毕业论文外文文献翻译Android平台上的社交应用和游戏应用来比较学习软件体系结构
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
文献、资料中文题目：通过开发Android平台上的社交应
用和游戏应用来比较学习软件体系结构
文献、资料英文题目：
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文献、资料发表（出版）日期：
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专业：
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翻译日期： 2017.02.14
通过开发Android平台上的社交应用和游戏应用来比较学习软件体系结构
1.引言
电脑游戏和视频游戏非常受儿童和青少年的欢迎，在年轻人的文化发挥了突出的作用[1]。现在游戏可以在技术丰富的配备了笔记本电脑，智能手机，游戏机（移动和固定），机顶盒，和其他数字设备的环境中运行。从这一现象，人们相信将年轻人对游戏的内在动机与教育内容和目标结合就会变成Prensky称之为“以数字游戏为基础的学习”的学习方法[2]。
青年学生生活的游戏中除了丰富的外观，游戏开发技术已经成熟，并且越来越先进[3]。基于现有的各种游戏开发环境，游戏开发过程中的全部责任可以分为几个的专家领域和角色，如游戏程序员，3D模型的创造者，游戏设计师，音乐家，漫画家，剧作家，等等。游戏内容与技术相结合的过程可以通过游戏引擎和使用网络上的各种用户和专家社区的可用信息得到简化。例如，微软的XNA 游戏开发工具包提供的游戏循环函数绘制及更新游戏内容，而且还提供了方便的游戏开发组件来加载不同格式的图形，音频和视频。这使得游戏迷们如无论有没有编程背景的学生修改现有的游戏或开发新游戏。他们可以用这些游戏创作工具实现自己的游戏概念设计，学习发展技能和相关知识，积累相关的实际经验。
在这种情况下，不但游戏可以用于学习而且通过激发任务机制，游戏开发工具可以用来研究计算机科学（CS），软件工程（SE），和游戏编程相关主题。一般来说，游戏可以用三种方式集成在教育中[4,5]。首先，游戏可以用来代替传统的练习，鼓励学生把额外的努力用来做练习，给老师或助教一个实时地监控学生是如何练习的机会[6，7]。第二，游戏可以作为一个讲座的一部分来促进学生的参与，增加学生的动力[8,9]。第三，将要求学生们修改或开发游戏作为使用游戏开发框架（GDF）学习CS和SE方面技能的课程的一部分。我们把后者的学习方法为以游戏开发为基础的学习（GDBL）。GDF表示可以用来开发或修改游戏，例如，该工具包的游戏引擎，游戏编辑器，或游戏（模拟）平台，甚至任何集成开发环境（IDE），如Visual C + +，Eclipse和Android SDK，J2ME，因为所有的人都可以用来开发游戏。
本文重点研究学生通过在Android平台开发游戏应用学习软件体系结构和在Android平台开发社交应用（例如，天气预报，聊天软件）学习软件体系结构的相似点和不同点。将游戏开发放到CS或者SE课程中的动机是利用学生对游戏及游戏开发的迷恋来激发他们通过该项目更多更好的学习课程材料。
2.相关工作
本节描述了GDBL方法在软件工程领域的使用的研究背景和以前的结果。
2.1 研究背景
最早的类似的通过在游戏的环境中编程来学习的应用在20世纪70年代早期。Logo语言[11]，龟图形，是一种最古老的用来介绍计算概念给初学者的图书馆。这个概念是基于一只可以在2D屏幕上移动的“海龟”，该“海龟”用可设置开关屏幕的画笔画就，因此，可能会留下龟运动的痕迹。编程使该“海龟”画不同的花样，这可以用来介绍一般的计算技巧，如程序操作，迭代，递归。此外，在1987，Micco学术性的提出了一个写井字游戏的使用[12]。后来，其他的研究已经使用专业游戏编程工具如Stage Cast Creator [13]，Gamemaker [14] ，Alice [15]和Neverwinter Nights [16]。此外，文章[17]提出了使用手机游戏开发作为激励工具和计算机课程的学习背景调查。他们的调查表明游戏编程和计算机科学领域的游戏开发之间的关系--游戏发展可以用在学习人工智能（AI），数据库，计算机网络，SE，人机交互，计算机图形学，计算机体系结构，算法，编程和操作系统。
这些研究表明，游戏制作和技术的编程技巧得到激励以及故事性的发展。制作游戏激励和开发评书以及技术的编程技巧的。制作游戏的任务其性质在目的上不尽相同---因此搭建环境并平衡游戏角色这些事情由学习者来承担。最近的游戏编程工具包往往具有比Logo语言更强的视觉效果，无论是因为这个原因，或者因为他们有一种可视化的编程语言，或两个原因同时的作用，使得设计者能够轻松创建图形游戏。这种变化使学习者的重点远离了低级编程，而是强制往其他角色如设计师或软件开发者转变。因此，我们通过实验研究了如何将GDFS用于教育，探讨传统的授课进化为动态的，合作的，和对当前技术丰富的环境下的学生有吸引力的授课。然而，这种说法有待进一步相关理论，应用经验，评价结果和经验证据的支持。这是一个分享我们的经验和实证结果在GDBL领域采用Android软件体系结构课程的动机。
2.2 课程和项目设置
挪威科技大学（NTNU）（课程代码TDT4240）的软件体系结构课程的教学方式和其他大多数大学不一样，因为学生也必须在项目中实现他们自己设计的软件体系结构。这样做的动机是为了让学生了解架构和实现之间的关系，并能够真
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例： 参考文献： [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.360docs.net/doc/1618679491.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母
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英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects
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毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范 一、要求 1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。 2、两篇文献。 二、基本格式 1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。 2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。 3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。 4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文） 5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。 二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 （一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求 外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。 原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次. 原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次. 原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。 要求有外文原文复印件。 （二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面
1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。普通A4纸打印即可。 第二部分：外文翻译主题 1.标题 一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 2.正文 小四号字，宋体。 第三部分：版面要求 论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸） 版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边 距：18mm 字符间距：标准 行距：1.25倍 页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译 题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中） 装订顺序是：封皮、中文翻译、英文原文复印件。
毕业论文外文翻译模版
长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试
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