初二英语重要语法及知识点(上)
初二英语上册【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1.on time准时in time 及时
2. best wishes 最美好的祝福
3. give a talk 做演讲，报告
4. for example 例如
5. short for 缺少，匮乏
6. a waste of time浪费时间
7. go on a field trip去徒步旅行，去野外旅行
8. go fishing钓鱼
9. I agree我同意...
10. next week下周，下个星期
11. the day after tomorrow后天
12. have a picnic去野炊
13. have some problems doing sth.做某事有困难
14. go the wrong way方法不当
15. hurry up 快点
16. get together一起
17. in the open air在户外
18. on Mid-Autumn Day中秋节
19. come over过来，突然感到
20. have to 不得不21. get home 回家
22. agree with 同意某人
23. in the country在乡下，在农村
24. in town 在镇上
25. all the same...是一样的
26. in front of在...前面
27. on the left/right side在...左/右边
28. next to 紧挨着，在...旁边
29. up and down上上下下，起落
30. keep healthy保持身体健康
31. grow up长大成人
32. at the same time与此同时
33. the day before yesterday前天
35. last Saturday上周星期六
36. half an hour ago半个小时以前
37. a moment ago不久之前
38. just now刚刚
39. by the way顺便提一下
40. all the time一直
41. at first首先
II. 重要句型
1. have fun doing sth. 做...玩的开兴
2. Why don’t you…?你为什么不...
3. We’re going to do sth.我们将要做...
4. start with sth.开始做...
5. Why not…? 为什么不做...
6. Are you going to…?你将要去做...
7. be friendly to sb.友好对待...
8. You’d better do sth.你最好做...
9. ask sb. for sth.问某人某事
10. say goodbye to sb.向某人道别
11. Good luck(with sb)!祝某人好运
III. 交际用语
1.Welcome back to school!欢迎返校
2.Excuse me. I’m sorry I’m late, because the traffic is bad.打扰一下，很抱歉我迟到了，因为今天的交通状况实在是太糟糕了。
3.It doesn’t matter.没关系，不要紧的
4.Happy Teachers’ Day !教师节快乐
5.That’s a good idea.好主意
6.What are you going to do？你将要做什么？
7.Where are we going ?我们要去哪儿?
8.What are we going to do ? 我们将要去做什么？
9.I’m good at…我擅长于...
10.It’s not far from…离...不远
11. Are you free tomorrow evening?你明天晚上有空吗？
12.Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival?你和莉莉愿意来我家过中秋节吗?
13.I’m glad you can co me.我很高兴你能过来
14.Thanks for asking us. 谢谢你邀请我们
15.How about another one?另外一个怎么样？
16.May I have a taste?我可以尝一尝吗?
17.Let me walk with you.让我陪你去散散步吧。
18.What do you have to do?你有什么必须要做的吗？
19.Do you live on a farm?你住在农场里吗？
20.Which do you like better, the city or the country?城市和农村，你更喜欢哪一个？
21.Which do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens?狗，猫和鸡，你最喜欢哪一种动物？
22.Shall we go at ten? Good idea!我们十点钟出发，好吗？好主意
23.---Let’s make it half past one. ---OK.我们一点半去吧。--好的
24.---Why not come a little earlier? ---All right.为什么不早一点来呢？--好的
25.Excuse me. Where’s the nearest post office, please?请问最近的邮局在哪里？
26.It’s over there on the right.就在右边。
27.I’m sorry I don’t know.很抱歉我不知道
28.You’d better…你最好...
29.Thank you all the same.不管怎样还是要谢谢你
30.Which bus do I take?我该乘那一辆公交车呢?
31.Go along this road.沿着这条路直走
32.What day was it yesterday?昨天是星期几？
33.I’m sorry to hear that.听到这消息我很难过/遗憾34.I hope you’re better now.
35.Why did you call me?你找我有什么事吗？
36.I called to tell…我打电话是想告诉你
IV. 重要语法
1.be going to的用法；
2.形容词的比较级、最高级；
3.形容词和副词的比较
4.一般过去时
语法详解
1.形容词和副词
I. 形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不
定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名
词之后
the best book available, the only solution
possible
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake
4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful
6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词数词性状形容词
冠词前的形容词
冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格
序数
词
基数词
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
颜色
国籍
产地
材料
质地
名
词
all both such
the
a
this
another
your
secon
d
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词world-famous
2 形容词+形容词dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词peace-loving
3 形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词snow-covered
4 副词+现在分词hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged
5 副词+过去分词newly-built 1
数词+名词twenty-year
II. 副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程
度的词叫做副词。
副词的分类：
1 时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once,
recently
5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards,
above
6 疑问副词how, where, when, why
3 方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly,
really
7 连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether,
however, meanwhile
4 程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite,
rather
8 关系副词when, where, why
III.形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。
原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
2、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。
a)直接加er,est ：
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：
c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est：
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.
3、不规则变化:
原级比较级最高级good好的
better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,
bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；
(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的
ill(身体)不舒服的
many许多的(可数)
more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常
little少的less更少的least最少的
far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地) furthest最深刻的(地)
4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
2一般过去时
表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。
①表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday
morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如：I got up at 6：00 this
morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past
nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into
the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生
人正和他父亲谈话)
②表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last
(year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来
到我们市)
③表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last…, in…, from…to…,
for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually
went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man
and borrowed books from him.
④讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经
常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到
露西)
【名师讲解】
1. on the street / in the street
表示“在街上”时，on the street和in the street都可以，在美国多用on the street, 在英国多用in the street. 例如：
We have a house in the street. 我们在街上有座房子。
I met him on the street. 我在街上遇见了他。
2. would like / like
would like和like含义不同。like意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，而would like意思是“想要”。试比较：
I like beer.=I’m fond of beer. 我喜欢喝啤酒。
I’d like a glass of beer= I want a glass of beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。
Do you like going to the cinema? 你喜欢看电影吗？
Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
3. another / the other
(1)another通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一个人或物体。例如：
May I have another apple, please? 请在给我一个苹果好吗？
This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。
(2)the other通常指两者中的另一个。例如：
He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long. 他有两把尺子，一把短的，另一把长的。
I have two brothers. One works in Xi’an . The other works in Beijing. 我有两个兄弟，一
个在西安工作，另一个在北京工作。
4. have to /must
(1)have to和must都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必须
去做而又想去时，常用must。如果谈论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）
They have to work for the boss.
他们不得不为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作）
(2)have to可用于多种时态，must只能用于一般现在时。例如：
I’ll have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天早晨我必须早早起床。
We had to work long hours every day in order to get more money.
为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间地工作。
(3)用于否定句时，mustn’t意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而don’t have to意思是“不必”，相
当于needn’t。例如：
You mustn’t be late again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。
You don’t have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow.
你今天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。
5. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth.
hear sb. or sth.doing sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”，而hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思是“听到某人或某物做过某事”。试比较：
I hear him singing an English song.听见他在唱英歌曲。
I heard him sing an English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。
类似hear 这种用法的还有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。
6. any /some
any和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，但some一般用在肯定句中；any用在疑问句和否定句中。试比较：
I want some money. 我想要点钱。
Have you any money? 你有钱吗？
I don’t have any money. 我一点钱也没有。
some 有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励人家说“是”。例如：Would you like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？
Could I have some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？
7. hear /listen to
listen to和hear都有“听”的意思，但含义有所不同。Listen to强调“听”的动作，hear强调“听”的结果。例如：
Listen to me ,please! I’m going to tell you a story. 请听我说！我给你们讲个故事。
Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room? 听！你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗？
I listened, but heard nothing.我听了听，但什么也听不见。
hear 后面如果接宾语从句，常常表示“听说”。例如：
I hear some foreign students will visit our school.我听说一些外国学生将要访问我们学校。
I hear there is going to be a film in our school this evening.我听说今晚我们学校要演一场电影。
8. Let’s… /Let us…
Let’s… 和Let us… 都表示“让我们……”, 如果us 包括听话人在内，其含义相同，附带问句用shall we. 如果us 不包括听话人在内，其含义不同，Let us…的附带问句要用will you。例如：
Let’s go shopping, shall we? 我们去购物好吗？
9. take/ bring/ carry /get
这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思，但含义有所不同。take意为“带走”，“拿走”，bring 意为“带来”，“拿来”, get表示“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”，carry不强调方向，带有负重的意思。试比较：
My parents often take me there on holidays.我父母常常带我到那里去度假。
I’m going to take you to Beijing.我准备带你去北京。
Bring me a cup of tea, please.请给我端杯茶来。
I’ll bring the book to you tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带来。
The waiter carried the me to the table服务员把肉送到桌上。
The monkey carried the bag on her back.猴子把那个包背在背上。
She went back to get her handbag.他折回去拿他的手提包。
Let me get the doctor.让我去请医生吧。
10. far away /faraway
(1)f a r away是一个副词短语，意思是“很远”。例如：
Some are far away. Some are nearer.有些离得很远，有些离得近一些的。
The village is far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。
(2)faraway是一个形容词，意思是“遥远的”，可以在句中作定语。例如：
He lives in faraway mountain village.他住在一个遥远的小山村。
11. find / look for
find和look for 都有“找”的意思，但含义不同。find 强调“找”的结果，而look for 强调“找”的过程。请看下列例句：
He is looking for his bike.他在找他的自行车。
I’m looking for my watch, but can’t find it.我在找我的手表，但是找不到。
I hope you will soon find your lost ring.希望你尽快找到丢失的戒指。
另外，find还有“发现”；“感到”等意思。例如：
I found a wallet in the desk.我在课桌里发现了一个钱包。
I find this book very interesting.我觉得这本书很有意思。
12. in front of /in the front of
In front of表示在某物的前面，不在某物的范围内。In the front of表示在某物的前部，
在某物的范围内。试比较：
My seat is in front of Mary’s.我的座位在玛丽座位的前面。
He is sitting in the front of the car with the driver.他和司机坐在小车的前部。
【考点扫描】
1. be going to的用法；
2. 形容词的比较级、最高级；
3. 形容词和副词的比较
4. 一般过去时
5. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
6. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年烟台市中考试题)
In the exam, the ________ you are, the ________ mistakes you’ll make.
A. carefully, little
B. more carefully, fewest
C. more careful, fewer
D. more careful, less
【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是形容词和副词的比较以及他们的比较等级的用法。第一个空应填形容词careful的比较级，因为它在句中作表语，第二个空应填few的比较级，因为它修饰的是复数可数名词。
2. (2004年河北省中考试题)
Bob never does his homework _________ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful
B. as carefully as
C. carefully
D. as careful as
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是形容词和副词的用法比较。该空应填副词，因为它修饰的是动词does。该题用的是not as+副词+as的结构，所以答案应是B。
3. (2004年重庆市中考试题)
That day I saw some parents _________ at the back of the classroom, ________ to the teacher.
A. sitting, listened
B. sat, listened
C. sitting, listening
D. sat, listening
【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是see sb. doing sth.的句型结构和分词作状语的用法。第一个空stting在句中作saw的宾语补足语，第二个空listening做伴随状语。
4. (2004年杭州市中考试题)
You ________ open the door before the train gets into the station.
A. don’t have to
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D. may not
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是几个情态动词否定式的用法区别。don’t have to和needn’t 的意思都是“不必”，may not的意思是“可以不”，只有mustn’t表示“不许”，“禁止”。
【满分演练】
一. 单项填空
1. Welcome back ________school.
A. in
B. at
C. to
D. on
2. Miss Gao is our new Chinese teacher ________.
A. in this term
B. this term
C. on this term
D. that term
3. ---I’m sorry I’m late.
---_____________.
A. OK
B. It doesn’t matter
C. All right
D. Thank you
4. Li Mu and Jill are talking _________where they are going.
A. about
B. to
C. with
D. for
5. There is very ______food in the house.
A. a few
B. little
C. a little
D. few
6. You’d better take a raincoat ____you.
A. to
B. with
C. on
D. for
7. The children are going to the Great Wall ______a field trip.
A. to
B. with
C. on
D. for
8. I’m______hungry. May I have a mooncake?
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
9. I’m still hungry. I’d like _________one.
A. other
B. another
C. an other
D. the other
10.The moon looks ____than the sun, but in fact the sun is ______than the moon.
A. big; big
B. bigger; bigger
C. small; small
D. smaller; smaller
11. I can see them_____football on the playground.
A. play
B. playing
C. to play
D. are playing
12. Ji Wei runs_________than I.
A. fast
B. faster
C. fastest
D. the fastest
13. I think steamed bread is ____________ hamburger.
A. more delicious than
B. most delicious than
C. more delicious to
D. most delicious to
14. ---What are you going to do this afternoon?
----__________. I’m free.
A. To do my homework
B. To clean my house
C. To do some shopping
D. Nothing much
15. ---May I speak to Jack?
---____________. Who’s that?
A. I’m Jack
B. That is Jack
C.This is Jack speaking
D. I’m Jack speaking
16. ----Why not _________ and see the play?
---Good idea.
A.go
B. going
C. to go
D. goes
17. It’s cold outside. Please keep the door_________.
A. close
B. closing
C. closes
D. closed
18. My home is about two hundred metres_____our school.
A. from
B. far from
C. away
D. to
19. There are some apple trees ________her house.
A. in the front of
B. at the back of
C. in the middle of
D. at the front of
20. Which floor do you ________?
A. live
B. live on
C. live at
D. live in
二. 完形填空
The Xingqing Palace Park（兴庆宫公园）is __1___ park in Xi’an.__2__Saturdays or Sundays, children like ___3___ there __4___ their parents. There they can play games. There is a lake and a hill in the park. Today is Sunday. Many children are playing in the park. Look! Some children __5___ on the lake. They are good __6___ it. Is the boat ___7___ a chicken? No. It looks like a duck. Some boys are playing __8___ football on the grass(草地)。A few boys __9___the hill over there. All the children are having a good time. They think playing in the park is___10___ than having classes at school.
1.A. bigger B. the biggest C. smaller D. the smaller
2.A. In B. On C. At D. With
3.A. walking B. going C. running D.flying
4.A. with B. for C. on D. in
5.A. is swimming B. is boating C. are running D. are boating
6.A. In B. with C. from D. at
7.A. look B. likes C. looks D. like
8.A. a B. / C. an D. the
9.A. are running B. are walking C. are climbing D. are jumping
10.A. little better B. much better C. many better D. the best
三. 阅读理解
(A)
Mark Twain is traveling to Dijon by train. He wants to sleep very much, so he asks the conductor(服务员)to wake him up when the train gets to Dijon. The he goes to sleep. Later, when wakes up, it is early the next morning and the train has got to Paris. He knows at once that the conductor doesn’t wake him up at Dijon. He is very angry. He runs up to the conductor and says, “Why didn’t you wake me up and put me off the train at Dijon? I am very angry about it!”
The conductor smiles and looks at him, “Another American is more angry than you. But you can’t see him now. I put him off the train at Dijon last night.”
根据短文内容，判断下列各句的正误：正确的答“A”，错误的答“B”。
1．Mark twain asks the conductor to wake him up in Paris.
2．The train got to Dijon at night.
3．Mark Twain was very angry with the conductor.
4．The conductor made a mistake（错误）. He put another American off the train at Dijon. 5．Mark Twain can’t see that American because the American doesn’t like him.
(B)
The worst tourist in the world is Nicholas Scotti of San Francisco . Once he flew from the US to his home town in Italy to see someone at home. The plane made a one-hour stop to get oil at Kennedy Airport of New York. As he thought he had arrived home, Mr Scotti got off the plane. He thought he was in Rome .
When nobody was there to meet him, Mr Scotti thought maybe they were held up by heavy traffic. While looking for their addresses, Mr Scotti found that the old "Rome" had changed a lot. Many old buildings were replaced by high modern ones.
He also found that many people spoke English instead of Italian and that many street signs were written in English.
Mr Scotti knew very little English, so he asked a policeman(in Italian) the way to the bus station. He happened to meet a policeman who was also born in Italy and answered him in the same language.
After twelve hours' traveling round on a bus, the driver handed him over to a second policeman. He asked the policeman why the Rome police employed so many people as policemen speaking English of Italian.
To get him on a plane back to San Francisco, He was sent to the airport in a police car with sirens(警报) on. "Look," said Scotti to his interpreter , "I know I'm in Italy. That's how they drive."
1. When Mr Scotti arrived at the airport, nobody met him because ____________.
A. he was in New York
B. he was in Rome
C. policemen could help him
D. he was in an Italian city
2. In what direction (方向) did the plane fly when Mr Scotti went to Italy from the US?
A. To the east. C. To the west
B. To the south. D. To the north.
3. Why was Mr Scotti so sure that he was in Rome?
A. Because he traveled a lot.
B. Because he knew little about the US.
C. Because he knew little about Italy.
D. Because he didn't travel much.
4. At last Mr Scotti _________.
A. knew he did something wrong C. knew he was wrong
B. still thought he was D. knew he was home
5. Do you think many people do the same thing as Mr Scotti did?
A. Nobody but Mr Scotti made this kind of mistake.
B. Many people make this kind of mistake.
C. Few people make this kind of mistake.
D. 50% of people will make the same mistake.
(C)
My wife and I stayed in London for a few weeks last year. We went there in the autumn. We think it is the best season to visit England. The weather is usually quite good and there are not too many visitors in October.
We stayed in a small restaurant in the West End. We did most of our sightseeing on foot. We went to look at all the places. We went shopping and spent too much money. We liked going to the theatre . We don't have the chance to see such good plays (戏剧) at home. A lot of people say
English food is very bad. We didn't think so. Most of the restaurants are French or Chinese, but we had some very good meals.
We enjoyed our holiday very much. We want to go there again this year. We are going to take our umbrellas . I'm sure we'll need them sometimes.
1. “We went shopping and spent too much money” means _________.
A. they didn't enjoy shopping and spent too much money
B. prices were high in England
C. there were so many good things in the shops and they bought a lot
D. they liked to go shopping with lots of money
2. They didn't have the chance to see such good plays_________.
A. in their small restaurant
B. in their home town
C. in France
D. in England
3. You can get _______ in a restaurant.
A. meals
B. clothes
C. books
D. cakes
4. I'm sure we'll need umbrellas sometimes because__________.
A. umbrellas can be very good presents for their friends in London
B. it often rains in London
C. the English people like to bring umbrellas with them
D. the English people protect (保护) themselves with umbrella
5. The two visitors came from________.
A. England
B. France
C. America
D. a country we don't know
四. 根据所给汉语完成下列英语句子
1. Yesterday afternoon Miss Li came here _________ (向你道歉).
2. I did everything ___________ (他要求我做的).
3. We saw the old scientist ____________ (在花园里散步) just now.
4. My grandpa has ___________ (好记忆). He can remember many things.
5. Do you know who _______ (发明了机器人)？
6. I find ____________ (记住这些单词很难).
7. I enjoy ____________ (吃大肉).
8. Don’t stand ___________ (一直). Please give me a hand.
9. Wang Zheng __________ (出身在)a worker’s family.
10. ________________ (祝你们好运), all the boys.