自考现代英语语法Chapter 4限定词和属格要点及翻译教学文稿

自考现代英语语法Chapter 4限定词和属格要点及翻译教学文稿
自考现代英语语法Chapter 4限定词和属格要点及翻译教学文稿

自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和

属格要点及翻译

Chapter 4限定词和属格

Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2)

4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。

4.0引言 (2)

4.1.2限定词的同现 (4)

4.1.3限定词的用法 (4)

4.1.4冠词 (6)

4.2属格 (9)

4.2.1属格的形式 (9)

4.2.2属格与of词组 (10)

4.2.3集体属格 (10)

4.2.4地点属格 (11)

4.0引言

一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。

在名词词组中,修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类,而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确,二者有着同等的句法地位,都是名词词组的主要成分。

限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词(定冠词和不定冠词),名词所有格,指示代词,以及数词,等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中,不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。

's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式,这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解,而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。

属格与of词组,或者双重属格都是用于区分事物,指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。

我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能,然后在4.2中探讨属格。

4.1限定词

什么是限定词?限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种,类指和特指限定词和数量限定词,它们都可以用作不定指和定指;限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词,中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词,许多这方面的词都划分成形容词,但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同;

⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中,通常的顺序是限定词在前,形容词在后。

⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制,而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制,但没有语法意义上的限制。

⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量,而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。

⑷限定词通常只能前置,而形容词作为名词修饰语时,既可前置又可后置。

⑸形容词有比较形式,如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀,或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。

4.1.1限定词的功能

限定词在名词词组中,主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用,都具有定指和不定指的意义。

一些限定词可根据上下文来决定,是表示类指、特指或数量。

4.1.2限定词的同现

限定词可在名词词组的前置修饰语中与其他限定词搭配,也就是两个或更多的限定词限制一个中心词。

在这种情况下,每一个限定词都有一个相对固定的位置,因此我们根据限定词的位置,又将其分为前位限定词,中位限定词和后位限定词。

表4.1列举了各类限定词。各种限定词也可以结合起来作名词的前置修饰语,这三大项分别表示限定词的三个分类,若它们之间同时出现,固定位置一般为前位限定词+中位限定词+后位限定词

注意前位限定词和中位限定词是相互排斥的,也就是说在同一个名词词组前不能同时出现两个或两个以上前位限定词或中位限定词,但是后位限定词相互间不排斥。

4.1.3限定词的用法

应该记住限定词的选择很大程度上要根据中心词来选择,同时教材表4.1中各类限定词间的搭配有一定的限制。

a.all和whole

all可修饰所有的名词:可数名词的单数形式,可数名词的复数形式,物质名词和专有名词。

all和whole语法上不同,意义近似。

但是,它们之间的不同大于近似之处,它们的不同点总结如下:

⑴all位于定冠词之前,而whole位于定冠词之后。

⑵all可以与可数名词或者不可数名词连用,指许多事物的全部,而whole只能与可数名词连用,表示一个事物的全部。

⑶all位于物主形容词之前,whole位于物主形容词之后。

⑷当修饰单数名词时all可以带定冠词也可以不带,但是whole前面必须带定冠词。

⑸当修饰一个名词的复数时,all指所有成员,相当于every,whole指整体性,或包含个体的整体,因此,有时它们之间不能互换。

⑹当all修饰一个表示地名的名词时,通常只生活在这个地方的所有人;whole 指这个地方的所有居民,或指这个地方。

⑺whole可以跟在a的后面,但是all通常不可以(跟在a的后面)。

⑻当它们修时表示地名的专有名词时,还要注意语法上的区别。

b.all和both

both修饰可数名词,指含有两个的一组。(两个)

如果一组的数是两个以上则用all。(两个以上)

c.all,every和each

all,every和each都可指一组人或事物,但侧重面不同。all指整个一组。every 指一组中的每一个成员。each指把一组中的成员一个个分开考虑(强调个体)。

d.both,each和either

both,each和either的意思都有“两个”,或“这个和那个”的意思,在一些上下文,可以互换。

如果指两者中的一个用each或either。

e.any,either,no(none) 和neither

any和no(none)(指含有两者以上成员的一组)相当于either和neither(指含有两个成员的一组)

4.1.4冠词

英语中有两种冠词,定冠词the和不定冠词a(n)。这两个术语表明了冠词在使用时的一些语义特征,此外冠词还可以分为类指和确指。类指表示类别(不确定),确指则指其中可识别的对象(确定)。

a.冠词的发音

The在辅音前发/e?/,在元音前发/e?/。

如需要强调时,发/e?:/。

不定冠词a/?/常用在辅音字母前,an/?n/用在元音前。

强调形式/e?/,用于强调不定指。

b.类指与确指

看下面的例句:

The panda is a rare animal.

The panda gave birth to a healthy baby last night.

在第一句中,the panda指整个类别;但在第二句中指特定的一只动物,我们说他们分别是类指和确指。在使用不定冠词时同样也有这种情况。

类指也可以通过可数名词的复数形式(不加冠词来表示),现代语法称之为“零冠词”。

确指分确定特指和非确定特指,确定特指表明词语所指的对象,非确定特指指的是类别中的一个特殊的实际对象,但没有明确它。(一个对象及有无明确)

独特性是定冠词的另外一种形式,当指独一无二、特殊的东西时,用the。但是独特性不是绝对的,要根据讲话人的意思来定。the moon是世界上独一无二的;the desk是指说话人所处环境中的唯一一个。确指,也可以由情境上下文或语言上下文产生。

Would you pass me the salt?(情境上下文)

That's the dictionary I'm looking for.(语言上下文)

the salt可以在吃饭这个环境中来确定,而the dictionary需要由句子后一部分 I'm looking for来明确,这是前指或后照应的典型例句。

c.不定冠词a(n)

不定冠词a(n)的主要功能是分类,表明分类中的成员,最典型的是可以和可数名词单数形式连用,指的是作为整体的类别。

专有名词一般不用不定冠词,除非它们转移到可数名词的范畴内。

如果名词表示的职位只有一个人时,一般不用不定冠词。

我们可以把a(n)当成one的语气较弱的一种形式。

物质名词常不用不定冠词,除非它们转移到可数名词的范畴内,指一类一种。

d.定冠词

定冠词the基本用法是用于特指——指一类事物中特别的一个(或特别的多个)。使用定冠词时,讲话人假定听者能根据语言环境或情境语境来确定所指的例子。

定冠词能修饰许多名词,包括有单复数形式的可数名词、物质名词和专用名词。我们先从可数名词单数形式开始,the修饰可数名词单数时,一般为特指。

但在某些条件下,泛指绝对不少见。然而某些单数可数名词,特别是那些表示机构的可数名词单数,可以不要定冠词或其他限定词,它们更多被视为成语。如果表示的是建筑而不是机构,名词前常加冠词。

有相同用法的名词有bed,class,table,town等。

当我们谈论某人具备弹奏某种乐器的能力时,表示乐器的名词前须加the。

体育项目前不加the。

一些常表示一种事物或一个个人的名词,如果指特殊的系统或服务时可用the。交通工具用by引导,则其前不用冠词。

当时间意义为季节、某一时刻或某一段时间时,冠词的用法也不一样,季节前通常不加the,特殊情况除外。

通常说来,当指一段时间而不是某一时刻时,用定冠词。

在这些情况下the和at不能同时存在。at一般用来表示某一时刻,而in(还有其他介词)用来表示一段时间,通常需要加定冠词。

但是这种用法表示的不清楚,很多情况下比较混乱。

可数名词复数用于表示一般意义时,不用定冠词。

冠词其用在不可数名词前时,其规律和可数名词复数一样,也就是说冠词通常表示特指。

一般情况下专有名词不用定冠词,但是也有特殊情况,包括:

⑴以复数形式出现的人命,指一家、全家。

⑵海洋、河流、运河、山脉和专有地理名词。

⑶由普通名词组成的组织的名称。

⑷宾馆,饭店,剧院,电影院,博物馆,展览馆等的名称。

⑸有限制性修饰语的专有名词。

⑹作家的作品,或某一品牌的产品。

在使用冠词时,也有一个特殊的用法——the+一个形容词,这个形容词是名词词组的中心词,一般指的是特殊类型的人,特殊特征的人,或有某一国籍的人。

(简单来说,不用the的情况很少:

表示机构的可数名词单数不加the。

体育项目前不加the。

交通工具用by引导,则其前不用冠词。

at用来表示某一时刻不加the

一般情况下专有名词不用定冠词)

4.2属格

属格是一种用于说明某物属于谁或属于什么的方法。因为表示的是“所有”,所以也叫“所有格”。表示所有还可以用of词组,有时属格和Of词组可以互换。属格还有另外一种形式,即可以是两种形式的合并叫作“双重属格”或“后置属格”

4.2.1属格的形式

属格的形式一般是在名词单数形式和不以s结尾的名词复数后加’s,以s结尾的名词复数加’作为属格的标记。

在发音时,名词单数形式后’s在咝音后发/iz/,在清辅音后发/s/,浊辅音后发/z/。

除规则形式外,名词单数形式的属格,如末尾是咝音,只需加’,如(1)以/z/结尾的名词;(2)以s结尾的希腊人名;(3)固定的表达方式。

4.2.2属格与of词组

在有的情况下,名词间的意义关系可用属格表示,也可用of词组表示,它们可以互换,意义上差别很小。

但是,只有很少的情况下可以互换。原则上,名词属格多用于表示有生命的特别是指人的名词;而of词组常用于表示无生命的名词。但是实际应用却比较混乱。下面是属格或of词组的暂定分类。

a.属格

属格通常用来表示有生命的特别是指人的名词。

通常,of词组不能与人的名字连用,但能与人的全名连用。

如果两个名词间的关系是定义或分类等而不表示所有时,只能用属格形式。

当名词表示时间时,用属格形式

此外,还有一些固定的惯用语也用属格形式

b.Of词组

Of词组常用于表示无生命的名词

注意有的情况也可以用属格,只不过会感到别扭。

Of词组要求和一个名词词组一起出现,其中心词是名词化形容词

c.属格和of词组

属格和of词组都能用于表示地理专有名词和表示地方、机构等的名词

属格和of词组都能用于集体名词

以上讨论的只是属格和of词组的一小部分,选择属格或of词组可能取决于个人的态度和习惯,或者环境限制如修饰和平衡的关系。

4.2.3集体属格

集体属格通常在后置修饰语或合成名词词组的最后成分后加’s。

集体属格不能用于带有后置修饰分句、非谓语成分的名词词组。

在这种情况下,更适合用of词组。如果名词词组含有一个长的介词词组或引起混淆的介词词组时,也要用of词组。

4.2.4地点属格

有时属格没有所修饰的名词,如果不是省略的话,那么它一般指地点。表示地点的属格名词通常指人,表示住所、公共建筑、从事某种行业的地点等,如:

(1)专有名词指众所周知的建筑物

(2)用行业名字表示店铺

(3)表示人的词指住所

4.2.5双重属格

双重属格又指后置属格,因为是属格和of词组并用。

这是一种语言结构—用前置的of以及后面带’s的名词来表示所属格,注意:双

重属格中的第二个名词总是指人,从不指物。

同样,第一个名词常为不定指(以不定冠词为前置修饰词),第二个名词总是

定指。

当第一个名词前有指示代词修饰,或后面有关系分句修饰时,也有一些例外的

情况。

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