高中英语概要写作题型解读与技巧
概要写作题型解读与技巧
第一部分概要写作总体介绍
1.题型介绍
◆选材特点
(1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内;
(2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
◆评分参考
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;
(3)上下文的连贯性;
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
2考查能力
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
第二部分概要写作步骤和方法
一．概括的写作步骤：
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子)
二．写概括的具体方法
A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage tells us that----- - --.
B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)
C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.
2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法
You will fail. = You will ____________.
3)Change the part of speech词性转换法
Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .
4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法
语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should ________ more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..
5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children__________ scolding them.
6) Change the order of the words.词序改变法
D. 下列是常规的实用技巧。
Skill1: Omit (省略) the details
Skill2: Omit the repetitions
Skill3: Omit the examples
Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words
Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：“He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
9)掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：
记叙文：what / who / when / where / why / how
议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)
说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
新闻：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs
课后练习
（一）
If you’re anything like us, it seems that your stomach starts to grumble(隆隆响)as soon as McDonald’s golden arches come into view. The reason behind that isn’t the mouthwatering taste of their delicious fries—this is how they get them to taste so good by the way—it’s actually psychological, and it has to do with the colors of their logo.
The colors red a nd yellow were chosen for a specific reason, and it wasn’t because they looked nice with Ronald McDonald’s clown-like face. It actually has to do with science. The color red is stimulating and is associated with being active. It also increases heart rate, which helps to jumpstart your appetite. The color yellow is associated with happiness and is the most visible color in daylight, so that’s why a McDonald’s sign is so easy to spot on a crowded road.
The brain processes color before it processes words or sh apes, so that’s why the fast-food chain chose these two colors for their logo and brand. Red and yellow makes you hungry, encouraging you to want to buy the product they sell, while also making you feel happy.
McDonald’s has started to use this color philo sophy to influence and change the way people currently think about their brand as well. Many franchises(授权经销商)in Europe have started to incorporate more of the color green into their storefronts and interior design because it’s associated with nature and b eing environmentally friendly, something McDonald’s has been criticized for not being in the past. The company has been working to become greener by using environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.
答案
【写作提示】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了色彩和人的食欲之间的关系。文章共四段,每段主题都明了,写概要时根据自然段概括要点即可。
【参考范文】
The reason why people can’t resist the temptation of McDonald’s is psychologically connected with colors of the logo.(要点1)Yellow and red were chosen to help increase people’s
appetite and make the store sign easy to spot.(要点2)Another reason is that the human brain processes color before words or shapes.(要点3)Nowadays McDonald’s takes advantage of the color philosophy to become more environmentally friendly by incorporating more green color into their store design.(要点4)
（二）
As is known, if we are united no one can defeat us. But if we constantly have conflicts or misunderstandings, we may attract outsiders to take advantage of ourselves, which may ultimately result in our failure. Unity is the source of strength and people who are united have the capability to tackle any kind of situation as they share each other’s burdens and hardships.
In olden days, man lived alone. He travelled and hunted all by himself, which sometimes gave opportunities to fierce animal to attack and kill him. Then he realized that if he joined hands with other hunters, he would be able to face several common dangers and challenges. This is how, villages got formed, which later got developed into the towns and cities.
In the sports ground, be it cricket, football, baseball, basketball or any kind of sport, a united team and an appropriate strategy may contribute to the success of the team;but if there is a conflict or unhealthy competition or unnecessary misunderstanding among the team members, they may invite the opponents to take advantage of their shortcomings and win the game. Likewise, if the members of a family stay together and support each other in every phase of life, no outsiders can harm the family.
There was once an old man who lived in a village with his three sons. The sons always fought with each other and would not pay any attention to their father. The man fell sick and assumed that he would die soon;he was very worried about the fact that once he died, people woul d take advantage of his sons’ conflicts. He called all his sons and asked them to break a bundle of sticks, one by on e. None of them could do it. He then untied the bundle and gave each stick to each one of them asking them to break, which they could very conveniently accomplish. He then told his sons that they should stay like the bundle of sticks so that no one can break them;but if they keep on fighting, they will be broken by the outsiders easily.
答案
【写作提示】
本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了合作就能成功的观点。
【参考范文】
It is well known that united we stand and divided we fall.(要点1)In ancient times, hunters made joint efforts to cope with dangers and challenges, thus forming villages and later developing into towns and cities.(要点2)Surely, unity has a great significance in people’s liv es whether in the sports ground or in a family.(要点3)The dying man’s story of sticks also shows the importance of unity.(要点4)
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列举过渡目的过渡让步过渡承接过渡first of all first second third in the first place initially to start with furthermore in addition moreover what’s more finally with the aim of for the sake of with a view to for the purpose of although it is true...that even though of course certainly admittedly indeed true as soon as as a matter of fact so to speak however as it were day after day year in and year out 举例理由时间总结 as an illustration for instance one example for example just as in particular such as namely to illustrate a case in point take...for since by virtue of so given as a result of because (of) due to in view of on account of owing to the reason why in other words lead to for this reason before since as until meanwhile at the moment when whenever as soon as just as according to all in all to summarize in summary in conclusion as a consequence lastly by and large finally consequently to sum up hence
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2017高考新题型英语概要写作 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is agood thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt onthe skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it thatwashing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. Aparticular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French kinghad closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europelived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famouslydirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that,to avoid the attack of disease, th,e nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处)of dirt was long-lived,dirt has no longer beenregarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing arepractical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards ofcleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisementsrepeatedly sell the idea:clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths eversofter, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?