云计算毕业设计外文文献
云计算——新兴的计算技术
摘要：云计算是涉及通过互联网提供托管服务的总称。这些服务大致分为三类：基础设施即服务（IaaS）、平台即服务（PaaS）和软件即服务（SaaS）。云计算这个名字的灵感来自于云符号经常用来代表在互联网上流程图和图表。这是在继主机计算、个人电脑计算、客户端服务器计算和Web计算之后的第五代计算技术。本文将围绕云计算进行讨论。
关键词：云计算，IaaS（基础设施即服务），PaaS的（平台即服务），SaaS（软件即服务）
1引言
云服务有三个鲜明的特点区别于传统的主机服务模式，它们分别是：云服务的出售通常按分钟或小时收取费用；云服务是有弹性的，一个用户可以在不同的时间拥有可多可少的服务；云服务完全由供应商托管（消费者只需要通过个人电脑和互联网就可以使用）。虚拟化的重大创新、分布式计算的发展，以及高速互联网的建设和经济的衰落，都加速了对云计算的兴趣。
云可以是私有的或公有的。公有云向互联网上的任何人销售（目前，亚马逊的网络服务是最大的公有云服务提供商）。私有云是一个专有网络或数据中心，向一部分人提供托管服务。当服务提供商使用公有云资源来创建自己的私有云，这样的结果被称为虚拟化的私有云。私有云或公共云的云计算目标是提供方便的、可扩展的计算资源和IT服务[1]。
IaaS（基础设施即服务），像亚马逊提供的Web服务是根据唯一的IP地址和存储块按照客户的需求提供虚拟的服务器实例。客户使用提供商的API来启动、停止、访问和配置他们的虚拟服务器和存储。在企业中，云计算能够根据需要进行购买。
PaaS（平台即服务）被定义为托管提供商提供的一套软件开发工具和产品。开发人员通过互联网在基础平台上开发应用程序。PaaS的提供者可以使用API，门户网站或门户网站上的软件为客户的计算机进行安装。https://www.360docs.net/doc/2016541393.html,（https://www.360docs.net/doc/2016541393.html,的产物）和GoogleApps都是PaaS的例子。开发人员需要知道的是，目前还没有云的互操作性和云数据可移植性的标准。一些供应商可能不会允许客户创建的软件移出提供商的平台。
在SaaS（软件即服务）的云模型中，供应商通过前端门户向客户提供硬件设施、软件产品、以及用户交互。SaaS是一个很广泛的市场。服务可以从基于Web电子邮件的目录控制到数据库处理。由于服务提供商提供的主机应用程序和数据，最终用户从任何地方可以自由地使用该服务。
2云计算的优势
云计算具有的优势是什么？
(a)最小化的资本开支
(b)位置和设备独立性
(c)利用和提高能效
(d)非常高的可扩展性
(e)高计算能力
答案：供应商的视角：申请厂商更容易吸引新客户。
(a)提供最低成本的方法和配套应用；
(b)能够使用商品服务器和存储硬件；
(c)能够降低数据中心的运营成本；
(d)一个词概括：经济学。
3云计算的障碍
从客户的视角来看，云计算的障碍有：
(a)数据安全；
(b)很多客户不希望他们的数据迁移到可以信任的“云”上；
(c)数据必须进行本地保留；
(d)延迟；
(e)云可以走多少毫秒；
(f)不是实时应用的理想选择；
(g)应用程序可用性；
(h)无法通过现有的传统应用进行切换；
(i)等效的云应用不存在；
总结，并非所有的应用程序都要工作在公共云之上。
4云计算的体系结构
云计算架构及其实现的定义非常强调UNIX哲学，具备开发人员必须遵循的一系列规则，确保云计算将很容易地实施，并且保证应用程序对用户的优势。虽然有很多Unix哲学的定义，规则和原则，他们都有一个共同的信念：建立一个协同工作的事物。通过UNIX哲学，设计云计算架构的开发商必须记住的是只有一个应用程序并且至少有一个输出。云计算可能是由不同的阶段组成，但这些阶段是以实现在线申请一致的计算为目标。数据中心和服务器农场提出了应用程序的需求。可以说，许多硬件可以被用来支持一个进程，但这些都应该确保该应用程序有足够的后备设备计划。云计算的应用程序也被认为是由安全性和性能监测组成的。通过云计算架构的正确执行，应用程序将能够为用户提供7×24小时的服务。
5云计算安全
安全是企业的最关注的问题之一。不管业务有多大，或者有多小，都应该采取必要的安全措施。不同的安全漏洞通常会引来不同意图的攻击。一个单一的安全问题可能意味着数百万元的企业，可能会突然就无法正常经营了。
安全措施对于云计算是非常必要的[3]。从互联网启动的应用程序更容易受到攻击[3]。局域网的应用程序比部署在外网的应用程序安全性好。这是云计算的独特情况。云计算的实现可能需要数百万的资金用于基础设施的建设和应用程序的开发，但仍置于不同类型的攻击之中。
5.1保护用户
除了以上的问题之外，云计算或者任何网络形式的应用程序都应该考虑保护其用户。开发者应该保证用户相关的数据不会被错误的获取。
这里有两种方案保证云计算的安全：限制用户的访问和认证。
(a)限制性访问可能来自简单的用户名和密码，但是云计算的应用程序不仅应立足于这些挑战。IP的特定应用和用户访问的时间只是云计算安全应予以执行的一些措施。限制用户访问的挑战在于限
制用户的访问权限。每个用户必须手动指派安全检查，以确保限制通行不同的文件。
(b)证书对于用户的认证也同样重要。开发商必须开放其提供安全认证的专家或公司。这是一种被不同类型的攻击测试用户的方式。这常常是云计算外部安全检查面对的可以公开公司秘密的难题，但是这必须以确保其用户的安全为前提。
5.2数据安全
除了对用户受到不同类型攻击的保护，数据本身应该得到保护。在这方面，硬件与软件都会起到作用。而且，认证在数据安全方面是非常必要的。
另一方面，计算机硬件需要不同类型的安全考虑。数据中心的位置选择不仅要考虑是否靠近控制器和用户，而且还需要考虑其外部安全问题（甚至是保密）。数据中心应该得到保护，可以适应不同类型的天气条件，能够抵御会造成物理损坏的火灾等自然灾害。
对于添置应用程序有关的硬件，某些硬件必须增加安全性。其中之一是手动关机，以防止信息的进一步访问。虽然数据可以由其他应用程序控制，但是数据也会流失除非立即关机。
5.3恢复和调查
云计算安全不应只注重预防本身。充足的资源，也应侧重于恢复，如果真的发生不幸就会罢工。即使在灾难发生时，某些计划必须到位，以确保每个应用都能复苏。该计划并不一定要把重点放在单独攻击的软件上，如某些外部灾害天气情况应该有单独的恢复计划。
当一切都已经恢复，供应商及受理申请的公司应通过一些途径调查问题的原因。通过调查，可以发现该事件导致的原因，甚至采取法律的行动，如果安全受到故意破坏。
实施云计算，安全是最困难的任务之一。它不仅要求能够从软件方面抵御各种形式的攻击，而且在硬件方面也要能够起到作用。攻击造成灾难性的影响只需要一个安全漏洞，所以它始终是每个人面临的安全性挑战。
6云计算的挑战
云计算应用的挑战主要在于应用程序可以处理的请求数量[2]。尽管这个问题有了数据中心的建议，没有正确开发阿杜应用程序也会遇到门槛。
为了解决这一问题，开发者使的元数据来为用户提供个性化的服务，以及数据处理。通过元数据，个性化的要求将被接纳，并会得到妥善落实。元数据还保证在正常运行时间的交易数据请求将会得到延缓如果开发商选择这样做。
7云计算的未来
云计算可能是一些企业和消费者比较新的概念。但是即使一些企业刚开始采用，也能获益于云计算的优势。很多行业巨头都已经开始期待着下一个云计算阶段。
云计算的未来应高度考虑在任何行业的企业。云计算的能够完全适应任何一个行业的可能性正在慢慢开始出现。如果一个企业不考虑在云计算时代的未来，面临的挑战以及云计算的优势可能无法得到合理和充分利用。
Cloud C omputing-The Emerging Technology of C omputing
Pratima Manhas,Shaveta Thakral
ECE Dept,Manav Rachna International,University(MRIU),Faridabad,India
ABSTRACT：Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.These services are broadly divided into three categories:Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS)and Software-as-a-Service(SaaS).The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to represent the Internet in flowcharts and diagrams.It is the5th generation of computing after mainframe,personal computer,client server computing and the web.In this certain application,limitation and future scope of this technology was discussed.
KEY WORDS:Cloud computing,IaaS(Infrastructure-as-a-Service),PaaS(Platform-as-a-Service),SaaS (Software-as-a-Service)
1Introduction
A cloud service has three distinct characteristics that differentiate it from traditional hosting.It is sold on demand,typically by the minute or the hour;it is elastic--a user can have as much or as little of a service as they want at any given time;and the service is fully managed by the provider(the consumer needs nothing but a personal computer and Internet access).Significant innovations in virtualization and distributed computing,as well as improved access to high-speed Internet and a weak economy,have accelerated interest in cloud computing.
A cloud can be private or public.A public cloud sells services to anyone on the Internet.(Currently, Amazon Web Services is the largest public cloud provider.)A private cloud is a proprietary network or a data center that supplies hosted services to a limited number of people.When a service provider uses public cloud resources to create their private cloud,the result is called a virtual private cloud.Private or public,the goal of cloud computing is to provide easy,scalable access to computing resources and IT services[1].
Infrastructure-as-a-Service like Amazon Web Services provides virtual server instances with unique IP addresses and blocks of storage on demand.Customers use the provider's application program interface(API) to start,stop,access and configure their virtual servers and storage.In the enterprise,cloud computing allows a company to pay for only as much capacity as is needed,and bring more online as soon as required.
Platform-as-a-service in the cloud is defined as a set of software and product development tools hosted on the provider's infrastructure.Developers create applications on the provider's platform over the Internet. PaaS providers may use APIs,website portals or gateway software installed on the customer's computer. https://www.360docs.net/doc/2016541393.html,,(an outgrowth of https://www.360docs.net/doc/2016541393.html,)and Google Apps are examples of PaaS.Developers need to know that currently,there are not standards for interoperability or data portability in the cloud.Some providers will not allow software created by their customers to be moved off the provider's platform.
In the software-as-a-service cloud model,the vendor supplies the hardware infrastructure,the software product and interacts with the user through a front-end portal.SaaS is a very broad market.Services can be
anything from Web-based email to inventory control and database processing.Because the service provider hosts both the application and the data,the end user is free to use the service from anywhere.
2Benefits of Cloud Computing
(a)Minimized Capital expenditure
(b)Location and Device independence
(c)Utilization and efficiency improvement
(d)Very high Scalability
(e)High Computing power
A.VendorPerspective
Easier for application vendors to reach new customers
(a)Lowest cost way of delivering and supporting applications
(b)Ability to use commodity server and storage hardware
(c)Ability to drive down data center operational cots
(d)In one word:economics
3Barriers to Cloud Computing
A.Customer Perspective
(a)Data Security
(b)Many customers don’t wish to trust their data to“the cloud”
(c)Data must be locally retained for regulatory reasons
(d)Latency
(e)The cloud can be many milliseconds away
(f)Not suitable for real-time applications
(g)Application Availability
(h)Cannot switch from existing legacy applications
(i)Equivalent cloud applications do not exist
Not all applications work on public clouds
4Architecture of cloud computing
Cloud computing architecture and its implementation is strongly defined by the Unix Philosophy.It’s basically a set of rules and principles that developers would have to follow to ensure that cloud computing would be easily implemented and the application would be for the advantage of the user.Although there are many definitions,rules and principles for Unix Philosophy,they all point out to one belief:build one thing and make sure it works consistently.Through the Unix Philosophy,developers who design the architecture for cloud computing have to remember that they there only to support only one application or at least an output. Cloud computing could be composed of different stages but these stages are geared towards the consistent computing of the online application.
Keeping up with the demands of the application is the data centers and server farms.It could be said that too much hardware could be used to support a single process but these are implemented to ensure that the
application would have as many back-up plans as it could have.Applications from cloud computing is also implemented with the thought of consistent security and performance monitoring.Through proper implementation of cloud computing architecture,the application will be accessible24/7with a new100% uptime for their users.
5Security on cloud computing
Security is one of the biggest concerns of businesses in any form.Whether a business is a small brick-and-mortar or a multi-million online ventures,security should be implemented.Exposing the company to different security flaws is always inviting to different elements with malicious intent.A single security strike could mean millions of dollars for businesses and might single handedly close the business down.
Proper implementation of security measures is highly recommended for cloud computing[3].The mere fact that the application is launched through internet makes it vulnerable to any time of attack[3].An application available in LAN(Local Area Network)only could even be infiltrated from the outside so placing an application over the internet is always a security risk.This is the unique situation of cloud computing. Implementation of cloud computing could require millions of dollars in infrastructure and applications development but it still places itself at risk for different types of attacks.
A.Protecting the Users
Above everything else,cloud computing or any type of online application format should consider protecting its users.Developers should make sure that data related to the user should not be mishandled and could be extracted just by one.
There are two ways to ensure cloud computing security:restrictive user access and certifications.
(i)Restrictive access could come from simple username/password challenge to complicated CAPTCHA log in forms.But applications in cloud computing should not only base itself on these challenges.IP specific applications and user time-outs are only some of the security measures that should be implemented.
The challenge in restrictive user access is to limit the access privilege of the user.Each user will have to be assigned manually with security clearance to ensure limitation of access to different files.
(ii)Certifications are also important for user certification.
Developers have to open their application to security specialists or companies that provide certifications for security.This is one way of assuring users that the application has been fully tested against different types of attacks.This is often the dilemma for cloud computing as external security checks might open the company secrets on cloud computing.But this has to be sacrificed to ensure the security of their users.
B.Data Security
Aside from user protection against different types of attacks,the data itself should be protected.In this aspect,the hardware and software linked to cloud computing should be scrutinized.Again,a certification is highly desired in this part of cloud computing.
The hardware component for cloud computing on the other hand requires a different type of security consideration.The location of data center should not only be selected because of its proximity to controllers and intended users but also on its security(and even secrecy)from external problems.The data center should be protected against different types of weather conditions,fire and even physical attacks that might destroy the center physically.
With regards to the hardware component in relation to the application,certain manual components have to be available for increased security.Among them is manual shutdown to prevent further access of the information.Although data could be controlled with another application that data could be infiltrated unless the application is shutdown immediately.
C.Recovery and Investigation
Cloud computing security should not only focus itself on prevention.Ample resources should also be focused on recovery if the unfortunate event really strikes.Even before disaster happens,certain plans have to be in place to ensure that everyone will be working in unison towards recovery.The plans do not have to be focused on software attacks alone–certain external disasters such as weather conditions should have separate recovery plans.
When everything has been recovered,developers and the company handling the application should have the means to investigate the cause of the problem.Through investigation,certain conditions that lead to the event could be realized and insecurities could be discovered.Even legal actions could be done if security has been breached on purpose.
Security is one of the most difficult task to implement in cloud computing.It requires constant vigilance against different forms of attacks not only in the application side but also in the hardware components.Attacks with catastrophic effects only needs one security flaw so it’s always a challenge for everyone involved to make things secured.
6Challenges in cloud computing
The challenge for applications in cloud computing is largely based on the number of requests the application could handle[2].Although this factor could be highly suggested by the data center,the application will usually have a threshold if they are not properly written.
To deal with this concern,developers use metadata to enable personalized services to their users as well as data processing.Through metadata,individualized requests will be entertained and will be properly implemented.Metadata also ensures uptime of transaction as data requests will be slowed down if the developer chooses to do so.
7Future of cloud computing
Cloud computing may be a relatively new concept for some businesses and consumers.But even though some businesses are only starting to adopt and realizing the advantages of cloud computing,industry giants are already looking forward to the next big step of cloud computing.
The future of cloud computing should be highly considered by businesses in any industry.The possibility of full adaptation of cloud computing by almost any industry is slowly starting to happen.If a business will not consider their future in cloud computing,the challenges as well as the advantages of cloud computing may not be addressed and fully harnessed.
References
[1]Toby Velte,Anthony Velte,Robert Elsenpeter.“Cloud Computing,A Practical Approach”,Mcgraw-Hill Education,2009.
[2]Ronald Krutz and Russell Vines.“Cloud Security:A Comprehensive Guide to Secure Cloud Computing”, Wiley Publishing Inc,2010.
[3]John Rittenhouse and James Ransome.“Cloud Computing:Implementation,Management,and Security”, CRC Press2010.
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
新技术云计算外文文献
云计算——新兴的计算技术 摘要：云计算是涉及通过互联网提供托管服务的总称。这些服务大致分为三类：基础设施即服务（IaaS）、平台即服务（PaaS）和软件即服务（SaaS）。云计算这个名字的灵感来自于云符号经常用来代表在互联网上流程图和图表。这是在继主机计算、个人电脑计算、客户端服务器计算和Web计算之后的第五代计算技术。本文将围绕云计算进行讨论。 关键词：云计算，IaaS（基础设施即服务），PaaS的（平台即服务），SaaS（软件即服务） 1引言 云服务有三个鲜明的特点区别于传统的主机服务模式，它们分别是：云服务的出售通常按分钟或小时收取费用；云服务是有弹性的，一个用户可以在不同的时间拥有可多可少的服务；云服务完全由供应商托管（消费者只需要通过个人电脑和互联网就可以使用）。虚拟化的重大创新、分布式计算的发展，以及高速互联网的建设和经济的衰落，都加速了对云计算的兴趣。 云可以是私有的或公有的。公有云向互联网上的任何人销售（目前，亚马逊的网络服务是最大的公有云服务提供商）。私有云是一个专有网络或数据中心，向一部分人提供托管服务。当服务提供商使用公有云资源来创建自己的私有云，这样的结果被称为虚拟化的私有云。私有云或公共云的云计算目标是提供方便的、可扩展的计算资源和IT服务[1]。 2云计算的优势 云计算具有的优势是什么？ (a)最小化的资本开支 (b)位置和设备独立性 答案：供应商的视角：申请厂商更容易吸引新客户。 (a)提供最低成本的方法和配套应用； (b)能够使用商品服务器和存储硬件； 3云计算的障碍 从客户的视角来看，云计算的障碍有： (a)数据安全； (b)很多客户不希望他们的数据迁移到可以信任的“云”上； (c)数据必须进行本地保留； (d)延迟； (e)云可以走多少毫秒； (f)不是实时应用的理想选择； (g)应用程序可用性； (h)无法通过现有的传统应用进行切换； (i)等效的云应用不存在； 总结，并非所有的应用程序都要工作在公共云之上。
科技外文文献译文
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JSP的技术发展历史 作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates 来源：Servlet&JSP Java Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。与SSJS和ASP相比，JSP具有更好的可扩展性，并且它不专属于任何一家厂商或某一特定的Web服务器。尽管JSP规范是由Sun 公司制定的，但任何厂商都可以在自己的系统上实现JSP。 在Sun正式发布JSP之后，这种新的Web应用开发技术很快引起了人们的关注。JSP为创建高度动态的Web应用提供了一个独特的开发环境。按照Sun的说法，JSP能够适应市场上包括Apache WebServer、IIS4.0在内的85%的服务器产品。 本文将介绍JSP相关的知识，以及JavaBean的相关内容，当然都是比较粗略的介绍其中的基本内容，仅仅起到抛砖引玉的作用，如果读者需要更详细的信息，请参考相应的JSP的书籍。 1.1 概述 JSP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准，其在动态网页的建设中有其强大而特别的功能。JSP与Microsoft的ASP技术非常相似。两者都提供在HTML代码中混合某种程序代码、由语言引擎解释执行程序代码的能力。下面我们简单的对它进行介绍。 JSP页面最终会转换成servlet。因而，从根本上，JSP页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servlet 来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servlet和JSP页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java 编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。 和单独使用servlet相比，JSP提供下述好处： JSP中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSP中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。 能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使是那些对JSP一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSP标签。 可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离和强分离。 此处的讨论并不是说人们应该放弃使用servlet而仅仅使用JSP。事实上，几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。在某些项目中，更适宜选用servlet，而针对项目中的某些请求，我们可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不一定能够胜任所有工作。 1.2 JSP的由来 Sun公司的JSP技术，使Web页面开发人员可以使用HTML或者XML标识来设计和格式化最终
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最新云计算中侧信道攻击的防御-毕业论文外文翻译整理
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毕业设计英语参考文献
C++ [1] Gordon Hogenson. C++/Cli The Visual C++ Language For .Net [M]. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2007. [2] Motor Industry Software Reliability Association. MISRA-C: 2004: guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems.[M]. MIRA, 2008. [3] Jeff Cogswell, John Paul Mueller. C++ All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies [M]. Wiley publishing.Inc 2009. [4] Stephen R. Davis. C++ for Dummies [M]. wiley publishing.Inc 2008. [5] Harvey Dietel, Paul Deitel. C: How to Program [M]. Pearson Education,Inc 2010. [6] Bruce Eckel. Thinking in C++[M]. Prentice Hall, 2000. [7] Herbert Schildt. C++: a beginner's guide Beginner's Guides[M]. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. [8] Mark Lee. C++ Programming for the Absolute Beginner For the Absolute Beginner[M]. Course Technology, 2009. MIS参考文献 [9] Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon . Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm[M]. Publisher Prentice Hall, 2007. [10] Raymond McLeod, George P. Schell. Management information systems[M]. Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. [11] James A. O'Brien, George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems[M]. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2008.
Hadoop云计算外文翻译文献
Hadoop云计算外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Meet Hadoop In pioneer days they used oxen for heavy pulling, and when one ox couldn’t budge a log, they didn’t try to grow a larger ox. We shouldn’t be trying for bigger computers, but for more systems of computers. —Grace Hopper Data! We live in the data age. It’s not easy to measure the total volume of data stored electronically, but an IDC estimate put the size of the “digital universe” at 0.18 zettabytes in
2006, and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes. A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or equivalently one thousand exabytes, one million petabytes, or one billion terabytes. That’s roughly the same order of magnitude as one disk drive for every person in the world. This flood of data is coming from many sources. Consider the following: ? The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day. ? Facebook hosts approximately 10 billion photos, taking up one petabyte of storage. ? https://www.360docs.net/doc/2016541393.html,, the genealogy site, stores around 2.5 petabytes of data. ? The Internet Archive stores around 2 petabytes of data, and is growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month. ? The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, will produce about 15 petabytes of data per year. So there’s a lot of data out there. But you are probably wondering how it affects you. Most of the data is locked up in the largest web properties (like search engines), or scientific or financial institutions, isn’t it? Does the advent of “Big Data,” as it is being called, affect smaller organizations or individuals? I argue that it does. Take photos, for example. My wife’s grandfather was an avid photographer, and took photographs throughout his adult life. His entire corpus of medium format, slide, and 35mm film, when scanned in at high-resolution, occupies around 10 gigabytes. Compare this to the digital photos that my family took last year,which take up about 5 gigabytes of space. My family is producing photographic data at 35 times the rate my wife’s grandfather’s did, and the rate is increasing every year as it becomes easier to take more and more photos. More generally, the digital streams that individuals are producing are growing apace. Microsoft Research’s MyLifeBits project gives a glimpse of archiving of pe rsonal information that may become commonplace in the near future. MyLifeBits was an experiment where an individual’s interactions—phone calls, emails, documents were captured electronically and stored for later access. The data gathered included a photo taken every minute, which resulted in an overall data volume of one gigabyte a month. When storage costs come down enough to make it feasible to store continuous audio and video, the data volume for a future MyLifeBits service will be many times that.
如何写文献综述和文献翻译
第一讲文献综述撰写规范 一、文献综述的概念 “综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。文献综述是针对某一研究领域分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作，进展到何程度，要求对国内外相关研究的动态、前沿性问题做出较详细的综述，并提供参考文献。 根据其涉及的内容范围不同，综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型。所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专 业为对象，而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的。 二、文献综述的作用 一方面佐证研究项目的可行性和研究思路 另一方面有助于科研人员借鉴他人成果、把握主攻方向以及领导者进行科学决策。 三、文献综述的撰写 文献综述的格式总的来说，一般都包含以下部分具体格式：①综述题目；②作者单位；③摘要；④关键词；⑤前言；⑥主题；⑦总结；⑧参考文献。下面着重介绍前言、
主题部分、总结部分及参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写。 1、前言部分 前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 前言部分要写清： (1)写作的目的。 (2)有关概念的定义。 (3)规定综述的范围、包括：“专题涉及的学科范围”，综述范围切忌过宽、过杂，“时间范围”，必须声明引用文献起止的年份。 (4)扼要说明有关问题的现况或争论焦点，引出所写综述的核心主题，这是广大读者最关心而又感兴趣的，也是写作综述的主线。 咱学院论文最大缺陷在于这个部分缺失。 几种前言模式： 请看案例一： 社会转型下的中国“媒介审判”现象研究近些年来，随着我国经济和政治体改革的深入，我国司法与媒体的博弈日益凸显，“媒介审判”现象一直被广大新闻传播界和法律界的专家开始所关注，并成为学术界研究的重点。西方学者认为，“媒介审判”（trial by media）也叫“报刊裁判”（trail by newspaper），是一种不依据法律程序而对被告和犯罪嫌疑人实施的非法的道义上的裁判。在我国的第一本新闻传播法教程里可以看到“媒
毕业设计外文翻译原文
编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日
The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components