0 0 Diagnostic test (writing a narrative essay) and introduction Group SES 2 2 0 0 0 Discussing the Diagnostic test and “show more than tell ”(1) Oral discussion 3 2 0 0 0 Show more than tell ”(2) Oral discussion 4 2 0 0 0 Personal experience essay A Personal experience 5 2 0 0 0 Description and sensory details (1) Group discussion 6 2 0 0 0 Description and sensory details(2) Group discussion 7 2 0 0 0 Description and sensory details(3) Group discussion 8 2 0 0 0 Descriptive essay Describing a person 9 2 0 0 0 National holiday A holiday 10 2 Addressing the audience An opening speeching 教 学 进 度 2016-2017 学年 第 一 学期 外语 系 英语（本） 专业 2015 年级 1 、2 班 课程名称 高级英语写作教程 讲授教师 实验教师 总学时数 学 时 分 配 每周学时 讲 授 实 验 上机 其 它 32 32 2
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-1-Understanding-Academic-English
Unit 1 Understanding Academic English Objectives: - Learn the purpose of this course - Get to understand different voices that people often use in their communication - Understand features of academic English - Build your learning ability via the Internet - Meet your teacher and new classmates Contents - Teacher’s introduction - Reading and discussion: How’s your voice? - Language focus: word choice, and structural complexity - Writing practice: understanding different styles - Rewriting practice: consolidating academic English writing skills - Classroom extension: Internet survey on features of academic English
1.Reading Activity 1.1 Pre-reading Task Do you know how to write a paper with an academic voice? Most Chinese students use only the casual voice for their daily life purposes, which does not fit the academic writing style. When you can learn to use an academic voice and a formal writing style, you will gain authority and respect for yourself as a researcher as well as a research writer. Read the following three texts with different kinds of voice and tell what they differ in. 1.2 Reading Passage HOW’S YOUR VOICE? Casual Voice Hey, dude, no way you can sit here! Huzzah! We won! We beat ‘em! Ha! Blue Vampires. They think they’re so great. We showed ‘em. Go Aardvarks! Yuck! I hate broccoli with those nasty, stinkin’ mush-rooms. Why do we gotta have these things again, man?! www, we gotta cancel the Consultative Voice You’re not allowed to sit in this area, because it’s a safety concern. I’m so glad for our team, the great Fighting Aardvarks, and now together we celebrate this victory. I’d prefer not to have this particular vegetable again, if it’s possible. Does anyone really enjoy this combination of mushrooms and broccoli? It’s possible that our party might have to be postponed or canceled because of the Academic Voice This area must be kept clear for foot traffic. The Fighting Aardvarks claimed victory over the Blue Vampires in the final round tonight. Both teams competed well and the fans are enthusiastic. Very few people enjoy this broccoli and mushroom dish. Therefore, it will not be served again within this calendar year, or the servers will be killed. Due to the inclement weather, the Annual Tattoo Party will not
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 5 Reporting Results
Unit 5 Reporting Results Objectives: -Understand the function and the major elements of the results section; -Learn the major steps to deal with the results section; -Use the tips for describing graphic information; -Grasp the tips for making comparison and contrast; -Learn the skills for choosing appropriate graphs and making graphs. Contents: - Teacher’s introduction; - Reading and discussion: Types of Language for Thinking and Lexical Collocational Errors; - Language focus: graphic description; comparison and contrast; -Writing practice: using graphs and describing graphs (tables and charts); - Rewriting practice: grasping the major moves for outlining the results section; - Classroom extension: descriptions of data and graphs when reporting results. 1.Reading Activity 1.1 Pre-reading Task Do you know how to report the results of your research? The standard approach to the results section of a research paper is to present the results with the statistical
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit6key
Unit 6 Keys for 1.3.1 Keys for 1.3.2 2.1.1 Cause: iron Effect: carcinogenesis 2.1.3 1. Firstly; 2.Furthermore; 3. because of; 4. can lead to; 5. causing; 6. cause; 7. due to 2.1.4Notes into a Causal Paragraph
There are several factors to be taken into account when studying why some plants become weak or die. One reason is lack of water. Dryness in the soil causes the leaves to wilt, and may give rise to the death of the plant. On the other hand, too much water may result in the leaves drooping, or becoming yellow. While sunshine is necessary for plants, if it is too strong, the soil may be baked and the roots killed. However, if there is no light, the leaves will become pale and the stems thin. Consequently the plant may die. Keys for 2.2.1 Examples of strengthening a claim: We observed borderline statistically significant elevated risks for … It lends strong support to … We observed a stronger positive association for … We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver,… In contrast to our findings, childhood leukemia has been positively associated with intake of processed meats in a case-control study. Examples of weakening a claim: Our study suggests a threshold effect for red meat intake on esophageal cancer risk,… It is possible that the referent group had a smaller-than-expected cancer incidence by chance. We observed a suggestion of an elevated risk for advanced prostate cancer with both meat types. This could explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature as most previous studies have not specifically addressed advanced prostate cancer. Although breast cancer risk related to meat intake did not appear to differ by menopausal status in our study, we had very few premenopausal cases (n = 94) and lacked information on hormone receptor status for a large number of cases. Associations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energy balance in general, whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress. An earlier start in data collection would have increased the time needed to survey more participants. Ideally, the number of participant would have been more evenly distributed across gender/year in population. A larger sample with diversity would have benefited our results. A decrease in the consumption of red and processed meat could reduce the incidence of cancer at multiple sites. Keys for 2.3 In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was
科技英语写作高级教程参考答案
V、练习参考答案 练习1 I、 1、the（各项均为负。) 2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。） 3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。） 4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。） 5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。） 6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。） 7、an （这是一个h参数。） 8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。） 9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。） 10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。） 11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。） 12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。） 13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。） 14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！） II、 1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001. 2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in 1988. 3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks. 4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer. 5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment? 6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume. 7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2). 8.The unit of inductance is the henry. III、 1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure. 2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method. 3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system 4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会找到它。对芝加哥可完
《实用英语写作1》教学大纲
《实用英语写作1》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程代码：03112B 课程名称：实用英语写作 英文名称：The Practical English Writing 课程类别：学科专业基础课程 学时：34 学分：2 适用专业:英语 先修课程：基础英语、听力、口语、语法、文化阅读系列课程 二、课程的性质与任务 《实用英语写作》是英语专业本科生的一门学科专业基础课程，开设在第三学期。本课程的任务是通过对英语写作基本知识和技巧的学习以及实际写作的练习，要求学生系统掌握有关词汇、句子、段落以及通知便条的基本理论、写作方法及基本写作技巧，能独立完成既定内容的写作。 三、课程教学目标 通过对本课程一学期的学习，学生应该具备基本的英语语句和语篇概念，能熟练运用所学语法知识及词汇组句成段，了解段落布局的基本方法，初步掌握基本修辞方法，具备篇章分析能力，能写出得体的英语段落，熟练段落写作技巧及文体，会写通知、便条。 四、教学方法与手段 教学中采用教师为主导、学生为主体的教学模式，具体运用讲授法、小组讨论法与实践写作相结合的教学方法来完成该课程的教学，引导学生要勤于思考、勇于评论，培养学生的思辨能力和表达能力。充分利用现代化的教学手段，开发新的教学资源。 五、教学内容与课时分配
章节教学内容课时 课时分配讲授实践 第一章课程简介及格式211 第二章词汇844 第三章句子1688 第四章段落633 第五章通知便条211 六、考核方式 1、考核形式：考试 2、过程性考核和期末考试相结合 考试范围涵盖所讲授的实用英语写作课程的全部内容。最终成绩由平时成绩（20%）和期末考试成绩（70%）按一定比例折算后以百分制计，卷面考试试题为选择、判断、配对、改错、填空、应用文写作与篇章写作等题型。 七、教材及主要参考书 1.教材:杨立明,徐克容.现代大学英语基础写作（上下册）[M].北京： 外语教学与研究出版社，2005. 2.主要参考书: 1)Kirszner,L,G.&Mandell,S,R.(2008).The Wadsworth Handbook:Eighth Edition [M].北京：中国人民大学出版社. 2)Langan,J.(2007).College Writing Skills with Readings:Sixth Edition[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 3)Weigle,S.C.(2010).Assessing Writing[M]Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 4）丁往道,吴冰.英语写作手册[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2003. 5）姜亚军,马素萍.英语写作教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2008. 6）马红军,毛卓亮.高级英语写作教程[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版社，2003.
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-7-Concluding-Research
Unit Seven Concluding Research Objectives: ─ Be clear about t he significance of this section ─ Try to understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing ─ Learn to be skilled in p araphrasing in academic writing ─ Learn to restate your thesis statement ─ L earn to draw a conclusion Contents: ─ Brief introduction to this section ─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a Conclusion section? ─ Language Focus: How to su mmarize and paraphrase ─ Writing Practice: How to r estate your research objectives ─ Writing Project: How to outline your conclusion
1. Reading Activity The conclusion of a research paper reaffirms the thesis statement, discusses the issues, and reaches a final judgment. It is a belief based on your reasoning and on the evidence you have accumulated. This is the place for sharing with readers the conclusions you have reached because of your research. A conclusions is usually a shorter section of an academic text. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented. It should be a strong recapitulation of your major ideas. 1.1 Pre-reading Task The following is the concluding section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then have a discussion with your classmates: 1)What is the function of the concluding section in a research paper? 2)What information elements does a concluding section normally include? 1.2 Reading Passage Our experiment indicated that learners better comprehended English idioms sharing the same metaphoric themes as Chinese than those sharing different metaphoric themes, conforming to Boers & Demecheleer's (2001) study result with French-speaking subjects. NL (native language) played an important role, in that positive transfer appeared in most subjects' understanding of idioms with identical expressions and meanings in NL and TL (target language), and negative transfer appeared in the understanding of those with similar expressions and meanings or those with identical expressions but different meanings in NL and TL; besides, negative transfer occurred in the understanding of every kind of English idioms. Finally, though the idioms in the experiment were rated as having an intermediate level of semantic transparency and were listed without any contextual clues, 37% of the subjects’ responses were completely or partially correct, giving support to the point that a cognitive semantic view can facilitate the learning of idioms for non-native speakers. This study has several implications for teaching idioms. Firstly, it is important to inform learners of the different metaphoric themes in the target culture. Secondly, more attention should be given to idioms without NL equivalents. Thirdly, overt comparisons can be made to show learners which idioms can be transferred from their NLs and which idioms are likely to cause interference, thus taking advantage of positive transfer while avoiding the occurrence of negative transfer. Fourthly, while helping learners realize the absurdity of the literal meanings of some English idioms, encourage them to tackle the semantics of the idiom as a problem-solving task, and