专业英语阅读 翻译文章
C o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e Commercial Operation of 600M W U n i t , "H i ro n o N o. 5Thermal Power Station of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc."
Commercial operation of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station commenced in July 2004. This plant is a 600 MW coal-fired supercritical power plant. The main line-up of the plant, which features a steam turbine and a boiler, are supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI). MHI set up this plant with a range of such key equipment along with ancillary facilities such as control systems, a flue gas treatment system, a wastewater treatment system, and stacks. This report gives a brief overview of the advanced technologies applied to the steam turbine and boiler of this plant supplied by MHI.
1. Introduction
The Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station began com-mercial operation in July 2004. It is a 600 MW coal-fired,supercritical power plant that operates under the high-est global standards for steam conditions (24.5MPa x 600/600o C).
The steam turbine has various advanced MHI tech-nologies, including the first 600 MW class two-casing turbine, high- and intermediate-pressure combined cas-ing developed by utilizing high temperature materials and cooling structures to cope with the ultra supercritical steam condition, 48 inch steel integral shroud blade (ISB), a new type of condenser, and a single shell deaerator cum storage tank.
The boiler adopted in this plant has MHI's advanced technologies. They are reduced emission of NOx and unburned carbon with the A-PM burner and MRS pul-verizer. In addition, the vertical waterwall furnace that uses high temperature compatible materials and rifled tubes are adopted.
Further, the plant is very much streamlined through the use of such simple systems and equipment as de-scribed below:
(1) unification of air duct and flue gas duct into a single line through the adoption of a maximum capacity class fan,
(2) unification of all feed water heaters into a single line,
(3) unification of circulating water pumps into a single line, and
(4) adoption of a plant starting system that does not rely on the boiler circulating pump.
Since the plant is located in a narrow site adjacent to existing units operated using oil and gas, the overall arrangement of the plant has been improved by consult-ing with the Owner and is arranged in a more compact manner.
Advanced MHI technologies have also been adopted in ancillary facilities. This includes the use of a dry se-lective catalytic NOx removal system, a high performance flue gas treatment system based on the harmonious de-sign of a double contact flow scrubber type flue gas desulfurization system with a low-low temperature dry electrostatic precipitator, an overall waste water treat-ment system, and self-supporting group stacks. In this way, MHI has drawn upon all of its competencies in es-tablishing this plant.
2. Steam turbine
Figure 1Figure 1 shows an external view of the Hirono No. 5
steam turbine.
Fig. 1 View of the 600 MW Hirono No.5 steam turbine
HIROMASA MOMMA*1
TAKAYUKI SUTO*1RYUJI IWAMOTO*3
JUNICHI ISHIGURO*1TOSHIHIRO MIYAWAKI*2TSUYOSHI NAKAHARA*4
T able 1able 1 shows the major specifications of the turbine.The turbine is of a two-casing type consisting of a com-bined casing made up of a high-pressure turbine and an intermediate pressure turbine and a single low-pressure turbine casing. It has the world's largest capacity as two-casing structure.
Usually, in the 600 MW class turbines, two low-pres-sure turbine casings (quadruple exhaust flows) were required in order to secure last stage exhaust area meet-ing the requirements for steam flow. Since 48 inches,the longest last stage steel blades in the world for the 3000 rpm machine were adopted in this turbine, it be-came possible to unify the low-pressure turbine into a single casing (double exhaust flows), thereby realizing a compact design.
In addition, the high- and intermediate-pressure tur-bines are combined into one casing, and both main steam and reheat steam with a temperature of 600o C are led into it. MHI has developed a high performance and highly reliable frame drawing on the company's high tempera-ture technologies cultivated by the development of the 1000 MW -600o C class turbines (1) and the track record of the 700 MW class large capacity high- and intermedi-ate-pressure combined turbines (2).2.1 Design features
High temperature materials and cooling structures with good track records for 600o C steam conditions have been adopted in the high- and intermediate-pressure turbines.
Since ultra supercritical steam condition requires additional number of blade rows and the space for them due to the increase of heat drop in the turbine, perfor-mance of the blade rows and overall size of the frame were optimized in the design of the high- and intermedi-ate-pressure combined frame in order to secure the performance and reliability of shaft dynamics.
As for the low-pressure turbine, various high perfor-mance and highly reliable technologies such as 48 inch last stage steel blades, a high performance exhaust hood,and a bearing base structure directly supported by foun-dation have been adopted.
2.1.1 High temperature materials
The new 12Cr forged steel is used for the high- and intermediate-pressure turbine rotor, while 12Cr cast steel is used for the inner casing, and 9Cr steel is used for the turbine inlet valves and the interconnecting pip-ing between the valves and the casing.2.1.2 Structure for high temperature
The longitudinal center section of the rotor as well as blade grooves at intermediate-pressure inlet section are cooled by the leaking steam from the control stage outlet to the intermediate-pressure turbine side along the rotor.In addition, a thermal shield is installed so that the inner surface of the outer casing at the intermediate-pressure inlet section is not directly exposed to the reheat steam of 600o C, and cooling steam from the high-pres-sure turbine exhaust is led into a space between the thermal shield and the outer casing.
2.1.3 48 inch ISB low-pressure last stage steel blades Until the late 1990s, the length of the steel blades for 3000 rpm machines was limited to the 40 inch class. In 1998, ahead of the industry, MHI completed the devel-opment of a 3000 rpm 48 inch blade, which was the largest steel blade of its type in the world, along with a 3600 rpm 40 inch blade, which was the scaled design blade of the 3000 rpm 48 inch blade (3).
A highly reliable IS
B structure has been adopted for the blades, which were developed by latest vibration analysis technology. Three-dimensional multi-stage vis-cous flow analysis based on advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was used in the aerodynamic design. Moreover, the rotating vibratory test using a full-size blade, and the verification tests for performance and vibratory strength using the model turbine on-load test facility in MHI are performed before the blades are ap-plied to an actual machine.
Though the 48 inch blade is first applied in this unit,the 3600 rpm 40 inch blades, which are scaled design blade,has already been used in many number of units and are in operation since 2000. Use of these blades has made it pos-sible to obtain excellent operating results in terms of
performance and reliability. Figure 2Figure 2 shows the appear-ances of the 48 inch ISB and the low-pressure turbine rotor.
600000kW
24.5MPa 600o
C 600o C 3000 rpm -962.6 hPa 48 inches
8
Table 1 Major specifications of steam turbine
Item
Specifications
Type
Output (rated)Steam conditions Main steam pressure Main steam temperature Reheat steam temperature Rotational speed Vacuum
Last stage blade length Number of feed water heaters
Tandem compound, double exhaust,
reheat condensing type
Fig. 2 48 inch steel ISB and Hirono No.5 low-pressure rotor
2.2 Operating experience and verification results
Various operational parameters were monitored, in-cluding shaft vibration, which showed sufficiently lower values than the allowable values. Namely, stable opera-tion was achieved and the reliability of the turbine was confirmed.
2.2.1 High- and intermediate-pressure combined
casing
In order to verify the reliability of the 600o C class high-and intermediate-pressure combined casing, approxi-mately fifty thermocouples were fitted onto the outer surface of the outer casing, and the distribution of metal temperatures was measured. As a result, the tempera-ture distribution was found to be as predicted, and the temperature gradient in the axial direction was suffi-ciently small. In this way, the effect of the casing cooling structure was confirmed.
2.2.2 48 inch ISB
As the 48 inch last stage blades are first applied in this unit, a final confirmation test was performed for this unit. Strain gauges were attached to the last stage rotating blades, and signals from the rotating part were transmitted to the stationary side via a telemeter sys-tem to measure the vibration stress on the blades.
As a result, the generated stress was very small in all operating ranges starting from the no-load to the rated load, and it was equivalent to stress levels measured during model turbine tests. Hence, it could be confirmed that the 48 inch blades have a sufficient reliability.
2.2.3 Performance
The high efficiency technologies applied in this unit include a fully three-dimensional design reaction blade, high efficiency 48 inch last stage blades, and an opti-mized geometry for low-pressure exhaust hood.
As a result of these improvements, it was verified through performance tests that the turbine efficiency surpasses the design values in all loads, as shown in Fig
Fig..3, thereby providing a highly efficient unit.
3. Boiler
3.1 Major features
The major specifications of the boiler are shown in T able 2
able 2, and a side view of the boiler is shown in Fig
Fig
Fig..4.
1770000kg/h
25.40MPa
604o C
602o C
Table 2 Major specifications of boiler
Boiler type
Radiant reheat type sliding pressure operation
once-through vertical waterwall furnace boiler (Indoor type)
At maximum
continuous
load
(BMCR)
Main steam flow rate
Steam pressure at
superheater outlet
Steam temperature
at superheater outlet
Steam temperature
at reheater outlet
Fuel Coal, light oil (30% ECR capacity)
Combustion system Circular firing with
A-PM burner and A-MACT method Pulverizing system Unit direct pressurizing system Type of drafting system Balanced draft
Steam
temperature
control method
Main steam Fuel/Feed water ratio, spray
Reheat steam
Gas biasing damper for back pass
Spray (transient) Fig. 3 Turbine performance test results
Fig. 4 Side view of boiler
A vertical waterwall furnace system using rifled tubes has more advantages than spiral waterwall furnace sys-tems. The major advantages of this system are described below.
(1) Since the mass velocity is low in the vertical waterwall tubes, pressure loss in the furnace system is less thereby making it possible to save auxiliary power consumption.
(2) Since the boiler is formed with a simple structure in which the furnace wall tubes are placed in the vertical direction, the furnace can be supported eas-ily and the number of attached fittings for supporting is less. Hence, the reliability, ease of installation,and maintainability of the system are increased (Fig Fig Fig.
.5).(3) In the coal-fired unit, the adhesion of ash to the waterwall tubes cannot be avoided over time, how-ever, the natural fall of slag is facilitated and the amount of ash that adheres to the furnace waterwall is reduced.
(4) The amount of friction loss of the heated waterwall tubes is small compared with total pressure loss, and variations in flow when the amount of heat absorp-tion of the waterwall is varied, are also small.
MHI is a world's sole manufacturer of sliding pres-sure operation once-through boilers that adopt the vertical waterwall furnace system, which has such a large number of advantages as mentioned above. MHI has an extensive track record of delivery of these types of boilers.
This boiler is rationally designed in which a forced draft fan, primary air fan, air preheater, and induced draft fan are integrated into a single line system with-out installation of a gas re-circulation fan and a boiler circulating pump for heat recovery during start-up.MHI's equipment with its exclusive technologies has also been adopted for the major boiler auxiliary equipment,such as regenerative air preheater, forced draft fan, in-duced draft fan, and primary air fan.
During commissioning, excellent steam temperature characteristics, load variation characteristics, and start-up time that completely met design requirements were confirmed.
3.2 Efforts to reduce NOx
In order for this boiler to satisfy strict environmen-tal requirements, it employs a low NOx combustion system formed by combining an A-PM (Advanced-Pollution Minimum) burner, an in-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT), a high fineness MRS (Mitsubishi Rotary Separator) pulverizer, and Selective Catalytic NOx Removal System (SCR) with MHI circular fir-ing system.(1) A-PM burner
Further reductions in NOx emissions have been achieved through the adoption of conc. and weak com-bustion, which is a basic MHI technology first applied in the original PM burners. In addition, an advanced A-PM burner realizes superior maintainability, reli-ability, and durability is adopted by reducing the number of wind box dampers and improving accessi-bility to the burner section (Fig Fig Fig.
.6).Fig. 5 Comparison of furnace structures
Item Vertical waterwall furnace system
Spiral waterwall furnace system
Support plate
Simple
Base
Furnace structure
Support lug
Fig. 6 A-PM burner
(2) In-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT)
The in-furnace DeNOx system (A-MACT) has been adopted, and additional air (AA) is injected in order to complete the combustion of any unburned fuel re-maining after NOx reduction, while sufficiently ensuring a NOx reduction region for in-furnace DeNOx of the upper surface of the main burner.(3) MRS pulverizer
This unit adopts an MRS pulverizer capable of sta-bly realizing excellent fine particle characteristics and high fine particle operation that has a signifi-cant effect on low NOx and low unburned carbon combustion.
(4) Selective Catalytic NOx Removal System (SCR)
A Selective Catalytic NOx removal system with an extensive track record has been adopted to further reduce the NOx to acceptable level in the combustion gas emitted from the furnace. As a result, excellent performance was confirmed across all loads.3.3 Boiler performance
The efficiency of the boiler was verified by the perfor-mance tests, and the results are shown in Fig. 7Fig. 7Fig. 7. As a
result of the adoption of a high performance A-PM burner plus A-MACT and MRS pulverizer, the actual efficiency of the boiler surpassed the design values, and it was con-firmed that these devices contribute greatly to the highly efficient operation of the plant.
3.4 Reduction in construction time at site
In order to reduce the length of construction time at the site, the installation of flat-blocked steel frames and large-sized parts (main pipes, ducts) were performed in parallel. The method used to construct pressure parts consists of lifting the pressure parts together with the ceiling girder (SBS construction method: Steel Structure Boiler Simultaneous Construction).
4. Conclusion
MHI is confident that, technologies that allow im-proved efficiency, and high reliability through the adoption of advanced technologies, especially suited to high steam conditions, are co-exist with each other could be established with the completion of the Hirono No. 5Thermal Power Station. Such technologies are expected to contribute greatly in the development of forthcoming plants in the future.
MHI will make every effort possible to further achieve the successful development and commercialization of the technologies demanded by society to advance the dreams of an ever better future.
Lastly, MHI wishes to express its sincere apprecia-tion to everyone of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc.who guided us on the operation and design of this plant and to all others concerned for their support and encour-agement.
References
(1) Murayama et al., Design and Operating Experience of the
Tachibana-wan No.2 1050 MW Steam Turbine of the Elec-tric Power Development Co., Ltd., The Thermal And Nuclear Power Vol.54 No.566 (2003) p.40
(2) Nakamura et al., Design for Kobe Power Station No.1,
Mitsubishi Juko Giho Vol.40 No.4 (2003) p.208
(3) Yamamoto et al., Development of 3000 rpm 48 Inch Low Pres-
sure End Blade, Mitsubishi Juko Giho Vol.35 No.1 (1998) p.6
Fig. 7 Results of boiler performance tests
T
oshihiro Miyawaki Ryuji Iwamoto Tsuyoshi Nakahara
Hiromasa Momma Junichi Ishiguro T akayuki Suto
大学英语2翻译原文及答案
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新建科技英语阅读与翻译
Part I Reading comprehension (40%) 共四篇，其中一篇来自教材，占10%； Passage 6 1. 1) Yes, it is. 2) Once the technology had evolved, it became possible. It is just a matter of time. 3) The faster you go, the slower time seems to move for you with respect to everyone else. This concept is known as “time dilation.” 4) travel at the speed of light; 5) If your speed finally reaches the speed of light then time actually stands still, exceed the speed of light and its thought that time will start to flow backward. 6) An effect of Relativity is that the faster you go, the heavier you become and as you reach the speed of light, you become infinitely heavy. 7) The technique is called “quantum tunneling”. It is used by electrons orbiting around atoms to instantly move from point A to point B without passing through the space between. 8)It is actually only technology stopping us from doing it. 2. 1) 即使如我面前的杯子这么普通的东西也可以说某种程度上掌握了时间旅行。它在桌子上放着，看似无所事事，然而实际上正在穿越时空，无情地，它的速度是每天走一天。 2）如果我跑到这咖啡店的速度接近光速，当我坐下来时，我的年龄小于我周围的人。实际上，我已经走到他们的未来。 3) 剩下的就是当宇宙倒退时，以这个速度飞行，在适当的时候减速，然后在1973年7月突然出现，那是有史以来最伟大的时刻——我出生啦。 Passage 7 1. 1)By altering the function of one gene, the life span of a species of roundworm could be
学术综合英语(罗立胜)1-6单元课文翻译
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
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Text 1. Do we need extra vitamins? Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard（保护、保卫）against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine（真实的，真正的；诚恳的）need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises（出现；发生；站立）"which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?" There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee guardians②保护者of our laws on food purity, labelling（标记，贴标签；标明）and advertising clams（保持沉默，闭嘴不言）and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. They say that they are "not necessary for a healthy individual个人的；个别的； 独特的 个人，个体eating a normal diet". Whilst同时；时时，有时；当… 的时候few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent相关的，相干的；中肯的；切题的to ask the question "how many of us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? "There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects方面；方向；形势；外貌and though few people are familiar熟悉的；常见的；亲近的with the wording措辞；用语；语法of the
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8
Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。
科技阅读翻译第一单元
第一单元环境 大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统已经遭到破坏，其中包括干净的水源、纯净的空气，以及稳定的气候。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶急剧恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的决策加以保护。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅度缓解饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年前消除全球一半饥饿的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。 根据该报告，水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。在20世纪90年代，洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万，损失约2,430亿美元。
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
必修二英语课文及翻译 word整理版
必修二 Unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀厅Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. 弗雷德里克?威廉?我,普鲁士国王,从未想像过这恩赐与俄罗斯人会令人惊喜的历史。这个礼物,琥珀屋的,赐给这个名字,因为好几吨的琥珀被用来制造它。琥珀被选有一个美丽的黄棕色的颜色就像蜂蜜。房间的设计是别致的流行的日子。这也是一种珍惜用金子来装饰和珠宝,将国家的最好的艺术家们大约10年了。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 事实上,这个房间没有是作为礼物送人的。它是设计出用于弗雷德里克的宫殿。然而,普鲁士的下一任国王弗雷德里克威廉?我、就是琥珀属于,决定不去保持它。在1716他给了彼得最重要的东西。作为回报,沙皇送给他一群他最好的士兵。所以琥珀房成了沙皇的一部分在圣彼得堡冬宫。大约四米长,房间作为一个小接待大厅为重要的游客。 Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. 后来,凯瑟琳二世琥珀屋的搬到一座宫殿外面圣彼得堡她在她的夏天。她告
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族
研究生学术综合英语课文翻译
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