英语翻译第二单元 Unit 2讲解学习

英语翻译第二单元 Unit 2讲解学习
英语翻译第二单元 Unit 2讲解学习

第二单元Unit 2

方法和技巧(1)Methods and Skills (1)

口译的方法和技巧因其内容、要求、对象、场合的不同而不同。为了准确、完满地传达说话人的原意,译员要根据具体情况,选择适当的方法,灵活运用各种不同的技巧,提高口译的表达效果。口译的方法和技巧可概括为以下几种:

一、直译

汉英两种语言属于不同的语系,在语言结构、表达方式、修辞手段和思维方式等方面都有各自的不同特点。但是,两种语言在词汇、句子结构、语序和文化内涵等方面又有一定的对等性。直译就是利用这种对等关系,口译时,在保证准确传递说话人原意的前提下尽量使原语在词语、句子结构和语序上与译入语保持一致。对等直译法是口译中最基本、最常用的方法,同时也是最有效、最实用、最简便的方法。

以下英语的汉译就是利用这种对等关系直译的。

(1) Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.

今天,科技使我们所有国家实际上成为邻邦。

(2) As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you;We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.

当你们建设一个新中国的时候,美国希望同你们建立一种新型关系,我们希望中国成功、安全、开放、同我们一起为一个更加和平、繁荣的世界而工作。

(3) In the 21st century----your century----China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.

在二十一世纪——你们的世纪——中美两国要面对亚洲安全问题的挑战。

(4) One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said: “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.”

美国的奠基者之一, 本杰明﹒弗兰克林曾经说过:“批评我们的人就是我们的朋友,因为他们指出了我们的错误。”

以下汉语的英译也是利用英汉对等关系直译的。

(1) 首先,请允许我代表在座的,向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真诚的问候。

First of all, please allow me, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests.

(2) 虽然我们来自不同的背景,说不同的语言,但是,我相信我们将通过对体育的共同热爱找到共同的语言和共同的友谊。

Although we come from many different backgrounds and speak many different languages, I am sure we shall find a common language and mutual friendship through our joint interest in sports.

(3) 我相信中国的改革开放和稳定会给亚欧国家的商界带来可观的投资和贸易良机。

I am convinced that China's reform, open up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities.

(4) 我们将坚持“和平统一”和“一国两制”的基本原则。

We shall adhere to the basic principles of “peaceful reunification” and “one country, two systems”.

(5) 我们的干部要能上能下

Our cadres should be ready to go up and equally ready to go down.

从句子结构来看,有以下几种常见句型,英语和汉语是基本对应的。

1. 主语+系动词+表语

2. 主语+不及物动词

3. 主语+及物动词+宾语

4. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语和直接宾语)

5. 主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)

6. There +系动词+主语

以下英语句子的汉译就是利用以上几种句子对等关系直译的。

(1) As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people;the American people are a great people. If our two peoples are enemies, the future of this world we share together is dark indeed.

正如你在祝酒词中所说的,中国人民是伟大的人民,美国人民是伟大的人民。如果我们两国人民互相为敌,我们所共有的这个世界将黯淡无光。

(2) The distance between our two nations, indeed between any nations, is shrinking.

我们两国之间的距离,实际上,所有国家之间的距离都正在缩小。

(3) Over the past week, we have seen the glory of China’s past in Xi’an, the vibrancy of its present in Beijing, the promise of its future in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

在过去的一星期,我们在西安看到了过去的中国灿烂辉煌,在北京看到了今日的中国生气勃勃,在上海和香港看到了未来的中国前途无量。

(4) On behalf of all the members of my delegation, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our host for their gracious hospitality we have received.

我愿借此机会,代表我们代表团的全体成员,对我们受到的友好款待,向我们的东道主表示衷心的感谢。

(5) So I hope we will have many more Americans coming here to study, many more Americans coming here to be tourists, many more Americans coming here to do business.

所以我希望我们还会有很多美国人到这里学习,很多美国人到这里旅游,很多美国人到这里做生意。

(6) There is no reason for us to be enemies.

我们没有理由成为敌人。

以下汉语句子的英译也是利用以上几种句子对等关系直译的。

(1) 实现祖国完全统一是全中国人民的共同心愿。

To realize complete reunification of the motherland is the shared aspiration of the entire Chinese people.

(2) 我们生活在一个多极化的世界里。

We are living in a world of diversity.

(3) 我们坚持独立自主的和平外交政策。

We consistently pursued an independent foreign policy.

(4) 昨天,我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室,领略了当代

科技发展的前沿成就。

My visit to IBM, AT & T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand

knowledge of the latest success in modern science and technology.

(5) 今天,正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民,把改革开放作为一项基本国策。

Today the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the

opening–up a basic policy.

(6) 九届全国人大有女代表650人,占代表总数的21.82%。

There are 650 women deputies to the Ninth National People’s Congress, accounting for 21.82

per cent of the total.

改革开放以来,我国政治、经济、文化和社会生活各方面都发生了深刻的变化。各种新事物、新观念、新发现、新发明层出不穷,反映这些变化的新词语也不断涌现。对外宣传的汉语口译中随时可能涉及这些词语。另一方面靠译员熟练掌握口译的方法和技巧,善于根据具体情况,灵活处理,能直译的就直译,不能直译的就意译、转译或采用其它变通处理办法,关键在于达意,即准确无误的转达原话的意思。以下汉语新词语的英译就是采用直译法。英语表达既简洁明了,又生动活现。有的已约定俗成,广为流传。译员要特别留意记忆和积累这些词语。

建设有中国特色的社会主义build socialism with Chinese characteristics

加快改革开放的步伐quicken the pace of reform and opening-up

全方位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放opening up in all direction, at all levels and in a wide range 经济特区special economic zone

经济开发区economic development zone

中国西部大开发large-scale development in west China

经济腾飞economic take-off

知识经济knowledge economy

宏观调控macro-control

引进外资introduce foreign capital

竞争机制competition mechanism

外资企业foreign-funded enterprise

合资企业joint venture

独资企业wholly foreign-owned enterprise

私人企业private business

个体户self-employed businessman

炒股buying and selling shares

股民share holders

新兴产业emerging industry

高科技产品high-tech product

退耕还林(草)return cultivated land to forests or pastures

封山育林close off hillsides to facilitate forestation

一国两制one country, two systems

香港特别行政区Hong Kong Special Administration Region ( HKSAR )

政府机构改革restructure of government institutions

反腐败fight corruption /anti-corruption

廉政建设build a clean and honest government

公共关系public relation

人民公仆servant of the people

扶贫计划help-the-poor programs

打假anti fraud

扫黄打非eliminate the sale and production of pornographic and illegal publications

跨世纪人才cross-century talented people

超级市场supermarket

购物中心shopping center

连锁店chain store

娱乐中心entertainment center

绿色食品green-food

保健食品healthy food

度假村holiday villa

二、反译法

由于汉英思维方式的不同,英汉语言的表达习惯也不尽相同。口译中,有时正译难以措辞或者效果欠佳。这种情况下,一般要反其道而译之,在词义、句式、肯定与否定、主动与被动、先后顺序等方面采用正反变通方法来处理。这就是反译。某些特定的词汇和句式采用反译法语言更生动流畅,更能表达原意。

以下类型的句子都可以采用反译法,而且效果更佳。

1. 肯定与否定的反译。英汉互译中,某些英语否定句、双重否定句或介词结构可以用汉语的肯定句来表示。而英语的肯定式同样可以用汉语的否定式来表示。例如:

(1) It has given us not a little trouble

这给我们带来很多麻烦。

(2) He is no other than the professional talent we are looking for.

他正是我们要物色的专业人才。

(3) You couldn’t turn on television without seeing a woman advertising for some cosmetics.

你一开电视准会看到一个女人在作某化妆品广告。

(4) You will fail unless you work hard.

若不努力就会失败。

(5) This is the last thing we wish to see.

这是我们最不愿意看到的事情。

(6) Several times she wanted to tell him what had happened, but her courage failed her.

好几次她都想告诉他事情的真相,但是她没有勇气。

2. 其他反译。除了肯定与否定,反译也用于时间先后、不同位置、不同角度之间的互译。例如:

(1) After you please.

您先请。

(2) He never went to bed before 12 o’clock.

他总是十二点以后才睡觉。

(3) More tests should be conducted before we can come to a conclusion.

我们需要做更多的实验,然后才能得出结论。

(4) She sat there, her chin cupped in her hands.

她坐在那里,双手托着下巴。

三、意译法

语言是文化的组成部分和载体。不同民族的文化之间既存在着差异又互相联系,既有各自独特的个性又有普遍的共性。这种不同文化之间的共性为两种语言文化的交流——翻译提供了基础和可行性。而两种语言文化的个性又给这种交流和翻译造成障碍和困难。口译时,如

果按字面意思直译,意思可能含糊不请,不能确切表达原话的信息和文化内涵,有时还可能引起严重曲解,甚至与原意风牛马不相及,完全两回事。这时译员就要根据具体情况,采取其他变通办法,作适当的语法和词汇调整,或进行解释性翻译,或说明具体内容,关键是要译出原话的真正含义。这就是意译。例如,以下英语词语和句子若按字面意思或对等关系直译,结果不是产生歧义就是词不达意,只有意译才能确切表达原意。

直译意译

Queen’s English 女王的英语标准英语

small talk 小声交谈闲聊

sandwichman 卖三明治的人夹板广告员

queer fish 怪鱼怪人

black sheep 黑羊害群之马

lame duck 跛鸭落选的议员

Home Secretary 家庭秘书(英国的)内务大臣

at the eleventh hour 在第11点钟最后时刻

Wet paint! 湿油漆!油漆未干!

Keep off the lawn! 离开草坪!请勿践踏草坪!

I will show you the ropes. 我给你看些绳子我教你做法

You’d better go to se e a doctor. 你最好去看医生。你最好去看病。

He always tries to keep up 他总在极力追赶琼斯。他总在和周围的人攀比。

with the Joneses.

目前我们的对外宣传中出现了很多汉语新词语,这些词语都有特定的含义。如果不加分析一律采取对等直译,译出的英语可能概念模糊、意思不清,要不就是中式英语,外国人根本不理解。遇到这种情况,只能采取意译的方法。试比较以下汉语词语和句子的直译与意译的不同效果。

直译意译

拳头产品fist products competitive products / knock-out products

三角债triangle debts chain debts

经济作物economic crops cash crops / industrial crops

外向经济outward economy export-oriented economy

向钱看looking at money money-oriented / money grubbing / money mad

最高限价highest price ceiling price

认购recognize and buy offer to buy / subscribe

素质教育quality education education for all-round development

使中国经济走向世界

直译:make China’s economy go to the world market

意译:make China’s economy more competitive on the world market / make China a more ac tive economic player in the world

使中国经济与国际接轨

直译:make China’s economy be linked with international economy

意译:bring China’s economy more in line with international practice

实现小康目标

直译:achieve the goal of a little comfortable life

意译:achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relatively comfortable life

有着五千年文明史的中华民族文化博大精深,从古到今总有一些我们民族自己独有的东西。这些东西在英语里很难找到对应的词语来表达。比如,我国传统建筑里的很多东西都是我们民族独有的,英语里是没有对应词语的。它们的英译都是采用意译法。例如:斗拱结构a system of brackets inserted between the top of a column and a crossbeam

牌楼decorated archway

牌坊memorial archway

茶楼teahouse

酒楼wine shop

戏楼theater stage

吊脚楼wooden house projecting over the water

四合院courtyard with houses on the four sides;Chinese courtyard houses

窑洞cave dwelling

中国菜肴烹调技术之高超驰名中外,我国东西南北八大菜系和各民族风味各异的美味佳肴令外国游客大开眼界,大饱口福。然而,这些菜肴和食品的口译的确使我们的译员大伤脑筋。菜肴和食品的翻译最重要的是要译出是什么做的,采用什么方法做的。即抓住用料、刀法、烹调法和口味这几个关键,能直译的则直译,不能直译的则意译。例如:

北京烤鸭roasted Beijing duck

香酥鸡crisp fried chicken

醋溜子鸡fried spring chicken with vinegar sauce

糖醋黄鱼sweet and sour yellow croaker

清蒸鲑鱼steamed mandarin fish

清炖甲鱼braised turtle in clear soup

茄汁鱼丸fried fish balls with tomato sauce

青椒肉片fried sliced pork and green pepper

鱼香肉丝fish-flavored shredded pork in hot sauce

鲜菇大虾fried prawn with fresh mush rooms

荷叶粉蒸肉steamed flour-coated pork wrapped in lotus leaves

煨牛肉simmered beef

涮羊肉instant boiled mutton

有些菜肴和食品只有采用解释性的意译。例如:

五香牛肉spiced beef

葫芦鸡roasted whole chicken

松鼠黄鱼sweet and sour fried croaker in a squirrel shape

红烧狮子头stewed minced pork balls with brown sauce

芙蓉虾仁shrimps with egg white

麻婆豆腐spicy bean curd in Sichuan style

八宝糕eight-treasure pudding

什锦炒饭fried rice with ten ingredients

炸酱面noodles in Beijing style

扬州炒饭fried rice in Yangzhou style

凉面cold noodles with sesame sauce

饺子dumpling

元宵sweet dumpling

馄饨dumpling soup

油条deep fried dough sticks

花卷steamed roll

锅贴fried dumpling

包子steamed stuffed bun

窝窝头steamed corn bread

烧饼sesame seed cake

有些涉及汉字形象或中国特有器皿形状的描写是很难直译的,只有采取变通处理办法,进行意译。如:

三个人品字式坐下, 闲聊了一会儿. The three men sat facing each other and talking for a while. 秦始皇兵马俑一号坑呈长方形,二号坑呈曲尺形,三号坑呈“凹”字型。三个坑呈“品”字型排列。可译为:

Pit No. 1 of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s terra cotta warriors and horses is oblong in shape. Pit No. 2 is “L”-shaped and No. 3 is “U”-shaped. The three pits are arranged in a triangle.

汉武帝的陵墓形如复斗。The mausoleum of Emperor Wudi of Han dynasty was constructed in a ladder shape.

这样的英译虽不如汉语那样形象逼真,但也是一种较好的变通办法。

广袤无垠、絢丽多姿的神州大地和中华民族五千年的文明史所创造的不计其数的名胜古迹是中国悠久历史的见证,中国灿烂文化的缩影和中华民族勤劳智慧的结晶。名胜古迹的英译是宣传华夏文明、进行文化交流、帮助外国人了解中国的重要途径。但由于名胜古迹的取名常常涉及特定的历史背景,有丰富的文化内涵,口译起来比较困难,有的甚至根本无法翻译。因而,有些译员便采取简单的音译,或使用汉语拼音的办法予以应急,求得过关,但外国人听了却不知所云,毫无反应。因此,名胜古迹的口译除万不得已,应尽量采用意译或音译与意译并用的方法,译出其内容和含义,使外国人听其音,知其实,这样才能引起他们的兴趣,收到良好的效果。例如,以下名胜古迹采用意译,效果会好得多。

太和殿Hall of Supreme Harmony / Hall of Grand Harmony

中和殿Hall of Central Harmony

保和殿Hall of Preserving Harmony

养性殿Hall of Mental Cultivation

乾清宫Palace of Heavenly Purity

宁寿宫Palace of Peace and Longevity

长春宫Palace of Eternal Spring

储秀宫Palace of Gathering Excellence

大观园Garden of Grand View/ Grand View Garden

德和园Garden of Harmonious Virtue

拙政园Garden of Humble Administrator

乐寿堂Hall of Happiness and Longevity

大慈悲寺Temple of Great Mercy

慈恩寺Temple of Thanksgiving

献福寺Temple of Offering Happiness

独秀峰Peak of Unique Beauty

天都峰Heavenly Capital Peak

五老峰Five Old Men Peak

大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda

六和塔Pagoda of Six Harmonies

爱晚亭Love Dusk Pavilion

陶然亭Joyous Pavilion

万佛洞Cave of Ten Thousand Buddhist Figures

紫云洞Purple Cloud Cave

龙隐洞Hidden Dragon Cave

烟霞洞Cave of Morning Mist and Sunset Glow

四、增减译法

语言作为文化的一部分代代相传。汉英两种语言在其发展过程中都蕴含着各自丰富的文化信息,文化特征和文化背景。因此,口译的成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员对双方文化和社会背景的理解和熟知程度。口译中,遇到涉及交际双方社会和文化背景知识时,译员要根据听众的具体情况,加以必要的解释或补充说明,以提高口译效果, 这就是增译。比如,在口译以下英语词语和句子时最好加以补充说明。

the two Houses of American government 美国政府参、众两院

The Golden State 金山州——美国加州

Paradise of the Pacific 太平洋上的天堂——美国夏威夷州

The Sunshine State 阳光州——美国佛罗里达州

The Big Apple 大苹果——美国纽约市

The Motor City 汽车城——美国底特律市

The Film Capital of the World 世界影都——美国好莱坞

Broadway in Manhattan 曼哈顿的百老汇——美国纽约曼哈顿区的一条大街,以有名的

剧院著称

Wall Street in New York 华尔街——美国纽约市的一街道名,以金融业聚集而著称。“General Sherman” in Sequoia National Park 谢尔曼将军——美国加州红杉国家公园中一棵最高,树龄最长的巨杉树。

the two Houses of British government 英国政府上、下两院

Shadow Cabinet 英国政府的影子内阁,即在野党内阁

Speakers’ Corner 英国伦敦海德公园的讲演者之角,人们在这里可以发表任何内容的演说。Soapbox orators 肥皂箱上的演说家——指讲演者之角那些站在自带肥皂箱之类的东西

上发表演说的人

Democracy on the Soapbox 肥皂箱上的民主——指站在肥皂箱上发表的自由演说

Downing Street 唐宁街——英国伦敦首相官邸和政府主要部门所在地,即英国政府

Fleet Street 舰队街——英国伦敦一街道名,以报业集中而著称,指伦敦新闻界,伦敦报业Lombard Street 伦巴第街——伦敦金融中心,现指英国金融界、金融市场

同样,在我们的对外宣传和旅游的汉英口译中,译员要充分考虑中外文化差异和多数外国人

对中国社会和文化并不熟悉这一事实,汉译英时要根据听众的具体情况,对一些外国人不熟悉和难以理解的汉语常用术语,尤其是一些政治术语和有特定文化内涵的词语,进行必要的解释或说明。比如,我们非常熟悉的“人大”、“政协”、“四个现代化”、“双百方针”、“希望工程”等,如果只按字面直译,恐怕多数外国人不理解。但如果采用增译法,加上必要的解释或背景说明,外国人就好懂多了。

人大the National People’s Congress, China’s highest legislative body

政协the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, China's top advisory and supervisory body

四个现代化the four modernizations; that is the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology

双百方针the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend in academic activities, art and literature sphere

希望工程Project Hope, a project aiming at assisting school dropouts in poverty-stricken areas by raising funds from all social organizations and individuals at home and abroad.

改革开放以后出现了很多有特定含义的汉语新词语。如果只按字面直译,不加解释和说明,外国人很难理解,甚至会产生严重误解。比如,如果把“五讲、四美、三热爱”不加解释,只按字面直译为“five stresses,four beauties and three loves” 外国人很可能理解为“...四个美人,三个情人” 之类的意思,因而感到莫名其妙。为了避免误解,比较准确地表达原意,这个短语的英译应加以解释和补充,译成“five stresses,four points of beauty and three aspects of love;that is stress on decorum,manners,hygiene,discipline,and morals;beauty of the mind,language,behavior and the environment;love of the motherland,socialism and the Communist Party.”这样效果就好多了。以下词语的英译都是采用增译法:

“两个文明”一起抓to place equal emphasis on both material advancement and ethical progress “三个代表” Three represents----The Communist Party of China always represents the requirement of the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.

培养“四有公民”to train people to be citizens with high ideas, moral integrity, a good education and strong sense of discipline

对干部进行“三讲”教育to educate the cadres on the importance of study, raising political awareness and ensuring honesty and integrity.

抓大放小to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; to focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents

“五个一工程” the Fiv e-one Program/ Project ( one good book, one good play, one good film, one good TV drama, and one or several creative and persuasive/convincing articles)

在对外介绍中国历史文化的口译中,常常会遇到一些我们中国人非常熟悉的有关重大历史事件,历史人物、典故、民风、民俗方面的汉译英。对不熟悉中国历史文化的外国人来说,适当的解释或补充说明非常重要。这样可以帮助外国人了解中国历史,文化和社会,提高对外宣传效果。以下词语的英语都稍加了补充说明,外国人听了容易理解。

改革开放以来since the implementation of reform and open policy in 1979

建国以来since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949

五四运动the May Fourth Movement, a great anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, political and cultural movement which took place on May fourth, 1919

炎黄子孙the descendants /offspring of Yandi and Huangdi, the two earliest chiefs of the Chinese nation and all the Chinese people are descendants of Yandi and Huangdi

秦始皇Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China who unified China in 220 BC

白居易Bai Juyi, a famous Chinese poet of Tang Dynasty in the 8th century

春节Spring Festival, the traditional Chinese New Year, which falls on the first day of the first month according to the Chinese lunar calendar.

中秋节the Mid-autumn Festival, a traditional festival of family reunion, which falls on fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month.

龙舟节the Dragon Boat Festival which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It is a festival to commemorate Qu Yuan, the great poet and patriotic figure of the State of Chu during the Warring State period.

泼水节Water-Sprinkling Festival, a big festival for the Dai Nationality to wish everyone happiness by splashing water to each other

口译,不论是英译汉还是汉译英都应以语言简洁明快、通俗易懂为佳。因此,译员要在不损害原意的情况下,尽量减去不必要的词语和重复,这就是减译。汉译英时,尽量避免使用过分中国化而外国人不懂的词语和冗长复杂的句子。比如,在参观导游,风景名胜介绍时,有人常常喜欢使用很多修饰语,详细描述景色或引经据典,介绍中国历史文化。如果译员不看对象,按原话逐字不漏地翻译,结果往往是画蛇添足,外国人迷惑不解,很快失去了听的兴趣。这一类的口译,一定要从实际出发,避免重复,简化情节。英语力求简单明了,使外国人一听就懂。也只有这样,才能引起他们的兴趣,收到良好的效果。

口译中,有时需要通过增加或删减词语, 达到最好的修辞效果。例如:

The private colleges vary greatly in standard and reputation, from the world-famous, and select to the cranky and the obscure.

私立院校的水平与声誉彼此相差甚远,从举世闻名, 出类拔萃到动荡不稳或默默无闻。

此句的汉译增加了词语,特别是恰当地运用了汉语的四字格的修辞手段,译文生动多了。China has a great tradition. It has huge resources. It has enormous strength of will and spirit.

中国有伟大的传统,丰富的资源,巨大的意志力和精神力量。

此句的汉译删去了两个重复的“ It has…”, 汉语既简练又流畅。

第九讲高中英语翻译技巧与能力训练(上)[讲义]

高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译(中译英)题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想,是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子,并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力,它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力,还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例,而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1.每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分;2.语法错误(包括时态错误)每处扣一分;3.译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准,在高考中获得理想的分数呢?考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外,关键还在于学会总结规律,找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读,一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组,也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子,它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么?读出句子结构:对于简单句,辨别出主谓宾,分清定语、同位语和状语;对于并列句,记住两个语法意义上独立的分句,须由连词连接起来;对于复合句,须区分定语从句,名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说,中译英的句型可分为三大类:1.简单句;2.并列句;3.复合句;同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时,也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如:It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析:本题考查:1)简单句There be结构;2)wrong的用法;3)中英文表达的差异。 译句:There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候,我们需要的不是彼此埋怨,而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析:本题考查:1)复合句:when引导的状语从句;what引导的主语从句;2)not…but结构;3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句:When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3:我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢?(prevent) 分析:如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话,就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”,而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分,就太不应该了。 译句:What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4:他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。(likely) 译句:He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析:有些学生一看到有可能,就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible,想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实,学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的,完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5:上海近几年经历了许多变化,如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。(go through) 分析:乍一看,学生很容易轻易下笔,Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…,这已成为很多学生的一个习惯,句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开,英语不像中文,必须要考虑到句子的结构,逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中,就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。

仁爱英语八年级上册Unit 2 Topic 1 课文原文英汉互译

UNIT 2 Food and Health\n 第二单元食物与健康\n Topic 1 You should go to see a doctor.\n 话题1 你应该去看医生。\n Section A\n A部分\n 1a Listen, read and say\n 1a 听、读与说\n Betty: What's wrong with you? Do you have a cold?\n 贝蒂:你怎么了?你感冒了?\n Kangkang: No, I don't. I have a toothache.\n 康康:不,不是。我牙疼。\n Betty: I'm sorry to hear that. You should see a dentist.\n 贝蒂:听到这个消息我感到很难过。你应该去看牙医。\n Kangkang: I think I will.\n 康康:我想是要去看的。\n Betty: I hope you'll be well soon.\n 贝蒂:我希望你很快就没事了。\n Kangkang: Thank you.\n 康康:谢谢你。\n Section B\n B部分\n 1a Listen, read and say\n 1a 听、读与说\n Steve: Hey, Bruce. You look pale. What's the matter?\n 史蒂夫:嘿,布鲁斯。你看起来很苍白。怎么了?\n Bruce: Well, I have a headache and a cough. I'm feeling terrible! \n 布鲁斯:呃,我头疼还咳嗽。我觉得很难受!\n Steve: I'm sorry to hear that. How long have you been like this?\n

英汉互译模拟题

21. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are. 只有当我们看东西不清楚时,我们才意识到我们的眼晴是多么地重要。 22. They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. 这些远视的人们能看清远处的东西,但是他们读书却很困难,除非他们把书举到一臂远的距离处去看。 23. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. 同样的理论代代相传,而且总是正确。 24. Events that the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. 老一代记忆犹新的重大历史事件对年轻人来说不过是过眼烟云而已。 25. What they reject more than anything is conformity. 他们所厌恶的莫过于循规蹈矩。 26. These are not questions the old generations can shrug off lightly. 对于这些问题,老一代人确实不予附合。 27. Most customers who go to a supermarket buy from a shopping list. 大多数去超市的顾客都要按程序购物。 28. The comfort and convenience of shopping centers is another factor which makes them popular with customers. 购物中心舒适而且方便,这是超市受人的另外一个原因。 29. Most of the ill health we suffer could be prevented if people made more effort to change their life styles. 如果人们努力去改变生活方式,就能远离大多数的疾病。 30. Similarly all advertising of alcohol should be banned and compensation paid to families of alcoholics who die of the liver disease. 同样所有的酒类广告都应当被禁止,对于那些因喝酒导致生病,最终死亡的人应当赔偿。

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西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics

英汉互译课程论文原文(5)Translation Theory

嘉兴学院课程论文 2012—2013学年第1学期 课程名称:英汉互译 班级:姓名:学号: 要求:阅读下文,并组织4个同学将其译为汉语(请注明每位同学翻译的部分) A Short History of Western Translation Theory Introduction Antoine Berman has argued that because "reflection on translation has become an internal necessity of translation itself…(t)he construction of a history of translation is the first task of a modern theory of translation" (Berman 1992: 1). This paper gives a very brief overview of the history of western theories of translation, from the perspective of the end of the twentieth century. The framework for my discussion will be a discourse analysis approach to the history of ideas developed by the French historian Michel Foucault. Adapting Steiner (1998: 248-9), I will divide the history of discourse on translation into four periods: (1) a "traditional" period, from the beginning of the Christian era to the end of the eighteenth century, which is a period of "immediate empirical focus", (2) a period of "theory and hermeneutic inquiry", growing out of German Romanticism around the beginning of the nineteenth century, (3) a "modern" period, reaching well into the twentieth century, in which the influence of General Linguistics is increasingly dominant, and (4) the contemporary period, subsequent to the publication of Steiner"s book, which has taken to itself the name of "Translation Studies". An Approach to the History of Ideas My sources to the end of the nineteenth century will be drawn from Douglas Robinson"s Western Translation Theory(Robinson1997a). In studying the history of ideas about translation theory, we are seeking to make sense of a series of existing written texts - what they have to say about the act of translation and translated texts, and how they say what they have to say. Clearly there is a vast amount of discourse about the practice and significance of the act of translation. The 334 pages of Robinson"s book include 124 texts by 90 authors. The historical "sequel", which is the basis of my later remarks, Venuti"s Translation Studies Reader (2000), includes 30 essays by 30 authors and covers 524 pages. This mass of documents is far from being a random collection of statements. As Foucault has noted: "we know perfectly well that we are not free to say just anything, that we cannot simply speak of anything, when we like or where we like; not just anyone, finally, may speak of just anything" (Foucault 1972: 216). Specific fields of discourse are organised in regular ways and grow out of definable social contexts. In all fields of discourse, including those related to translation, "discursive practices are characterised by the delimitation of a field of objects, the definition of a legitimate perspective

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