新编英语语法教程第11讲动词的时和体

新编英语语法教程第11讲动词的时和体
新编英语语法教程第11讲动词的时和体

第11讲动词的时和体(一)

11.1一般现在时的用法

一般现在时指未与进行体相结合的现在时形式,通常表示

1.表示不受时限的客观存在

包括客观真理、格言、科学事实及其他不受时限的事实。

2.表示现在习惯动作

这种用法常与频度副词always, ever, frequently, hardly ever, never, occasionally, often,

rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually连用,频度副词通常位于主动词之前,如果主动词是be则通常位于其后,也可为了强调而位于其前。

3.表示现时状态和现在瞬间动作

表示现时状态通常都带有一定的持续性,因此只适用于静态动词。

表示现在瞬间的动作通常只适用于表示短暂动作的动态动词,常用于体育运动的实况报导中,也常见于一些戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词中,以及一些专门用语或日常用语中。上述用法一般都用第一人称。

4.表示将来时间

这种用法分为三种句型,第一种是在I hope, I bet 等后面的that-分句中可用一般现在时表示将来时间,第二种句型是see(to it)/make sure/make certain+

that-分句,第三种句型是由if/when 引导的条件分句和时间分句。

5.表示过去时间

能用一般现在时表示过去时间的动词有tell, say, hear, learn, gather 等,作为一种修辞手法也可用在叙事文或新闻报导中追述往事以增进描述的生动性和真实感,这就是所谓的“历史性现在时”

11.2一般过去时的用法

一般过去时是未与进行体或完成体相结合的过去时形式,可用于:

1.表示过去时间

主要用来表示在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态,也可表示过去的习惯动作。一般过去时所表示的过去时间都与现在时间不发生关系,动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。

2.表示现在时间和将来时间

一般过去时可用在特定句型中表示现在时间和将来时间,表示婉转口气或作想象性用法。

第一种情况是表示婉转语气,只限于want, wonder, think, hope 等少数几个动词。

第二种情况是在It’s time …, I wish …, I’d rather …等结构后面的that-分句中,以及在某些条件句中,表示主观设想。既可表示于现在事实相反主观设想,也可表示与现在事实相反或者表示对将来事态的主观设想,这种情况都不能改用一般现在时。

11.3现在进行体的用法

现在进行体是由助动词be的现在时形式(am,is,are)加-ing分词构成。可用于:

1.表示说话时正在进行的动作

表示现在在做什么,能用于现在进行体的动词一般都是表示持续动作的动态动词,往往带有暂时的含义

2.表示现阶段一直在进行的动作

这种动作在说话时不一定正在进行,这种用法也表示一种暂时性,常与always,continually,constantly,for ever等频度状语连用,对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩

3.表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作

这是表示将来的用法,通常是按照现在的计划安排近期内即将发生,还常见于某些时间

状语分句和条件状语分句。

4.现在进行体的其他用法

a)表示刚刚过去的动作

只适用于口语中某些表示说话的动词,如tell,talk,say,exaggerate等

b)表示婉转语气

只限于hope,wonder等少数几个动词,这种婉转口气伴随着动作的暂时性、不确

定性的。

11.4过去进行体的用法

由助动词be的过去时形式(was,were)加–ing分词构成。可用于:

1.表示过去某时正在进行的动作

这一用法通常把时间状语表示出来或通过上下文暗示出来,可以表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,也可以表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。

2.表示过去某种习惯性动作

通常指过去某一阶段暂时性习惯。也可与always,continually,constantly,for ever等状语连用表示感情色彩。(频度状语也有仅起强调作用不带感情色彩的。)

3.表示过去将来时间里的动作

可表示按照计划安排即将发生的过去将来时态,还可以表示过去将来时间正在进行的动作。

4.表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作

a)表示婉转语气

只限于hope,want,wonder等动词,主要用来表示有礼貌的请求。

b)表示主观臆想的情况

仅限于某些固定结构,通常可与一般过去时交换使用,意义没有区别。

5.过去进行体与一般过去时用法比较

a)表示已完成的动作用一般过去时,表示未完成的动作用过去进行体

b)一般过去时通常只说明过去某时发生某事,而过去进行体则侧重在动作的持续时间,

而不仅是说明事实。

c)当一般过去时与过去进行体同时出现在句中时,通常是表示较短的动作用一般过去

时,表示较长的动作用过去进行体。

d)在口语中,说话人表示所谈内容是随便的,非故意的,或者无一定目的性,常用过

去进行体。

e)注意一般过去时和过去进行体表示的动作的时间顺序。

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