中考英语语法专题讲解——数词

中考英语语法专题讲解——数词
中考英语语法专题讲解——数词

中考英语语法——数词

1. 熟练掌握时间和日期的基本表达法。

2. 掌握基数词和序数词的形式及基本用法。

3. 掌握日常交际活动中数词的常见用法。

4. 理解数词的某些特殊用法。

数词是表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。从表面来看,数词的用法似乎并不复杂,与我们母语的数词的概念和用法并无太大差别。但事实上,英语中各种不同数量的表达法及数词在各种不同情况下的写法和读法是与汉语有很大差别的。中考有关数词的考点常分布在听力题、单项选择和完成句子中。分值为2-3分。

攻克方法:在对数词进行复习的时候,同学们首先要会读会写所有基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的时间表达法。

一、知识精讲

数词分基数词和序数词。表示数目和数量的多少的词为基数词。表示数目顺序的词为序数词。

(一)基数词和序数词的形式

1. 基数词的形式:

⑴基数词1—12是独立的单词,需逐个记忆。基数词13—19是在个位数词的词干后加teen。基数词20—90中整十的数是在十位数词后面加ty构成。基数词21-99中非整十的数是在十位数词后面加上个位数词构成,中间要用连字符“-”连接。

例如:

基数词

阿拉伯数

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

30 thirty

40 forty

50 fifty

60 sixty

70 seventy

80 eighty

90 ninety

100 one hundred

状元典例

—Excuse me,how many students are there in your art club?

—There are ______.

A. twelve

B. twelfth

C. the twelfth

答案:A

思路分析:本题考查的是基数词的用法。表示具体数量的多少用基数词即twelve, 故选择A。

⑵英语中没有“万”和“亿”,在表示“万”和“亿”时要按十进位法来推算。

10,000 ten thousand

100,000,000 one hundred million

注意:数词的读法:

从后往前数,每隔三位加一个逗号;第一个逗号前读thousand,第二个逗号前读million;第三个逗号前读billion。例如:

1, 365, 123,408 读作:

One billion three hundred and sixty-five million one hundred and twenty – three thousand four hundred and eight

2. 序数词的形式:

⑴序数词第一到第十九中除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九和第十二变化不规则外,其余均在基数词后面加上-th。

⑵二十以上整十数字的序数词的构成方法是将整十数字词尾的y变成i再加-eth。

⑶几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。

基数词序数词

one first

two second

three third

four fourth

five fifth

six sixth

seven seventh

eight eighth

nine ninth

ten tenth

eleven eleventh

twelve twelfth

thirteen thirteenth

fourteen fourteenth

fifteen fifteenth

sixteen sixteenth

seventeen seventeenth

eighteen eighteenth

nineteen nineteenth

twenty twentieth

thirty thirtieth

forty fortieth

fifty fiftieth

sixty sixtieth

seventy seventieth

eighty eightieth

ninety ninetieth

hundred hundredth

基数词变序数词口诀:

基变序,有规律,末尾加上th;

一、二、三特殊记,八加h,

九去e,ve要用f替;

以y结尾变ie,后跟th莫忘记。

若想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。

(二)基数词和序数词的基本用法:

1. 基数词的基本用法:

⑴基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语。

【例句】

Thirty of them are volunteers.(主语)

—How many would you like?

—Three,please.(作宾语)

The nine boys are from China.(定语)

Six plus four is ten.(表语)

⑵表示一个具体数字时,hundred, thousand, million后面一律不能加s。

【例句】

He has two hundred books.

There are three thousand students in our school.

在表示一个不确定的数字时则用复数。

hundreds of (数以百计的)

thousands of (成千上万的)

⑶对事物的编号用基数词, 门牌号、房间号、页码、电话号码等通常用基数词。

No.589

Lesson One

【例句】

Open your book, turn to Page Twenty-one.

We are going to study Lesson Five.

He lives in Room 801.

⑷表示某人“几十岁”要用基数词的复数形式。如:in one’s thirties 三十多岁

⑸表示百分数用基数词。

【例句】

Thirty percent of them is water.

⑹表示分数时,分子为基数词,分母为序数词;若分子大于1,分母上的序数词要用复数。

one third三分之一

two fifths五分之二

状元典例

There’s much meat in the basket, but______ of it is dirty.

A. two three

B. two third

C. one seconds

D. two thirds

答案:D

思路分析:本题考查的是分数表达法。分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分母要用复数,表达“三分之二”,分子为two,分母为thirds,故选择D 。

2. 序数词的基本用法

⑴序数词主要用作定语,前面要加定冠词。

【例句】

The first bus is carrying a lot of people.

John lives on the fifteenth floor.

状元典例

John lives on floor. He doesn't use a lift to go up and down.

A. nine

B. the ninth

C. ninth

D. a ninth

答案:B

思路分析:本题考查的是序数词的用法。表示“第……”时,用序数词,并且序数词前要用定冠词the,故选择B。

⑵序数词前面有时可加不定冠词来表示“再一”、“又一”这样的意思。

【例句】

We'll have to do it a second time.

Shall I ask him a third time?

状元典例

—I hear your pen friend is visiting Lianyungang again. Is it the______ time for him?

—Yes, and he will come for a third time next spring.

A. first

B. second

C. third

D. fourth

答案:B

思路分析:本题考查的是序数词在语境中的用法。表示“第……”时,用序数词,根据句意“明年

春天第三次来”,可推断此次为第二次,故选择B。

⑶有时对事物的编号也可用序数词。

【例句】

We are going to study the fifth lesson.

状元典例

Now, everybody, please turn to Page ______ and look at the ______ picture.

A. Fifth; five

B. Five; fifth

C. Fifth; fifth

D. Five; five

答案:B

思路分析:本题第一空考查的是基数词的基本用法,对事物的编号用基数词,故用Five。第二空表示“第五幅图画”用序数词,故选择B。

(三)时间和日期的基本表达法

1. 时间的表达法:表示时刻用基数词。

⑴先表示小时后表示分钟。例如:

时间表达法

7:00 seven

7:25 seven

twenty-five

7:30 seven thirty

7:45 seven forty-five

7:50 seven fifty

⑵先表示分钟后表示小时。如图所示:

注意:

半点之前表示为分钟+past+这一小时;

半点之后表示为分钟+to+下一小时。

例如:

时间表达法

7:15 a quarter past seven

7:25 twenty-five past seven

7:30 half past seven

7:45 a quarter to eight

7:50 ten to eight

2. 日期的基本表达法:

表示年月日应为“月份+日期+年份”。年用基数词表示,日用序数词表示。

例如:

1949年10月1日

写作:October 1st 1949

读作:October (the) first, nineteen forty-nine

2008年8月8日

写作:August 8th 2008

读作:August (the) eighth, two thousand and eight

注意:

对日期(几月几日)的提问常用What’s the date today?

二、难点聚焦

1. 基数词的注意事项

状元典例

—The traffic is busy in this city.

—So it is. ______ cars are on the road every day.

A. Thousand

B. Thousands of

C. Five thousand of

答案:B

思路分析:本题考查的是基数词的特殊用法——基数词的复数形式。当基数词hundred, thousand, million, billion等前有具体数词或several修饰时,必须用单数。如: several hundred year’s ago几百年前two thousand students两千个学生

表示不确定数字“成千上万的”意思时thousand后面加s,后接of,构成短语,故选择B。

基数词还要注意以下几点:

(1)几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“-”连接。如:

eighty-five 85 twenty-six 26

(2)三位数的基数词须在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间用and连接。如:

three hundred and sixty-five 365

two hundred and six 206

(3)基数词的特殊用法:表示“几十年代”或“几十岁”时,用逢十的基数词的复数形式。如:in the 1990’s 20世纪90年代

in on e’s twenties 在某人20多岁时

(4)用在习语中。如:

in twos and threes 三三两两地

2. 序数词的注意事项:

状元典例

Although I failed four times, my father encouraged me to have a ______ try.

A. third

B. fourth

C. fifth

答案:C

思路分析:本题考查的是序数词的基本用法。表示“第几次”时,用序数词,因前一句意为失败四次,后一句表示父亲鼓励我再试一次,应该是试第五次,故选择C。

序数词前一般要用定冠词the,如果序数词前用a或an,则表示“又一;再一”(没有具体范围的限制)。

【例句】

Though he had failed twice, he wanted to try a third time.

尽管他已失败了两次,他还想试第三次。

The little monkey had had three apples, and he wanted to eat a fourth one.

那只小猴子已经吃了3个苹果,它还想吃第四个。

序数词还要注意以下几点:

(1)多位数的基数词变成序数词时,只需将末位基数词变成序数词,前边的基数词不变。如:forty-two 42 forty-second第42

nine-hundred 900 nine-hundredth第900

(2)当序数词用阿拉伯数字表示时,必须在数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。如:

21st第21 32nd第32

三、状元笔记

1. 分数

分数由基数词和序数词合成。分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子是1时,分母(序数词)用单数形式;分子大于1时,分母用复数形式,序数词加-s。读带分数时,先读整数部分,再读分数部分。例如:

1/2→one half 或a half 1/4→one fourth 或one (a) quarter

3/4→three quarters或three fourths 4/5→four fifths

2-1/3→two and a (one)third 3-5/6→three and five sixths

32-3/4→thirty-two and three quarters(three fourths)

状元典例

_____ of _____ Class Four students have joined the singing group.

A. Three-fifths, the

B. Three-fifth, the

C. Three-fifths, /

D. Three-fifth, /

答案:A

思路分析:英语中,“几分之几”的表达方式是分子用基数词、分母用序数词,中间用短横“–”连接。当分子大于“一”时,分母序数词要加“s”。由于本句中数量用的是“of”短语,即意为“其中的五分之三”,因此后面的名词“students”必定是“确指”的,要加定冠词“the”。所以本题应选“A”。在这里要特别注意的是:不要看到“students”前有修饰词“Class Four”就不敢加定冠词“the”,要懂得这里的“the”是修饰“students”的。同样,“the English language”的表达形式也类似于此种情况。

2. 小数

整数与小数之间用小数点隔开。读小数时,每位数字(特别是小数点后面的)要单独读出。小数点读作point(点),零读作zero(或naught)。如果整数是零,往往不读出。例如:

0.1→zero(naught)point one,或point one

0.03→zero(naught)point naught three或zero point zero three

2.25→two point two five14.163→fourteen point one six three

205.37→two hundred and five point three seven

注意. ①和带分数连用的名词,用复数。例如:

3-1/2hours读作:three and a half hours或three hours and a half

②如果带分数的整数部分是1,名词读在带分数之后时,名词要用复数;而名词读在1与分数之间时,名词则用单数。例如:

1-1/2tons读作:one and a half tons或one (a)ton and a half

1-1/3miles读作:one and a third miles或one (a)mile and a third

③与小数连用的名词的数:整数是零时,名词用单数形式,其他情况名词用复数形式。例如:

0.27 metre→zero point two seven of a metre 1.2 6metres→one point two six metres

3. 百分数

百分数用下面的形式表示:

5%→5.per cent(缩写:5.PC)读作:five percent

23%→23.per cent(缩写:23.PC)读作:twenty-three percent

4. 年、月、日的表达法

1)年份用基数词,日期用序数词。例如:

1988年5月1日可以写作May 1(st),1988,读作May the first, nineteen

eighty-eight;也可以写作(1(st)May,1988,读作the first of May, nineteen eighty-eight

2)英语年份的读法:一般先读前两位数,再读后两位数。例如:

1983→nineteen eighty-three1700→seventeen hundred

1870→eighteen seventy1601→sixteen a one或sixteen hundred and one

965→nine sixty-five 或nine six five

注意:①日期可全用阿拉伯数字表示,但是英国人和美国人的写法不同。英国人先写日子,美国人则先写月份。例如:

1988年6月8日=8,6,1988(英国)=6,8,1988(美国)

②年份的后面不用year(年),但有时前面有用year的, 如in the year 1949(读作in the year nineteen forty-nine)。

③公元前的年份后面加 B.C.(Before Christ的缩写,意思是公元前)。如221. B.C. 可读作two twenty-one B.C. (公元前221年)。公元后的年份一般在后面加A. D.(拉丁语Anno Domini的缩写,in the year of the Lord,意思是公元)。有时也有把A. D.加在前面的,如A. D. 1949(=1949.A.D.)。

3)年代用年份的阿拉伯数字加-’s 或-s表示。例如:

十八世纪三十年代→1730’s/1730s the seventeen thirties

二十世纪六十年代→1960’s/1960s the nineteen sixties

八十年代初期→the early eighties九十年代末期→the late nineties

二十世纪六十年代中期→the mid 1960’s (1960s)/the mid nineteen sixties

5.倍数的表示法

1)表示“几倍大小(长短;数量)”,用“倍数+ the size(length, amount...)”结构。如:

【例句】

The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.

表示“……比……大几倍”,用“倍数+形容词(副词)比较级+ than +被比较部分”结构。

【例句】

This box is three times bigger than that one.

表示“……是……的几……倍”,由“倍数+ as +形容词+ as +被比较部分”结构。如:

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中考英语语法讲解资料及练习目录 第1讲:名词...................................................................................................1-3 第2讲:代词....................................................................................................3-5 第3讲:形容词.................................................................................................5-7 第4讲:副词....................................................................................................7-10 第5讲:动词..................................................................................................10-12 第6讲:不定式..............................................................................................12-13 第7讲介词....................................................................................................13-17 第8讲:连词..................................................................................................17-21 第9讲:时态(一) (22) 第10讲:时态(二).......................................................................................22-28 第11讲:被动语态........................................................................................28-30 第12讲:句子种类(一) (30) 第13讲:句子种类(二)............................................................................30-32 第14讲:宾语从句........................................................................................32-33 第15讲:状语从句........................................................................................33-35 第16讲:就近原则........................................................................................35-36

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