现代词汇学重点
1. Language: language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
2. Phonetics语音学: is the field of language study concerning the physical properties of sounds.
3. Minimal pairs: two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string.
4. Allophones音位变体：variations of a phoneme in different sound environment because the stress of air.
5. Morphemes词素：a morpheme is a minimal significant element, it is also the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
6. theme主位：the point of departure in a sentence.
7. Semantics语义学：the study of the linguistic meaning conveyed by words, phrases and sentences.
8. Pragmatics语用学：a study of the intended meaning of speakers in
a particular context.
9. CP( the cooperative principle): refers to the “co-operation”between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation.
1.design features
Arbitrariness: means that the relationship between sound and meaning has no rational basis.
Duality, productivity or creativity, cultural transmission, displacement, interchangeability.
2.main distinctions: prescriptive and descriptive; synchronic and
diachronic; langue and parole; competence and performance.
3.lexicon characteristics:
meaningful; a grammatical unit; can be used independently;
relatively stable and uninterruptible.
4.classification: word class; meaning—grammatical words and
lexical words; extendability—closed class words and opened class words; variability/inflectional affixes---variable and invariable words.
5.the difference between inflectional morphemes and derivational
morphemes：
IM expresses grammatical meaning, DM expresses lexical meaning; IM may change the word class or word meaning of the original word; In English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.
6.Antonymy: gradable antonyms---long and short;
complementary---dead and alive; relational opposites---buy and sell; reversive---pack and unpack.
7.sentence relations: equivalent---synonyms;
contradictory---antonyms; entailment---hyponymy/inclusion.
8.four conversational maxims:
the maxim of quantity---make your contribution as informative as required, don’t make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality---don’t say what you believe to be false, don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence; relation---say things that are relevant; manner---avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief, be orderly.
9.the development of writing:
pictogram age/ hieroglyph
ideogram age
logo-syllabic
alphabetic writing
10.the writing systems；
morphemic writing system; syllabic; alphabetic.
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
词汇学复习重点
Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
词汇学简论摘要笔记
1。词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。 2。词的意义的体现，则有事物、思维和语言结构三者。因而词的基本分类，则有客体、特征、状态和代替之别。据此研究，一在抓词的理据；二在抓词的变化，考察哪些意义变化引起哪些形式变化和哪些形式变化引起哪些意义变化。即通过词的结构分析，串连语音、形态、语义的内在联系和词义系统相符的名词，确定词与词间的语源关系，从而寻求词根及其衍化轨迹。现代词汇学的研究，不能再墨守传统训访学的方式和方法。既要由上而下地从经籍递推到大众口语，又要根据大众的词汇逆溯到它们最初的来源。这样，对词形结构的分析，词义发展的识别和语音衍化的探讨，才能有所创获。 3。对于某一发展阶段上的语言体系的描写和研究又叫共时的或静态的研究；对于语言体系及其各个组成部分在历史上的发展变化的研究又叫历时的或演化的研究。“共时性”(synchronie)和“历时 性” (diachronie)这两个概念是瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussurel857—1913)在他的《普通语言学教程》里首先提出来的。索绪尔对“共时”和“历时”的解释是，“有关我们这门科学的静态方面的一切都是共时的，涉及演他的一切都是历时的”“共时和历时分别指一种语言状态和一种演化情况。”汉译本《普通语言学教程》，商务印书馆，1980，页119. （P2） 4。个别语言词汇学又可以分为历史词汇学和描写词汇学。前者研究语言的词汇在历史过程中的发展，后者研究在历史发展的某一阶段(一般是指现阶段)语言的词汇系统的状况和特点。自然，二者也是相互为用，不可以截然划分开来的。（P2） 5。若是研究一个民族的古代历久那就更加用得着词汇学(特别是历史词汇学)的知识。正如当代语言学家丰克 (Wilfred Funk)在《词的来源和它们的传奇故事》(Word Origin and Their Romantic Stories，1950)中所说，“词汇也象个小窗户，通过它可以熟悉一个民族的过去。”有时候在缺乏其他史料的情况下，语言材料(主要是词汇材料)就成了研究古代历史上某一个问题的重要依据甚至是唯一依据。（P7） 6。把语言材料应用于古代历史的研，在西方创始于德国语言学家雅各·格林(Jakob Grimml785—1863)。他的著名论点是：“我们的语言也就是我们的历史。”（J。Grimm：《K1einere Schriften》 (小品集)第1册，1864，页290.转引自阿巴耶夫：《语言史和民族史》，《民族问题译丛》1957年第12期，页13。）（P7） 7。分别来说历史词汇学的知识能够帮助解决古代民族史上如下三方面的问题：1)民族起源，即一个民族的起源和形成过程如何，它跟哪些别的民族有亲属关系；2)民族文化历史，即一个民族在各个历史阶段上的文化水平及其主要特点如何；3)民族间互相交往和影响，即一个民族在历史上跟哪些别的民族发生过关系，它受到过它们哪些影响，又对它们有过哪些影响。 解决头一个问题主要依靠基本词汇的材料，而解决后两个问题就还要利用一般词汇的捞料，因为一个民族的物质生活和精神生活的特点及变化都会在语言的词汇中留下它们的痕迹。（P8） 8。总括词的语言外部联系和语言内部联系两个方面，就可以看出一种语言的词汇是在历史上形成并不断发展的社会现象，它本身构成一个完整的体系；词和词之间、词和语言的其他要素之间以及词和客观现实之间都存在着不可分割的多种多样的联系。P14
现代汉语词汇全部作业答案
【第一次作业】 题目：“铁路”是词，“铁锅”是词组。 正确答案：正确 题目：一个多义词的各个义项，可以分别与不同的词构成反义关系。 正确答案：正确 题目：关联性联系形成的新义是词的比喻义。 正确答案：错误 题目：“啤酒”“芭蕾舞”是合成词。 正确答案：正确 题目：词的本义又叫基本义，是词的最初意义。 正确答案：错误 题目：叠音词属于合成词中的一类，如"莽莽”"姥姥”。 正确答案：错误 题目：“虚义语素”是指“子、儿、”等无具体词汇意义的词缀。 正确答案：错误 题目：“找茬儿”中的“茬儿”是单纯词。 正确答案：错误 题目：固定语在结构、意义、作用上有自己的特点，但仍是词汇的组成部分。 正确答案：正确 题目：“鼓掌”“睡觉”都是离合词。 正确答案：正确 题目：语素在构词中的特殊变异主要表现之一是语素义变得模糊。 正确答案：正确 题目：构词能力强是基本词汇与一般词汇的共同特点。 正确答案：错误 题目： MTV、WTO都是带字母的词语。 正确答案：错误 题目：一个多义词的各个义项，可以是词义，也可以是语素义。 正确答案：正确 题目：由于成语意义的整体性特点，构成成语的语素义直接相加不能显示成语的整体义。
正确答案：错误 题目：同音词即声、韵、调相同或相近的词。 正确答案：错误 题目：同义词是概念义与附属义完全相等的词。 正确答案：错误 题目：常用词可以是基本词汇中的词，也可以是一般词汇中的词 正确答案：正确 题目： "摩托车”是半译音半译义外来词 正确答案：正确 题目：词都有概念义，同时也有附属义。 正确答案：错误 【第二次作业】 1、简答四音节的成语是怎样形成的？ 答：①成语绝大多数是四音节的，有一部分后来成为成语的词语，原来就是四音节的。如"一息尚存”，出自《朱子全书?论语》："一息尚存，此志不容少懈，可谓远矣。”"一息尚存”指生命的最后阶段。 ②但大多数成语为四音节，有一个逐渐发展的过程。这同汉语语言片断双音节化有关相当关系。双音同双音结合，是现代汉语的一个主要节奏倾向，而绝大多数成语都用了这种节奏。各种长短不同的词语形成四音节的成语的原因有四个方面： （1）选取原句中最能概括全句或全段意义的成分组成成语。 （2）用四字概括事情、故事、寓言等的主要内容。 （3）省略句中虚词而成。 （4）增加成分（多为虚词或重义成分）于原句而成。 2、简答语素在构词中的特殊变异主要有哪些表现？ 答：(1)语素义完全消失。这指的是某个语素原有的意义在它构成的一些词中完全没有表现，词义完全由另一语素表示，例如"国家”中之"家”，"忘记”中之"记”的意义完全消失了。 (2)语素义模糊。这指的是某些语素原有的意义在其构成的某些词中完全没有表现，但词义又并非完成由另一语素表示，因此不能说这个语素完全没有意义，却又不能说词义减去另一语素的意义等于这个语素新获得之义。这里语素的意义是模糊的。例如"捣蛋”中之"蛋”，"电池”中之"池”在这里的意义是模糊的。 3、简答同义词产生的最主要途径是什么？ 答：（1）新旧词并存可以构成同义词，如：文法——语法，母音——元音等； （2）标准语和标准语吸收的方言词可以构成同义词，如：馒头——馍，玉米——棒子等；（3）外来语词和本民族语词可以构成同义词，如：幽默——诙谐，海洛因——白面儿等；（4）外来语言的译音词和意译词也可以构成同义词，如：公尺——米，连衣裙——布拉吉等；同义词产生的最主要的原因是随着社会生产、社会生活的发展、思想的发展，语言的词
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
《现代英语词汇学概论》
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
词汇学复习重点(精心挑选整理过的)
Motivation of words分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,) Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. 3.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 4.What are the characteristics of antonyms? 1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 5.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning 6.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes 7.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy). 8.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less 9.Definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was
现代汉语词汇练习题
练习题一 一、名词解释 1．语素 2．熟语 3.单纯词 4.合成词 5.成语 6．惯用语 7.歇后语 9.义素 10.语义场 参考答案 1、语素，是最小的语音语义结合体，是最小的有意义的语言单位。 2、熟语，是由词或语素构成的现成用语，是语言中因长期习用而形成的固定短语。 3、单纯词，是由一个语素构成的词。 4、合成词，是由两个以上的语素按照一定的方式组合构成的词。 5、成语，是汉民族长期习用的定型化的短语，以四个音节为主要形式构成，具有形式整齐、韵律和谐、结构固定、言简意赅的特点。 6、惯用语，是口语中较为通行的固定短语，具有结构定型、以整体结构表示一个特定意义的特点。 7、歇后语，是由前后有解说关系的两个部分组成的现成语句。 二、填空题 1.语言中最小的音义结合的单位是，根据其组合能力，可分为和。 4.“忐忑”是单纯词中的词，“鸳鸯”是词，“翩跹”是词。 6.由一个语素构成的词叫做，合成词是由语素构成的词。 7.双音节单纯词主要包括、、三种。 8.由词根加词根组成的合成词有和两种形式。 9.复合式合成词是由结合在一起组成的合成词；重叠式合成词是由构成的合成词；附加式合成词是由组合而成的。 10.复合式合成词有种类型，它们 是、、、、。 13、是词义中的主要部分，词还有附属的，也可称 作。 14.同义词主要有两种类型。一是。二是。 15.同义词的辨析可以从三个方面进行，一是，二 是，三是。 16.反义词是指的词。从意义关系上区分，反义词有两类：一类是，另一类是。 18.基本词汇的三大特点
是、、。 19.一般词汇包括、、、 和等。 20.熟语包括、、等。 21.成语具有以下基本特征：一、，二、。 23.词义演变的途径有以下几种：一、，二、， 三、。 参考答案 1.语素成词语素不成词语素 4.双声非双声叠韵关系的叠韵 6.单纯词两个或两个以上 7.联绵词叠音词音译词 8.复合式重叠式 9.不同词根相同词根词根加词缀 10五联合式偏正式动宾式主谓式补充式 13.理性义色彩义附属义 14.等义词近义词 15.理性意义方面色彩方面词性和用法方面 16.意义相反或相对互补反义词极性反义词 18.全民常用性稳固性能产性 19.古语词方言词外来词行业词隐语 20.成语惯用语歇后语比较固定具有整体性词 21.意义的整体性结构的凝固性 23.词义扩大词义缩小词义转移 三、判断题 1．“巧、巧手、灵巧、巧克力”等词语中的“巧”不是同一个语素。2．“我的妹妹也认识了他”中的“的、也、了”没有词汇意义，因而不是语素。 3．“咖啡糖、蜘蛛网、录像机、研究所”四个词都是由三个语素构成的。4．“剪彩、剪刀、讲话、讲台”都是支配式合成词。 5．“天、天空”和“静、安静”分别为单音词和双音词，所以不能构成同义词.
考研英语词汇复习笔记
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn