2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题：
Obviously=clearly
Widespread=common
Dense=thick
Thus=consequently
resultant
Shallow=small
depth
exercise
Profound=very strong
Emergence=rise
Tactic=strategy
Adjacent to=near to
Parallel=match
12月13日托福阅读第一篇
题材划分：生物类
主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。或者一个障碍的形
成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，
发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。
相似TPO练习推荐
TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations
相关背景知识：
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was
the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural
selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.
There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.
All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.
One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last
glacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between
different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.
During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as： (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures; (b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galáp agos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other
differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin's finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.
12月13日托福阅读第二篇
题材划分：生物类
主要内容：主要讲关于夏威夷岛上的Noendemic animals and plants是如何移民到岛上的，主要通过风，动物皮毛和消化，以及通
过人类的船只等。植物方面，蕨类植物的种子使得它们很容易被传播，有果实的植物比干种子植物更容易传播，因为动物会被吸引来吃它们，还有一种植物在传播过来后进化成另一种植物，进化后的植物的种子
不能传播。动物方面昆虫来的少不是因为夏威夷环境不行而是它们没
机会到达岛上，并且举了蚂蚁的例子。
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TPO9- The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii
相关知识背景：
Plant populations are governed by two major controlling forces. The population expansion favoring force, positive force, is the sexual reproductive dispersal of the forest population. The population expansion limiting force, negative force, is the suppression by the environment of seed and
plant success in an area. These two major forces compete and change through time causing advances and retreats in the borders of plant populations' regions. An advance in the
range border of the forest population occurs when environmental suppressive forces are below the population's dispersal potential, thus allowing for seedling success
outside the current range. Range border contractions occur when environmental suppressive forces increase to a point where seedling success is limited in the current range, thus no successive generation is established to replace the individuals within a portion of the current range through time. Though dispersal and environmental suppressive forces continually act, a static range boundary may occur when there is no change in the rate of these two factors.
There has been debate over how plant populations move under rapid climate change situations. This debate stems from an issue called "Reid's paradox of rapid plant migration". After the last glacial period, tree species spread to recover the newly exposed land. Through studies, it was calculated
that this expansion occurred faster than perceived possible. The two explanations for this rapid movement of forest populations across the landscape that came to the forefront were the retention of low-density founder populations and
long distance migration.
In this theory, small forest populations were retained within the affected region of the last glacial period. The repopulation of this region, after the recession the glaciers, manifested as a relatively slow expansion outward of these retained populations. The expansion was mostly due to
diffusion in a normal distribution from the reproductive core. The expansion of these populations was then dictated by the dispersal ability of the population. Through this process, waves of short distance expansion were seen over time as
seeds dispersed, grew, matured, and set seed themselves. High rates of spread, similar to those obtained under the long distance migration assumption, have been obtained with
diffusion models incorporating low-density founder populations.
Range limits of many plant species are expected to shift dramatically if climatic warming, driven by the release of greenhouse gases, occurs in the next century. The ability of species to migrate in response to the range shifts has been questioned, especially in the context of extensive habitat fragmentation which occurs in modern-day landscapes.
Simulation models are presented which incorporate two factors, land use pattern and means of dispersal, to assess potential responses of forest species to climatic warming. Study areas displayed a range of human influence on the landscape, from heavily forested areas to areas dominated by urbanization and agriculture. The effect of establishing corridors (greenways) through fragmented landscapes is also assessed.
Results indicate that many species may be unable to track shifts in climatically-controlled range limits, resulting in widespread disequilibrium between vegetation and climate. A variety of mitigating options likely will be necessary to
offset the negative consequences of climatic warming on biological diversity. Land use planners and managers are encouraged to incorporate climate warming into long-term planning.
12月13日托福阅读第三篇
题材划分：社会发展类
主要内容：18世纪欧洲报纸的发展得益于人们对于信息的需求增加，以商人为例，post的发展为报纸提供了传播渠道。荷兰的报纸法
国也能督导，有提到最重要的国家-英国的作用。细节方面有，最早的
报纸在荷兰，游欧洲政府控制报纸的发行权，利用它们宣传自己的政策。报纸很重要但也没那么重要等。最后一段说报纸的好处，让人们更容易消化实事，因为一周最多发行两次，报纸得益于印刷术。报纸只有四版，并且很少描述，新闻没有标题，人们跟周围的世界简历练习，报纸上有广告，为版商提供收益以及给人们提供就业信息，人们能够给编辑寄信表明自己的观点。
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TPO-30 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock
相关知识背景：
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news, other informative articles (listed below), and usually advertising. A newspaper is usually printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. The news organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. Most newspapers are now published online as well as in print. The online versions are called online newspapers or news sites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format.
General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news. The news includes political events and personalities, business and finance, crime, severe weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine, science, and technology; sports; and entertainment, society, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and the arts. Typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labeled A, B, C, and so on, with pagination
prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor, op-eds written by guest writers, and columns that express the personal opinions of columnists, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw data of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means" and persuading them to concur.
A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the aforementioned news and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including literature, film, television, theater, fine arts, and architecture) and of local services such as restaurants; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons, and comic strips; advice, food, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules).
Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses (such as journalists' wages, printing costs, and distribution costs) with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including display ads, classified ads, and their online equivalents). Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and on profitability is less critical to their survival. The editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial
independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.
Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated Press, Reuters, or Agence France-Presse), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and
report the news, then sell the content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting. Circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print
copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55 million copies).[4] The late 2000s–early 2020s global recession, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to increase profitability.[5] The decline in advertising revenues
affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often
lower than those of their print precursors. Besides
remodeling advertising, the internet (especially the web) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by democratizing and crowdsourcing both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting
the news). In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects.
解读新托福阅读中推理题
解读新托福阅读中推理题 解读新托福阅读中推理题。今天，天道小编要和同学们介绍的是新托福阅读中推理题解决策略。下面，和天道小编一起来看看吧： 断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。 一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。 这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。 二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路： 1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。 2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.来源：考试大 What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? (A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war. (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原本可以避免
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因： 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法： 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读*技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。 托福阅读题型解析二词汇题 形成原因： 这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。 分析及解决方法： 对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
新托福听力经典加试完整版
新托福听力经典加试完整版
新托福听力经典加试完整版 第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作 Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper ?文章回顾 男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。我卡住了，找不到这方面的资料。) 女Professor: You can’t find enough material on bird migration?(语调上扬，最后一题，重听题的考点。) 男student: I want to write about early bird migration.( 要写的paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的，所以资料不够。) 女Professor: “哦你确实找到了一个好的题目，但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。”
男 student: 想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法 etc. 女Professor: I want you to apply what you’ve learned to your paper. (希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper.) 不要只是做 summary or description. 我想要看到你的special analysis. 男 student: 但是，我觉得我找的资料中有错误的。（I think ….wrong）这就是为什么我不想用资料。 女 Professor: 你不要完全放弃以前找的资料（discard）. 你可以换种想法，用rational 的方式。这就是我们说的critical thinking，不一定非要同意资料。可以写以前的(historically) old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究 (current research) 如何支持(support)或者驳斥这些theory. 男 student: 我想可以写bird migrate at night。人们大多只看到大鸟，所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent)
托福阅读错题总结
托福阅读错题总结： 改变计划——从第一套开始做！ TPO24：细节题做完之后，通读文章，了解全文的结构和主要内容层次 一、Lake Water 2、词汇题gains：这里是增量的概念所以应该是increase，而不是存量的概念savings 8、比较细节题：弄清A比B还是B比A，Lake Erie体积小，选择表述相反但正确。 11、解释现象题：定位前后句，前面一句是：Climatic change影响很大，后面一句是： Theslowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences，由further可以推知Theslowing down of water renewal也是前面现象的原因 14、概括多选题：太细节的不选，没有提到的不选，选项一般是文章几个层次的内容。 同一部分的内容不可能选两个答案。 二、Breathing During Sleep 7、注意题目中的限定during NREM，和文章中的比较转折（往后看） 13、归类题：要理解文章的主要内容，对各部分的内容都要熟悉 三、Moving into Pueblos 1、词汇题：traumatic，外力的，受迫的 3、理解推断题：要理解原文想要表达的意思，原来更加自由 5、细节题：定位对应段的内容，同义句的替换 14、概括多选题：表述过于绝对的选项是不正确的 TPO23：定位，理解，替换（分析定位句，转换含义），不要多想（文中没提到的绝对不选） 一、Urban Climates 11、词汇题：modified（改进的——changed）中性的改变，increased修饰不合理。 定位原句：Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds。 13、插入句子题：Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them. 原文环境：■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■ 通过标红的词，以及并列的语义：许多原因，例如XX，另一个XX，判断插入第三处。 14、多选题：分析文章的主要内容：城市热的一个现象——这个热是怎么造成的——形 成热岛效应及其特征——城市表面空气造成的其他现象 此题中其他三个选项都是文中没有提到的！ 二、Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 2、句子同意转述题：Importing the grain, （which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves）, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. 主干：Importing the grainkept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.虽然由and 连接，但其实是因果关系句！ Thus 一词体现出了因果关系！B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer
新托福阅读之文本插入题解析
新托福阅读之文本插入题解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心 南昌朗阁英语培训中心 文本插入题（Insert Text Questions）是新托福每次必考题型，每次题量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-1个左右。 问题形式： 在这类问题中，题目中给出一个新的句子，然后要求考生们利用文章的逻辑和句子之间的语法联系（比如代词的指代）来确定此句子在文章中最合适的位置。 注意：在文章中会出现四个黑色的方块，这些方块分布在句首或句末。四个方块有时都出现在一个段落中，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。 Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentences could be added to the passage. （考生会看到一个黑体的句子） Where would the sentence best fit? 考生要做的是点击其中的一个方块，将这个句子插入文章。 解题步骤： 1. 读被插入的句子，找出句首或句尾的关键词或关键意思 2. 阅读可以插入方块前后的信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思 3. 选择与插入句最相关的方块 注意：如果出现以下情况，答案都可能是错误的：
★打乱了相邻句子之间的逻辑性 ★影响了转折语的正确使用 ★打乱了代词与其指代对象之间的逻辑关系 ★隔开了本是相邻的两句话 解题技巧： 1. 利用一些过渡词（如某些逻辑关系词或短语等）帮助确定插入句子的位置，或者帮助确定排除不适合的位置。 Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away? Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 技巧分析：首先读被插入的句子，它能给出的线索就是，该句子后面的信息应该是讲述“决定流干的水和不能流干的水的含量的因素”。读文中四个方块前后的信息，第一个方块前面的句子和后面的句子用关系逻辑词“but”连接，形成转折关系，不可插入其他内容；第二个方块后面的句子中出现“it”, 指代方块前面句子中的“some”, 插入其他内容会导致指代混乱，因此不可插入句子；第三个方块前后的信息用逻辑关系词“therefore”衔接，形成因果关系，也不可以插入其他内容，因此我们可以把被插入句子放在第四个方块那儿。如果考生们不确定，可以进一步读下一段中第一句
READING托福阅读经典加试
READING 1.苏美尔文明 Mesopotamia的背景：美索不达米亚亚洲西南部 Tigris 和Euphrates 两河流域间的古王国,美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区，位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前5000年以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明，其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在 公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后，这一地区的重要性就此减小。其中巴比伦文明以其成就斐然而成为两河流域文明的典范，古巴比伦王国与古埃及、古印度和中国构成了人们所说的世界四大文明古国。 尼罗河文明：发源于非洲尼罗河（Nile）流域，又称古埃及文明，其历史也可追溯到公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右，上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及，开始了史称的埃及王朝时期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。 美索布达米娅文化Sumerian civilization 第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。（有题）平原，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。开头，it isastonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障 第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化 第三段：S文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面原因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。 我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。 第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中议事。（有题）社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心，由牧师组织交易，所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。 Mesopotamia culture一种civilization（文明社会）还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egyptcivilization（埃及社会）的。他们同时存在，有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个联合体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangiblesubstance （确实的物质）留下来，因为他们的architecture structure（建筑结构）与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment（碎片）的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord（封建地主）,这人不是fiction的，他对他那个city state具有很大的
托福阅读推理题如何选出正确答案
托福阅读推理题如何选出正确答案 一、推理题的标志 推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。 二、推理题的做法 对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。 对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路： 1.一般对比推理 ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如： It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? &<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like. &<61;There were great numbers of them. &<61;They lived in the sea only. &<61;They did not leave many fossil remains. 根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子;根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意，为正确答案。 2.时间对比推理 这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 例一： Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth…. …It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. … It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
托福听力经典加试完整版
第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作 Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper 1.文章回顾 男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。我卡住了，找不到这方面的资料。) 女Professor: You can’t find enough material on bird migration?(语调上扬，最后一题，重听题的考点。) 男student: I want to write about early bird migration.( 要写的paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的，所以资料不够。) 女Professor: “哦你确实找到了一个好的题目，但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。” 男student: 想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法etc. 女Professor: I want you to apply what you’ve learned to your paper. (希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper.) 不要只是做summary or description. 我想要看到你的special analysis. 男student: 但是，我觉得我找的资料中有错误的。（I think ….wrong）这就是为什么我不想用资料。 女Professor: 你不要完全放弃以前找的资料（discard）. 你可以换种想法，用rational 的方式。这就是我们说的critical thinking，不一定非要同意资料。可以写以前的(historically) old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究(current research) 如何支持(support)或者驳斥这些theory. 男student: 我想可以写bird migrate at night。人们大多只看到大鸟，所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的，其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent) 女Professor: That shows your thinking. （对，这样就是我们需要的思考能力） 男student: 我想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟。I want to write about the birds that do not migrate. They hibernate during winter. 女Professor: 如果我是你，我就不会在一份15页的论文中写这么多。（If I were you , I would not….. The paper is 15 pages…）不过，想法挺不错。建议你以后每周(in a week)都来找我，看一下他写论文的新的方向（new direction）进行得如何。 2.题目 问题一：Why does the student go to see the professor? 答案：C（3）he cannot find enough material in writing his paper. 问题二：How does the professor help the student? 答案：A（1）change the topic from ancient to recent 问题三：学生的论文中包括什么？ 答案：1. ANALYSIS 2.教授的建议 问题四：Why does the student mention night migration ？ 答案：A (1) 通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图he understands what the teacher said. change the topic from ancient to recent. 问题五：listen again（女Professor说的：啊，你没找到鸟类迁徙的资料？） 答案：B (2) 教授认为找资料很简单(…is easy….) 第二篇：关于植物的分类，用大王花举例 Lecture: Rafflesia 3.文章回顾 教授一开始就介绍植物分类，提到分类中的species种，genus属，order目。说植物的classification 很难，一些特性比较特殊的植物特别是这个样子。提出植物的分类不能完全依靠它flower的形态和特性。提到Rafflesia(大王花)，开花石会散发腐臭的味道，以吸引蝇类传播花粉。但是Indonesia有一种植物M，它的flower很特别，超级大（图片显示它的直径有一个手臂这么长，颜色为绛红），有难闻的味道，最后发现他们不是一个order 的。 大王花生长在很恶劣的环境中，其它的植物都不能生长（题目一：它生长在什么样的环境当中?）这种植物有食物的来源，但是它还是会抓insect吃，因为它不能从土壤中得到足够的营养，所以要通过这种方式来获取所需的营养（题目二：为什么吃虫?） 然后教授说了它怎么抓虫的。经过很长时间的研究，专家发现它和violet(紫罗兰)、willow(柳树) 等是属于一个order的，后提到幼时的violet，也会散发那种smell的。 提到共存（考题）。另一种南美洲的植物和它是同一目的，但是花很小，味道也不难闻，与蓝莓共生coherent。学生提问不能测DNA 吗，教授说这种大花基本不进行光合作用，没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。在DNA分析技术成熟之前根本无法将他们并为同类，由于他们的特征差异太大。 教授还提到这种植物的交配不易，其一气味难闻致使传蜜的动物不易接近，其二它每年只开一次花，且花分雌雄。所以要这么多先天条件凑齐不易，所以很少有人有机会看到开花的全过程（考题）。结论，不可以貌取人。 后来又讲了这种花很有可能灭绝，原因是要fly帮忙运花粉，要同种的花在一起等等，要这些条件同时发生，是小概率事件。 题目 问题一：What is the main topic of this lecture? 答案：是说分类很难，尤其是特征很变态的 问题二：大王花的特点 答案：1. HUGE 2. 让FLY来传粉 问题三：教授说M植物属于B类的，是什么意思？ 答案：M植物与大王花不是同一类的
托福阅读主旨题的解题方法
新托福阅读主旨题是新托福阅读的一大难点，难就难在这种题目是多项选择且耗时较多。很多人做到这最后一道题时还要返回去看一遍全文，还没看完文章，页面已经变成了“时间到”的提示，托福的第一项便这样在慌乱中草草收场，以至于对后面的考试产生不利影响。 编者认为托福阅读主旨题的解法应该分为两步： 第一步：通读拉构架; 第二步：由4个判断选项标准解题。 一、如何以最快的速度拉出文章构架：即要在做所有题目之前快速跳读一遍文章。 通读文章的时候只需要读每段的首句、末句和转折句。一般抓住了首末句和转折句就抓住了一段的主旨。 读首末句的原因大家都很理解，为什么要读转折句呢?你看，一般首句说了什么，后面没有明显转折的话，通常就是两种情况：要么解释一下第一句的意思，要么就是顺着第一句往下说，最后再总结一下。这两种情况都是只读首末句就可以概括出段落大意。 可是如果中间出现了转折句，那么转折句后面的部分很可能和第一句说的不是一回事儿了，转折句就把文章一段分成了前后两层，转折句本身呢，通常就是第二层的首句了，也就是第二层意思的概括。 读每段的首末句和转折句的时候要做一下笔记，把每段的主旨意思用短句或关键词的形式记在草稿纸上。 记录是非常重要的!!!这样看似浪费时间，其实是节省时间的关键。因为只有做了笔记才能节省做题的时候回去看文章的时间，那时候回去找文章是十分痛苦的，尤其是人家让找的又是主要内容，这种东西又是没法定位的，要读的内容太多，一下子就慌了。 补充说明一下：只读首句末句和转折句，在大多数的情况下是可以找到段落主旨的。不排除一些特殊情况下此种方法不可行，但是首先托福阅读选的文章是很规整的，通常是大学课本里的文章，这些文章的逻辑性很强，结构严谨，所以用这种办法可行度很高。 对于一些更加繁琐的快速阅读的规则，其实很不实用，规则一多就记不住，平时都记不住考场上更用不上，而且那样很耗时间，要判断哪句该读哪句不该读，有这时间直接都读一遍算了。 二、判断选项的四个标准： 一对三错——段意对，细节错，与文意相反错，编造文中没有出现的东西错。下面一一解释： 1)段意对：
【实例解析】托福阅读主旨题解题技巧和细节
【实例解析】托福阅读主旨题解题技巧和细节 在托福阅读中，想要快速提升自己的成绩，最为重要的当然就是了解的就是托福阅读的“十大题型”。下面我们就为大家详细分析托福阅读中的一种“主旨题”。托福阅读最后一道大题是六选三，即从六个选项中选取三个，加上给出的句子，合成对全文的概括。正确选项的特征是”the most important ideas in the passage”，是文章的核心信息;错误选项的典型特征是文章细节。 文章题目：MINERALS AND PLANTS 下面分别是没段段首的信息： Paragraph 1 Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. Paragraph 2 Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Paragraph 3 Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. Paragraph 4 While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth. Paragraph 5 Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. Paragraph 6 Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals - an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation.
托福阅读经典加试题
阅读经典加试题 两河流域文明与埃及文明之比较 两河流域苏美文明与埃及文明之比较 科学家惊奇的发现，两种文明可以在同一时间产生。在埃及文化产生时，美索不达米亚文化也同时应运而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的独立致。美索不达米亚两河流域，地理环境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一个帮一个帮的，美索不达米亚文化不像埃及文化一样，美索不达米亚文化没有留下很多遗产。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。 两河地域的美索布达米娅文明，先是和埃及文明作比较，比较的结果是他们（美索）由外来入侵，文明不易保存，建筑用的材料也不易保存，考古学家只能从挖掘出来的文物中研究他们。后半部分是讲苏美尔人在两河地区建立的文明的特点，特别是他们城邦的宗教神祗制度，影响了他们的经济制度（献纳）。大题目是分类题，比较埃及文明和苏美尔文明。 科学家惊奇的发现，两种文明可以在同一时间产生。在埃及文化产生时，美索不达米亚文化也同时应运而生。埃及土地肥沃，造成它的独立所致。美索不达米亚两河流域，地理环境特殊，四周沙漠什么的，老被侵略，所以都是一个城邦一个城邦的，美索不达米亚文化不像埃及文化一样，美索不达米亚文化没有留下很多遗产。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活安逸，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。但是挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，考古学家只能从挖掘出来的文物中研究其历史。后来讲苏美尔人在两河地区建立的文明的特点，特别是他们城邦的宗教神祗制度，影响了他们的经济制度（献纳）。大题目是分类题，比较埃及文明和苏美尔文明。 Sumerian Civilization It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C.
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊(精美图文版)
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊 “得阅读者，得天下。”托福阅读向来是考生提分必争之地，也是中国考生的传统强项。基本考生考前会采取题海战术，将自己武装成十万个我都知道。 于是，你背完了英文化学周期表；你了解了九大行星排列；你知道了最前沿的科技发展和美国经济新政；你是颗移动的the big bang 云硬盘。你只祈祷考前记住所有的这些信息量，考后再统统delete 。 如果考到一个你事先复习过的知识点，你欣喜若狂。 如果考到一个你似曾相识却扫视而过，你追悔莫及。 如果考到一个全新的知识点，恭喜你，你顿时挂机。 事实上，托福阅读的单词量是浩瀚星尘，无论你猜或不猜它都在哪里，不离不弃。所以，TPO 小站为冒星星眼的考生们编织了以下十个托福阅读答题锦囊，当你埋首题海两眼泪茫茫时，不妨看过来。 Reading Skills Top 10 1 Factual Information 2 Vocabulary 3 Negative Factual Information 4 Inference 5 Organization 6 Paraphrasing 7 Purpose 8 Insertion 9 Main Idea 10 Categorizing
十大技巧锦囊? 之一 小单词，大线索 Factual information【事实信息题】 “真相，永远只有一个！”20分钟一篇托福阅读，平均到800字篇幅的文章中去，再排除那些判断全文的主旨题，这是火眼晶晶的节奏啊。 所以事实信息题不是考你细工出慢活的时候，而是靠你抓Key words paraphrasing and location（关键词替换定位）。 如何最有效的锁定答案，这里小站针对事实信息题给出的第一条锦囊——小单词，大线索。 多年来，被应试题海战术训练的极其有素的考生们，早就学会了巧妙抓关键词了，但往往是我认识这个单词，但我还是选错了。就像你参加一个世界咖啡评选比赛，你觉得认为是白咖啡或巴西咖啡吧，但你未必知道土耳其咖啡才是咖啡之王。分析事实信息题的特点是：范围小，正确率极高。 题型表现最多形式是：因果关系和表比较级关系的长难句。 表因果关系的词： Cause：frontality/since/in that/on account of Effect：so that/therefore/as a result/consequently 表比较级的词： unlike…from /prior to/ more than 所以，在获取key words之后，我们要做的才是重点。你有看过柯南在发现一丝线索后就停止推理吗？不，所谓的大线索，就是将关键词放回原句，让案件重现，理顺关键句的因果关系，让正确选项浮出水面。 纸上谈兵终不靠谱，绝知此事要做真题！ 小伙伴们快来小站托福板块，阅读区实践吧。
托福TPO经典加试题总汇下载
最新全套托福阅读加试复习资料助您成功 目录 一、托福阅读加试一: 电报 (2) 二、托福阅读加试二: 鸟鸣【Birds Song】 (3) 三、托福阅读经典加试一: 达尔文进化论 (4) 四、托福阅读经典加试二: 苏美尔文明 (6) 五、托福阅读经典加试三: 威尼斯盐业 (12) 六、托福阅读加试: 蜜蜂（貌似很少考到） (13) 七、TOEFL阅读补充加试 (16) 八、托福考试模拟题 (18)
托福阅读加试汇总 为帮助同学们更好的复习托福考试,为同学们搜集了最全的托福阅读加试.包括托福阅读经典加试: 达尔文进化论, 苏美尔文化,威尼斯盐业,以及最新托福阅读加试电报和小鸟唱歌等等.供同学们参考. 一、托福阅读加试一: 电报 本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。其原因主要是：第一，缺乏资金；第二，缺乏政府监管；第三，美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项**性的发明，但是，它对人类的生活影响很小。 概述：科技进步，1840S 的电报已经有了长足进步 Telegraph 有很重大的意义：拉近了 long distance communication。 1. 遇到了什么样的obstacle？ 解析：A． fund 不够; B．缺少management； 2. 电报在美国的发展存在缺陷，原因是？ 解析：当时 Telegraph 在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。 3. 电报在美国发展缓慢，该由谁负责？ 解析：在美国， telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里（私有化 private），很多私企行为都用电报来联系。这些私企有些很垄断（monopoly）。 4. 19世纪，美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折？ 解析：在 19 世纪，电报被纳入政府监管（under government regulation）。之后，尽管美国那时有科技的 限制，但电报在美国发展得最好，得到了普及。 5. 电报在欧洲的发展开端？ 解析：当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流，就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。 6. 欧洲国家的邮政业为什么得到发展？ 解析：随着发展，欧洲国家把 telegraph 纳入governmental control （国家政府管理）, 主要应用在邮政系统 postal system 方面，因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal 业又恢复生机。 7. 为什么电报的发明是**性的？ 解析：电报需要建立 net，这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路，所以说telegraph 是非常 revolutionary invention。 8. 电报的重要性？ 解析：虽然 telegraph 重要，但其不像人们猜测的那么重要，因为在当时，transportation 已经发展了，人们之间的距离被缩短了（物流发达），因此，不应过分夸大 电报发明的意义。电报只产生了little change 。 9. ：Novel解析：新奇的，新颖的，新的近义词：new unique unusual