商务英语外贸实务教材考试重点
2011.6 09文2英语期末考试复习重点
一、判断题。
1.International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.×
国际贸易只是在国家之间的货物的交换。错。
2.Trade surplus mean s that a country’s imports exceed its exports. ×
（出口大于进口）贸易盈余意味着一个国家进口超过它的出口。错。
3.Countries can do business freely without regulations in international
trade. ×国家能自由地经商而没有国际贸易的规则。错。
4.An agent needs to carry stock as a distributor does. ×
代理商需要像经销商所做的那样支持货物的供应。错。
5.All international business transactions are done under Incoterms 2000.
×所有国际商业交易是在《2000年国贸术语解释通则》下完成的。
错。改为：sales contracts 销售合同
6.Under FOB San Francisco, San Francisco is the port of destination. ×
错。装运港船上交货，到达口，改为：shipment装运港
7.Under CIF, cargo insurance is to be effected by the buyer. ×
在CIF术语下（成本保险费加运费）之下，货物保险是被买方影响。错。改为：seller卖方
8. Different commodities have different qualities, but the same commodity must have the same quality. ×不同的商品有不同的性质，但是相同的商品一定有相同的性质。错。
9.Packing can only serve as a form of protection. ×
包装只能视为一种保护贸易的形式。错。
10.Cargo transport insurance is to protect the interests of traders
from any possible financial losses. ×货物运输保险是为了保护交易者在贸易中任何可能发生金融损失的利益。错。
11.The additional coverage can be taken out separately. ×
附加承保范围可以分别被取出。错。
12.It is the best way to choose a large insurance coverage. ×
最好的方法是选择一个大的保险范围。错。
13．“USD200 per M/T CIFC2 London” means that the seller will receive 200 US dollars for per metric ton. ×错。
13.E xchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for 对。
international trade.√外汇汇率波动可能为国际贸易产生许多问题。
14.T ariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers. √对。
税和配额是贸易壁垒的例子。
15.Under the trade form of agency, the principal sets the retail
price, retains title and controls the goods. √
16.T he distributor gains profits from the price difference at which he
buys and resells the goods. √
17.T he goods exported on the consignment remain the title to the
exporter. √
18.The “D”-terms mean arrival contracts, while the “C”-terms evidence
departure contracts. √
19.Whether sale by buye r’s sample or seller’s sample, the quality of the
commodities should be strictly same as sample. Otherwise, it should be stipulated in the contract clearly. √
20. Different ways of measurement such as by weight , by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be used for different products. √
21.Sea transport is the most important mode of transport in international
trade now. √
22.The freight of liners is relatively fixed, while the freight of tramps is
mainly determined by the market. √
23.Partial shipment means that the goods under one contract are shipped
in different terms or by different lots. √
24.If there is on direct sail to the destination, the “transshipment shall be
allowed” shall be stipulated in the contract. √
25. Transshipment may increase the cost of shipment and the possibility
of delay in delivery of commodities. √
26.W AP is a wider cover than FPA. √
27. A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure,
measuring unit and price terms. √
28. Generally, the price of a foreign exchange is expressed in another currency. √
29. Discount is usually used as a means of promoting and expanding sales.
√
二、汉译英。
1.国际贸易international trade
2.世界贸易world trade
3.对外贸易foreign trade
4.海外贸易oversea trade
5.经济增长economic growth
6.国外市场foreign market
7.贸易差额balance of trade 8.贸易顺差trade surplus
9.贸易逆差trade deficit 10.配额quota
11.自由贸易free trade 12.贸易形式trade form
13.代理agency 14.经销distribution
15.投标bidding 16.委托人principal
17.包销商exclusive distributor
18.一般经销non-exclusive distributor 19.公开招标open bids 20.商品描述description of commondity21.品名name of commodity 22.品牌brand 23.商标trademark
24.质量公差quality tolerance 25.毛重gross weight
26.净重net weight 27.参考样品reference sample
28.良好平均品质FAQ 29.上好适销品质GMQ
30.公吨metric tons 31.溢短装条款more or less clause
32.增减条款plus or minus clause 33.包装packing
34.散装货bulk cargoes 35.大路货general merchandises
36.运输方式Mode of transport 37.海洋运输sea transport
38.铁路运输rail transport39.公路运输road transport
40.航空运输air transport 41.集装箱运输container transport 42.整箱货FCL 43.拼箱货LCL
44.托运人consignor 45.收货人consignee
46.装运时间time of shipment 47.装运港port or shipment
48.目的港port of destination 49.装运通知shipping notice 50.分批装运partial shipment 51.转运transshipment
52.承保人insurer 53.保险公司insurance company 54.保（险）费premium 55.全部损失total loss
56.战争险war risk 57.罢工险strikes risk
58.平安险FPA 59.水渍险WTA
60.一切险all risks 61.保险范围insurance average 62.保险单insurance clause 63.单价unit price
64.价格术语price terms 65.硬通货币hard currency 66.软货币soft currency 67.汇率foreign exchange
68.外汇保值条款exchange proviso clause
69.净重net price 70.现金折扣cash discount 71特殊折扣special discount 72.暗折扣secret discount
三．英译汉。
贸易名称全称中文含义
1. EXW Ex Works 工厂交货
2. FOB Free on Board 装运港船上交货
3. CFR Cost and Freight 成本加运费
4.CIF Cost Insurance Freight 成本保险费加运费
5. neutral packing 中性包装6．in bulk/in loose packing散装
7. consumer pack零售包装8.water proof packaging 防水包装
9. moisture proof packaging防潮包装
10. an initial order最初订单11 .a tail order拖欠订单
12. to confirm an order确认订单
26页
Ways for Sale
Dealers in the commodity exchanges can either buy for immediate delivery, or forward deliver y in, say, three months’ time. Forward delivery is known as a future contract. In the simplest case, when prices are rising, you can buy for immediate delivery and sell forward; then, provided the cost of warehousing and financing is less than the difference between the two points, you will make a profit. Of course , this is not possible when prices are falling.
Manufactures have to quote firm prices for many months ahead, but they run the risk of having to buy their raw materials in six month’ time at a higher than that on which they based today’s selling price. But they cannot afford to take immediate delivery of all the raw materials they will
Require over the next six months. It would lock up too much finance, and they would be at a disadvantage if the raw material price fell, and their competitors bought at the lower price. So they go in for hedging operations on the Commodity Exchange.
The prices of raw materials change every day, so offers are usually only firm for about twenty-four hours. The prices of manufactured goods, on the other hand, remain unchanged, as a rule, for weeks or months .So buyers can place orders on the basis of a manufact urer’s printed price list. There are many ways of selling manufactured goods to foreign buyers. A manufacturer may sell direct to wholesalers and maintain his own traveling representatives, or set up his own offices or companies abroad. Alternatively he may sell to an export merchanting house; in this case, there is little financial risk for the producer, since the merchant acts as a principal and pays for the goods himseft. A third possibility is for the manufacturer to appoint foreign agents who will work on commission. In this case goods may be on consignment, unsold, and the agent is expected to obtain the best price available.
53 页
Sale by sample
Samples can be offered either by the seller or the buyer, i.e., sale by seller’s sample or sale by buyer’s sample .There is another sample called
“counter sample”. When the sample is offered by the buyer, the seller may not be very sure whether he could supply the goods in conformity with it. In order to make sure of this, he may first provide a sample produc ed according to the buyer’s original sample and send it to the buyer for confirmation. This sample is a counter sample. If the counter sample is confirmed by the buyer, it will be the basis of the seller’s delivery, i.e., sale by counter sample. It should be noted that sometimes the seller may send a sample to potential buyer before the contract is concluded. This kind of sample is not the basis of delivery by the seller. However, the parties may agree to deliver the goods in conformity with it in the contract, and the contract, and then it will be the delivery.
55页
More or less clause
It is sometimes difficult to ship the exact quantity of the commodity, then a “more or less clause”, also called“ plus or minus clause”, may be used to allow some tolerance in the quantity. The wording of such a clause might be “XXX with X% more or less at seller/buyer/shipper’s option”. “At shipper’s option” is generally used when charter transport is adopted, because by this means, the capacity of the ship is fully used. If the word “about ”or “approximately” is used, it means a difference not exceeding 10% more or 10% less is allowed. Generally speaking,
unless there is a stipulation that the quantity of the goods must not be exceeded or reduced, a tolerance of 5% more or 5% less will be permissible.
This clause is normally used for bulk goods and applicable to the number of packed units or individual items. It is also important to allow the same tolerance in the total sum of payment if the quantity has a tolerance so that the seller will be paid when he has shipped more goods.
61页
Packaging for Exporting
Packaging for exporting requires a different focus from packaging for domestic use . Often domestic packaging is primarily designed to display the product for sale, save weight, or advertise the shipper’s company. Export packaging is primarily designed to protect the product from hazards of international shipment and to comply with legal requirements. What packaging is best for exported products depends on the nature and value of the goods, the type of transportation involved and the legal requirements. As we have already learned, different modes of transport present different dangers to the cargo. Delicate, high-value goods merit better protection than cheap bulk cargoes. Fresh fruits and vegetables present particularly difficult problems.
The first rule to be observed when packaging for export is to consider
the entire journey , including the short hauls to and from the primary carriers. Pack the goods so that they will survive each leg of the trip intact. Special considerations must be taken when loading containers. Some types of cargoes do not mix with others. For example, drugs of a noxious chemical are clearly not compatible with food stuffs, and the two should not be stowed in the same container.
68页
Sea, rail, road, air, and pipeline, transport
Sea transport has long been used and is still the most important mode of transport in international trade now. Two-thirds of the world total volume and over 80% of China’s imports and exports now are transported by sea.
There are different kinds of vessels designed to suit the needs of shipping different cargoes.
General cargoes vessels: to carry various types of cargoes.
Oil tankers: responsible for the movement of the world’s oil.
Container vessels: to carry from 200 to over 4,000 standard containers of 20 feet in length.
Oil/bulk/ore (OBO) vessels: multi-purpose ships designed for switching between bulk shipments of oil and bulk grain, fertilizer and ore.
RO/Ro vessels: for loaded trailers or any vehicles to be driven onto the
vessel to facilitate faster loaded and unloading.
Lighter aboard ship (LASH):to carry lighters on which cargoes are loaded, ideal for shallow waterways.
Refrigerated ship: for carry perishable cargoes.
Timber ship: with spacious holds and heavy lifts for carrying timber or wood logs.
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freelance 自由职业的[?fri:lɑ:ns] You sell your work or services to a number of different companies. 自由职业 你把你的工作或服务卖给许多不同的公司 teleworking 远程工作；在家办公; You work for a company from home via email,phone or the Internet电子办公 你在家中通过电子邮件、电话或互联网为一家公司工作， job-sharing 分担工作制 You do your job for part of the week and another person does it for the other part. 分担工作 你在这周做了你的这份工作的一部分，另一个人做另一部分 shift work 换班工作 You work during different parts of the day(eg nights).轮班工作 你在一天中的不同时段工作（如夜班） part-time 兼职;半日工作 You only work for some ot the week(not full-time).兼职工作 你只工作了一周（不是全职）。 temping 打临时工，做临时工作，打零工 You work for different companies for a short time without a permanent contract.临时工作 你在不同的公司工作很短的时间没有一个永久的合同。 c onsultancy 顾问工作，顾问职位; 咨询公司; [k?n?s?ltnsi:] You aren’t employed by a company,but are paid to give specialist advice.顾问公司；咨询公司 你不是受雇于公司，但支付给专业的意见 flextime 弹性上班制; You work a number of hours per week or month but you decide when you start or finish.弹性制 你每周工作几个小时或一个月，但你决定当你工作的起始时间 hot-desking 办公桌轮用制（按需要或依照轮流制度分配办公桌，而不是给每位员工桌子）; You don’t have a permanent place or office to work at,but you find a place to work when you arrive.办公桌轮用 你没有一个固定的办公地点，但当你需要办公室可以找到一个办公地点 How to job - share Wouldn't it be nice if the working week finished on Wednesday? With a job-share it can. Here's the essential guide to making it work. 如果工作都在星期三完成，那岂不是很好吗？有工作共享就可以做到。这里是使它工作的基本指南。 (0) Find the perfect partner Find someone you like. 'Be prepared to communicate and share credit and blame,says Carol Savage, the managing director of Flexecutive, a flexible working consultancy.
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