虚拟语气

英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。语气除了用语音或语调去表现外，最主要的是通过动词的变化而表示不同语气。英语中的语气分为三类：现在式{谓语动词用原型（第三人称-s)}；过去式(谓语动词用动词单位过去式)；将来时（谓语动词用will、shall+动词或be going to +v、were to）例如：I am a teacher. He finished his homework. They're going to visit the Great Wall next week.

虚拟语气：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。虚拟语气常在表示条件状语从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时动词有三种时态：现在时，过去时，将来时。例如：if you are free, please help me with my homework.(陈述句）If

I were free, I would help you with your homework.（虚拟句）通过比较你会发现第二句的动词形式非常特殊"I were""would help", 然而虚拟句正是通过这样的动词变化来达到这样的表达效果：委婉的说出我想帮助你，可我没时间。下面分别介绍虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法。

一. if引导的虚拟条件句

1. 虚拟条件句的标准句

(1)表示与现在事实相反:

If I were you, I should stay at home.

如果我是你的话，我该呆在家里。

If the peasants could farm the land themselves, food production would be much higher.

如果这些农民可以自己种田，粮食产量会更高些。

If fewer cash crops were grown, and more food could be produced, then there would be less or no starvation.

如果少种些经济作物，多生产些粮食，那么就会少些或者没有挨饿情况。

(2)表示与过去事实相反:

If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.

要是你昨天来的话，你就会遇到他。

If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many deaths.

如果飓风在白天发生的话，就不会造成许多人死亡。

(3)表示与将来事实相反:

If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.

如果你明天来，我们就会开会。

If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

要是明天（万一）有雨，会议就会推迟。

If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

如果天万一下雨的话，这些庄稼还有救。

通过观察我们不难发现if引导的虚拟条件句中主从句动词时态的变化规律如下：

与事实相反 If从句主句

现在were/did would* do

过去had done would* have done

将来should do或were to do would* do

（1）上表中“*”，would都可转换为should、could、might。

（2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。

例句： He would still be alive today if he hadn't taken that drug. (下文)

[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]

2. 错综时间虚拟条件句

所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整：

If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

【从句表示过去】【主句表示现在】

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night。

【从句表示将来】【主句表示过去】

If we shouldn' t have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

【从句表示将来】，【主句表示现在】

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。

You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。

3. if 虚拟条件句的几种变式

1）使用介词短语进行虚拟更简洁，如：but for...( 要不是...), without...(要是没有...), with等。 But for your assistance，we wouldn?t have succeeded. 【=If it hadn?t been for your assistance, we wouldn't have succeeded. 】

Without your assistance，we wouldn?t have succeeded.（同上）

In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.【= If it weren't for water and water, nothing could live.】

2) 使用转折连词进行虚拟更含蓄微妙，如：otherwise, but, or等

Jack can not have arrived yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.

Jack不可能到达，要不，他早就给我打电话了。

【通过“can not have arrived”我们判断是对过去的推测，所以在这里，otherwise隐含了“if he had arrived"这个表示与过去事实相反的假设】【=if he had arrived，he would have telephoned me.】

We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 【=if we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him.】

I'm really busy, otherwise(＝if I weren't so busy), I would certainly go with you.

我确实太忙了。不然的话，我一定和你一块去。

【= I would certainly go with you，but I'm really busy.】

--- where have you been?

--- I ______ in the heavy traffic; otherwise I _______ here earlier.

A got stuck; would have come

B got stuck ; was

C have got stuck ; would have come

D had got stuck; would come

此题可还原为：If I hadn't got stuck in the heavy traffic, I would have come here earlier.

此题可改写为：I would have come here earlier，but I got stuck in the heavy traffic.

在实际应用中，有时假设的条件并不以条件从句的形式表达，而是通过上下文或句中内在的逻辑关系，或用其它形式表达出来，我们都称之为"含蓄条件句"。含蓄条件句主要通过名词、连接词、不定式、分词、动名词短语、介词短语及分句来暗示。这些表达形式在句中实际起着虚拟条件从句的作用。所以除了以上提到的，再如：

United【＝If they had been united】, they wouldn't have been defeated.他们要是团结起来，就不

会被打败。

A less difficult problem would have already been solved.【＝If the problem had been less difficult, it would have already been solved.】要是问题不那么难的话，它早就被解决了。

One step further and you would be dead.【＝If you took one step further, you would be dead.】再往前走一步，你就会死。

A nation which stopped working would be dead in a fortnight.【＝If a nation stopped working, it would be dead in a fortnight.】如果一个国家停止工作，不出半个月就会灭亡。

A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer.

要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。【A few hours earlier =If you had come a few hours earlier】

Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo.

凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。【Anyone who had seen that painting =If anyone had seen that painting】

if虚拟条件句的省略

1）省略if 在if引导的虚拟条件句中，若有were, had, should, 在书面语中可省去if ,将were 等提到主语前，形成倒装。

Should there be a good film tomorrow, I would go to the theatre with you.

Were it not for your help, I wouldn't be successful. .

Had a better material been used, the strength of the part would have been increased.

2）省略主句

if only常常用来表达强烈的愿望或遗憾，因此，主要用在虚拟语气中，用以表达强烈的愿望或非真实条件。常被译为“但愿”、“要是……该多好啊”等。例如：

If only she could have lived a little longer. 要是她能活得再长一些，那该多好啊！【=It would have been better If only she could have lived a little longer.】

If only I were beautiful as you are. 要是我和你一样漂亮就好了。

Look at the trouble I am in ! If only I had taken your davice.(03 上海春）

If only she would reply to my letter. 要是她能给我回信就好了！

精题演练

1. — How dangerous it was！

—Yes, but for the passer-by's quick action, the girl ___ .

A. was drowned

B. would have been drowned

C. had drowned

D. should be drowned

2. I would have come earlier, but I ___ that you were waiting．

A. didn't know

B. hadn't known

C. wouldn't know

D. haven't know

3. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ___all day.

A. rained

B. rains

C. has rained

D. is raining

4.--- You could have asked Tom for help, for he is good at physics.

---Really? Oh, a whole night ___. Why didn?t you tell me earlier?

A. is wasted

B. was wasted

C. had wasted

D. has wasted

5.---You should have told him the date earlier.

--- I___, but he forgot about it.

A. did

B. have

C. had

D. should have

6.--- It's said that your journey was not very pleasant.

--- We would have enjoyed ourselves, but the car ___ a little crowded.

A. would be

B. had been

C. was

D. would have been

7. If Alison knew anything about car mechanics, I'm sure she would help us fix the car, but I think she ___ even less than we do.

A. knows

B. knew

C. had known

D. would know

8. If you had enough money, what ___？

A. will you buy

B. would you buy

C. would you have bought

D. will you have bought

9. Jane would never have gone to the party ___ that Mary would come to see her.

A. has she known

B. had she known

C. if she know

D. if she has known

10. If only I ___ to the lecture！

A. listen

B. will listen

C. am listening

D. had listened

二. Wish 引导的宾语从句

"wish+宾语从句"表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为"可惜……"、"……就好了"、"悔不该……"、"但愿……"等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望,用"would(could)+动词原形";表示过去不能实现的愿望,用"had+过去分词"或"(could)would + have + 过去分词"。例如:

I wish we could go to the seaside today. 【对现在的虚拟】

I wish you told me earlier. 【对现在的虚拟】

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.【对过去的虚拟】

三. 虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest 等后面的宾语从句中,用"(should)+动词原形"。例如:

I suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.

They demanded that the black people be treated as well as white people.

They insisted that he（should）be present at the ceremony.

【注意1】只有当“insist”作"坚持(要求)"解时,宾语从句才用虚拟语气；作“坚持（认为）解时，不用虚拟语气。例如:

Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 【仍坚持宾语从句的“时态一致”原则】

I insisted that you give me my money back.【可改写成：I insisted on your giving me money back.】

【注意2】“suggest”作“暗示，表明”时，不用虚拟语气。如：

When the son suggested that they should go to the park on Sunday, the expression on his father's face suggested that he agreed with him.

当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示了默许。

四. “had hoped/expected/thought/planned...”句中表式"本来希望/期待/以为/计划...",而实际/事实上不如此。

表示未能实现的希望或愿望的过去完成时，我们可用expect, hope, mean,suppose, think, want 等动词的过去完成时(或一般过去时及过去进行时) 形式表示我们想做而未做的事。

Like the others, he had hoped to save money, but has failed.

He had hoped to find Thoris, but instead found only Gustay.

The couple had hoped to buy a house, but could not.

He hoped the subject would pass, but it didn't.

I hoped Ted would answer, but Gloria did.

I hoped he would keep going, but he stopped as well and...

She was hoping he wouldn't remember her, but he flashed her a big smile.

I was hoping I would get pregnant again quickly, but it hasn't worked out that way.

I guess he was hoping that it would scare Tommy away - but it didn't.

五. 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句做advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构"(should)+动词原形"。例如:

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.

My idea is that he (should) do exercises first.

六. 虚拟语气用于以as if(as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句

如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用"had+过去分词";表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用"would(might, could )+动词原形"。例如: He looked at me as if I were mad.

He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

It looks as if it might rain.

七. 虚拟语气用于主语从句

在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用"should+动词原形"的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等。例如:

It is necessary (important, natural, desirable, advisable, strange, etc.) that we should clean the room every day.

It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.

It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.

在上述三种主语从句中,should意为"应该"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可换用would。主句所用动词的时态不限。

注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇,that从句也可用陈述语气。例如:

It is strange that he did not come yesterday.

It is a pity that you can't swim.

八. 注意以下句子中的虚拟语气：

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. （我本打算将那篇文章看完，但是我那个时候非常忙。）

I would rather you didn't mention the price.（我宁愿你别提价钱。）

I'd rather he hadn't told me about it .（我宁愿他未告诉我这件事。）

It is high time that Ray started to prepare for the entrance exam.

【一位外教的对此句话时态的解释："It is high time" is an idiom meaning the appropriate time to do something; also it can mean past the appropriate time. For example, It's high time we did something about your clothes, or It's high time you children were in bed. The precise meaning of this term depends on the tone of voice and/or the context. "About time." is a synonym for "it is high time"】

精题演练

1. I had hoped to see you off at the station, but I ___ too busy.

A. was

B. had been

C. would be

D. would have been

2. The earthquake lasted so long that I thought the end of the world ___ .

A. will come

B. has come

C. would have come

D. had come

3. The meeting was to ___ at 9 o'clock but the manager ___ until twenty minutes later.

A. be starting\ didn't turn up

B. have started\ didn't turn up

C. start\ hadn't turned up

D.

be started\ hadn't turned up

4. It is quite natural that my coming late again ____ them very angry.

A. had made

B. would make

C. makes

D. make

5. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.

A. did

B. could have done

C. have done

D. should do

6. Without your help，we ___ so much.

A. won't achieve

B. didn't achieve

C. don't achieve

D. wouldn't have achieved Subjunctive

The subjunctive is a special kind of present tense which has no –s marking in the third person singular. The subjunctive was very common in English many centuries ago. It is still common in American English after words like suggest, recommend, ask, insist, vital, essential and important.

Study the following sentences. Note the use of have with singular subjects. The same verb forms are used in both present and past sentences.

I suggest that she accept the offer.

I insist that she reveal her sources.

It is essential that every child have the same opportunities.

The judge recommended that the accused remain in jail for at least five days.

In subjunctive mood, be is used as it is.

I insist that she be freed.

In British English, subjunctive structures are formal and unusual. In that-clauses, British people usually use should + infinitive. Subjunctive forms with should are also used in American English.

I suggest that she should accept the offer.

I insist that she should reveal her sources.

It is essential that every child should have the same opportunities.

The judge recommended that the accused should remain in jail for at least five days.

I insisted that she should be freed.

Does Subjunctive Mood Still Exist? The subjunctive mood scarcely exists in present day English. It is marked by distinctive verb forms which are now confined to the verb be and third person singular forms of other verbs. Note that the subjunctive forms still exist in American English.

The following are the forms of the subjunctive.

Present subjunctive

The verb be has the following forms in the present subjunctive mood:

I be (NOT I am)

You be (NOT You are)

We be

They be

He be

Third person singular verbs in the present subjunctive mood have the following forms:

I speak

You speak

We speak

He speak (NOT He speaks)

She speak (NOT She speaks)

They speak

Past subjunctive

The verb be in the past subjunctive mood has the following forms:

I were (NOT I was)

You were

They were

We were

He were (NOT He was)

Third person singular verbs in the past subjunctive mood has the following forms:

I spoke

You spoke

They spoke

We spoke

He spoke

Note that only a few verbs like suggest, propose, demand or insist can be followed by a subjunctive form.

I suggest that he consult a doctor.

They demanded that she disclose the information.

I insist that I be freed.

Note that these verbs in the indicative mood are followed by forms like consults, discloses and am.

In British English, the indicative forms are almost always used. In American English, however, subjunctive forms are still used. But since they are likely to cause confusion, speakers often insert the modal should as in the following examples.

I suggest that he should consult a doctor.

They demanded that she should disclose the information.

I insist that I should be freed.

The past subjunctive is still used in the following cases.

After the verb wish

The past subjunctive verb forms are sometimes used after the verb wish to indicate that a situation is unreal or imaginary.

I wish I were a millionaire. (= I am sorry that I am not a millionaire.)

After if

If I were you I wouldn’t do it. (Indicative mood: If I was you I wouldn’t do it.)

After ‘it is time + subject’

It is time we started.

After would rather + subject

This structure indicates preference.

I would rather you went by train. (= I should prefer you to go by train.)

Verb: Mood

The word mood is derived from the Latin word modus which means mode or manner. Thus mood means the manner in which the action specified by the verb takes place.

There are mainly three moods in English

1.The indicative mood

2.The imperative mood

3.The subjunctive mood

The indicative mood

The indicative mood is used to make a simple statement or to ask a question.

Examples are:

She is my sister.

She is an architect.

Where are you going?

What is this?

The indicative mood can also be used to express a condition.

If you ask me more politely, I will help you.

She will come if you invite her.

The imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to express a command, a request or advice. Note that when the verb is in the imperative mood, the subject is not mentioned.

Go away.

Go at once.

Please help me.

Kindly excuse me.

Work hard.

Come here.

The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is used to express an impossible supposition or an ardent desire.

If I were you, I would not act in this manner.

O that he were here! (Here we use the subjunctive mood to express an ardent desire.)

The subjunctive mood may also express a wish. Examples are given below.

Long Live Revolution!

May you thrive!

The subjunctive mood can be used in the subordinate clause of a conditional sentence.

If wishes were horses, beggars would ride them.

The subjunctive mood may also appear in a noun clause following a verb expressing a wish, suggestion or recommendation.

The jury recommended that the convict be released at once.

Notes

When the verb is in the subjunctive mood, …be? is used in the present tense and …were? in the past tense.

状语从句

一、什么是状语从句

二、状语从句的分类

三、时间

1.常见的连词及辨析

（1）when\ while\as

（2）before\ since\after

（3）until\till\before

（4）一...就as soon as以及经典转化（5）和Time有关的状语从句（6）whenever

2.从句

四、地点

1.

五、方式

六、让步

七、条件

八、原因

九、结果

十、比较

十一、目的

十二、三大从句的经典转化

十三、