武汉大学生理学2014--2015年考博真题
第1页共1页
武汉大学2017博士英语
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
武大考博辅导班：2019武大新闻与传播学院考博难度解析及经验分享
武大考博辅导班：2019武大新闻与传播学院考博难度解析及经验分 享 武汉大学是教育部直属的重点综合性大学，是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校，涵盖哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、艺术学等12个学科门类。学校现有46个一级学科具有博士学位授予权，235个二级学科专业具有博士学位授予权；博士专业学位授权点3个；博士后科研流动站42个，博士生导师1600余人 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于武汉大学新闻与传播学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 武汉大学新闻与传播教育始于1983年的新闻系，2000年12月新闻与传播学院成立。 学院现设新闻学、广播电视、广告学、网络传播四个系；6个本科专业和专业方向：新闻学、传播学、广播电视新闻学、广告学、播音与主持艺术、广告设计方向；拥有新闻传播学一级学科博士学位授予权，五个二级学科博士学位授予权：新闻学、传播学、跨文化传播学、广告与媒介经济、数字媒介；五个硕士学位授权点：新闻学、传播学、数字媒介、广播电视艺术理论、新闻与传播硕士专业学位；一个新闻传播学博士后科研流动站；一个省级一级学科重点学科：新闻传播学；拥有一个教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地武汉大学媒体发展研究中心、一个国家级实验教学示范中心：武汉大学新闻传播学实验教学中心。一个教育部、财政部支持的人才培养模式创新实验区：多媒体时代记者型主持人培养模式创新实验区。 学院现有专任教师54人，教授21人（含博导17人）、副教授19人、讲师14人；90%以上的教师具有博士学位以及在国外或境外学习、访问、交流、讲学经历；有1位国家级教学名师、1位入选国家第一批“万人计划”、4位教育部新世纪优秀人才、3位享受国务院政府特殊津贴、2位珞珈杰出学者、1位楚天学者特聘教授、2位珞珈学者特聘教授、3位珞珈青年学者。此外，学院还聘请了50多位海内外知名的新闻传播学者和业界人士担任学院的兼职教授或客座教授。 二、招生信息
金融学硕士和博士生必读书目
金融学硕士和博士生必读书目 一、经济学经典著作及宏微观理论基础 经济学经典著作: 马克思、恩格斯的《资本论》。 .亚当·斯密的《国富论》。 凯恩斯的《通论》。 马克·布劳格：《经济学方法论》，商务印书馆1992年版 微观经济学进阶： 初级：萨缪尔森、斯蒂格利茨和曼昆的经济学教材；高鸿业的微观经济学。 中级：平狄克的中级微观经济学教材。 宏观经济学进阶： 初级：萨缪尔森、斯蒂格利茨和曼昆的经济学教材；国内的看高鸿业的宏观经济学。中级：多恩布什的中级宏观经济学教材。 二、制度经济学、信息经济学、博弈论 制度经济学：
凡勃伦有闲阶级论——关于制度的经济研究商务出版社 康芒斯制度经济学（上、下册）商务出版社 科斯、诺思、威廉姆森等制度、契约与组织——从新制度经济学角度的透视经济科学出版社 道格拉斯·C·诺斯：《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》，上海三联书店1994年版。 [美道格拉斯·C.诺斯著：《经济史中的结构与变迁》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社2002年版。 道格拉斯·C.诺斯等西方世界的兴起——新经济史华夏出版社 道格拉斯.诺思制度变革的经验研究经济科学出版社 . 约翰.德勒巴克新制度经济学前沿——从新制度经济学角度的透视经济科学出版社 奥斯特洛姆等制度分析与发展的反思——问题与抉择商务出版社 青目昌彦：《比较制度分析》，上海远东出版社，2001。 阿兰.格鲁奇比较经济制度中国社会科学出版社. 阿兰.斯密德制度与行为经济学中国人民大学出版社. 埃瑞克.菲吕博顿等新制度经济学上海财经大学出版社.
卢现祥西方新制度经济学中国发展出版社 周其仁真实世界的经济学中国发展出版社 柯武刚、史漫飞：《制度经济学：社会秩序与公共政策》，商务印书馆2000年版。 博弈论与信息经济学： 艾德克.拉丝缪森博弈与信息——博弈论概论北京大学出版社、三联书店 张维迎博弈论与信息经济学上海三联书店，上海人民出版社 三、公共经济学（公共治理）与发展经济学 公共经济学（公共治理理论）： [美曼瑟尔·奥尔森著：《集体行动的逻辑》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社2003年版。 布坎南：《自由、市场与国家》 [美] 奥斯特罗姆、帕克斯和惠特克著：《公共服务的制度建构》，上海三联书店2000年版。[美] 盖瑞·J.米勒著：《管理困境——科层的政治经济学》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社2002年版。 [美丹尼斯·C.缪勒著：《公共选择理论》，中国社会科学出版社1999年版。 [美乔·B.史蒂文斯著：《集体选择经济学》，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社2003年版。
武汉大学经济管理学院2014博士考试参考书目
2014年博士研究生招生参考书目 2014年博士研究生招生参考书目 （关于跨学科考生的界定：以下考生视同非跨学科考生：①本科（包括主辅修、双学位）阶段或研究生阶段所学习的专业属于理论经济学、应用经济学、工商管理、管理科学与工程四个一级学科专业；②本科生、研究生阶段所学专业非以上四个一级学科专业的，但已取得国家公认的经济、管理类专业任职资格证书（如注册会计师等）的考生。 以上资格的认定以考生具有的有效证明材料为准。 政治经济学专业： 考试科目：1.外语； 2.马克思主义经济理论； 3.宏微观经济理论。 参考书目：马克思：《资本论》，中文版，人民出版社，1972年；张培刚：《微观经济学的产生与发展》，湖南人民出版社，1997年；厉以宁：《宏观经济学的产生与发展》，湖南人民出版社，1997年；近三年《经济研究》杂志，《经济学动态》杂志，《管理世界》杂志。 加试科目：1.中国经济改革与发展；2.金融经济学。 参考书目：近三年《金融研究》杂志，《管理世界》杂志，《国际金融研究》杂志；张秀生、曾国安：《政治经济学（社会主义部分）》，武汉大学出版社，2007年版。 经济思想史专业： 考试科目：1.外语； 2. 中国经济改革与发展理论问题研究； 3. 经济思想专题研究。 参考书目：关于中国经济改革和发展中重大理论与现实问题的著述；颜鹏飞：《西方经济思想史》，中国经济出版社，2010年版；乔洪武：《正谊谋利：近代西方经济伦理思想研究》，商务印书馆，2000年版；严清华：《中国经济发展模式理论创新研究》，南方出版社，2001年版。 加试科目：1.经济学名著选读； 2. 西方基本经济理论。 参考书目：马克思：《资本论》，上海三联书店，2009年版；《毛泽东选集》，人民出版社，1991年版；《邓小平文选》，人民出版社，1994年版；傅殷才：《经济学基本理论》，中国经济出版社，1995年版。 经济史专业 考试科目：1. 外语； 2. 西方近代经济学; 3中国经济史；
2015~2019年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分) Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract
武汉大学金融学考研复习经验
武汉大学金融学考研复习经验 一、初试 这里我想按照时间具体说一下我的计划。 (一)政治 我是从10月份才开始看的，但因为之前有新东方培训的基础，所以，会知道大概，尤其是关于哲学的部分，很多都有了比较深的理解，所以，若基础真的很差，如是理科出身，可以视自己的情况适当提前。 第一：我用的是任汝芬的序列一和红宝书，但我比较偏重前者，尤其是哲学部分，解释非常详细，课后的真题可以让人明白重点之处，而且不同颜色的字体可以引发看书的兴趣，我看红宝书大篇大篇的文字一会儿就犯困。在看书时也要有自己的规划，如每天看多少页，几天看完，几天的通融期(一般不能准时完成，会有小事的耽误，但你可以定一个两天的通融期)，这样你就可以比较主动的把握时间，我约定每天20页，后来发现不易完成，改为15页，这样耗时1个月完成，我一般在每天早上花2个小时左右，因为看书易跑神，多是边读边理解，这个可以依个人习惯而定; 第二：之后又花1个月时间又看一遍序列一; 第三：这是进入了12月，开始用序列二，模拟阶段，在这期间我还穿插着认真看了下考研政治考点识记，这本书很薄，可是在闲暇时间看看，这时候每天政治3个小时左右，我一般早上1小时晨读，晚上2个小时做题。我觉得这个阶段有必要说说模拟题怎么用的问题，之所以强调它的重要性，是因为政治最后考试是客观题50分，主观题50分，据本人经验，主观题不易拉分，所以可以参考一下辅导班的模板，制定自己的答题套路。但客观题就看你真本事了，这个在模拟阶段会得到很大提升。 模拟题首先自己一定亲自做，之后对答案，之后不会不懂的一定一定要回到课本仔细研读，千万不要怕麻烦，你会有意想不到的收获，很多内容都是在此时熟识的。最后错题一定认真再看一遍，保证下次碰到不要再错。模拟题中的主观题可以不看。我到12月底时结束了模拟阶段;
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong
武大考博辅导班：2019武大国家网络安全学院考博难度解析及经验分享
武大考博辅导班：2019武大国家网络安全学院考博难度解析及经验 分享 武汉大学是教育部直属的重点综合性大学，是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校，涵盖哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、艺术学等12个学科门类。学校现有46个一级学科具有博士学位授予权，235个二级学科专业具有博士学位授予权；博士专业学位授权点3个；博士后科研流动站42个，博士生导师1600余人 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于武汉大学国家网络安全学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 武汉大学一直以来引领我国信息安全专业建设，实现了安全领域人才培养的多项“第一”：2001年设立了全国第一个信息安全本科专业，首批入选“国家级特色专业建设点”，制定出全国第一个信息安全本科专业课程体系、教学计划和课程大纲，出版了国内第一套信息安全系列教材，创建了国内第一个信息安全专业实验室，打造了一支高素质的具有强专业实践能力的教学团队，理清了本学科的知识结构和学科特点，“创建信息安全专业培养体系，引领信息安全专业建设”获得了国家级教学成果一等奖，为我国网络空间安全学科的创建积累了重要前期经验。2016年武汉大学成为首批获得网络空间安全一级学科博士授权点的高校之一，同年武汉大学积极响应国家网络空间安全战略部署，成立国家网络安全学院，并与武汉临空港经济技术开发区签约合作打造国家网络安全人才与创新基地，创建极具特色的“网络安全学院+网络安全产业谷”模式。2017年9月，武汉大学国家网络安全学院获批国家一流网络安全学院建设示范项目，成为中国网络安全高层次人才培养的“国家示范”。 二、招生信息
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension（30%） Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry（采石场）and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied,
2019年武汉大学考博英语真题精选及详解【圣才出品】
2019年武汉大学考博英语真题精选及详解 PartⅠReading Comprehension(2’×20=40points) Directions:In this part for the test,there will be5passages for you to read.Each passage is followed by4questions or unfinished statement,and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D.You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mount Vesuvius,a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum,has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions.The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A.D.79. The volcano had been inactive for centuries.There was little warning of the coming eruption,although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night.Early the next morning,the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum,completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava. Meanwhile,on the other side of the mountain,cinders,stone and ash rained down on Pompeii.Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops https://www.360docs.net/doc/255824310.html,rge portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration.Fire,however, was not the only cause of destruction.Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air.
武汉大学考博英语真题核心词汇集锦
武汉大学考博英语真题核心词汇集锦 1.blackboard['bl?kb?:d]n.黑板 2.blackmail['bl?kmeil]n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索;胁迫，恫吓 3.blade[bleid]n.刀刃，刀片;桨叶;草叶，叶片 4.blame['bleim]"v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备" 5.blank[bl??k]"a.空白的,空着的;失色的n.空白;表格" 6.blanket['bl??kit]n.毯子(可数);厚厚一层(可数)vt.铺上一层 7.blast"['bai?u,bl?st]"n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声v.爆炸 8.blaze[bleiz]"n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉v.燃烧,冒火焰" 9.bleak[bli:k] a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的 10.bleed[bli:d]"vt.使出血，榨取vi.出血,流血" 11.blend[blend]"n.混合(物)v.混和,混杂" 12.bless[bles]"v.祝福,保佑"需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 13.blame['bleim]"v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备" 14.blind[blaind] a.盲的，瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗 15.block[bl?k]"n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻" 16.blood[bl?d]n.血液，血;血统，血亲;血气 17.bloody['bl?di]"a.流血的,血腥的" 18.bloom[blu:m]n.花(朵);开花(期)v.开花 19.blossom['bl?s?m]n.花(簇);花期;青春vi.开花;展开;繁荣 20.blouse[blauz]n.女衬衣，短上衣，宽阔的罩衫
(完整word版)2015武汉大学考博英语真题
武汉大学 2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 一、阅读理解 Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part. 1. The best title for this selection is （） A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts 2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective jus
武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新)
武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新) 1．段落分析 Developing Paragraph/Body（正文/主体） 1. Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关 2. Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分 Common Methods of Development exemplification 例证 1)facts事实 2)citation引证 3)comparison and contrast比较与对比 4)analysis分析 5)classification分类 3. Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。 General rule by classification总原则：from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion） 1)by transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词 2)by repetition of key words 3)by synonyms or variations of key words 4)by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones) 5)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神 6)from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理 7)from individual to social aspects从个体到社会 8)from oneself to others从自身到他人 9)from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接 10)from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、 经济和文化结构 Concept-defining 1. Content 内容（from paragraph level 段落） Topic 话题—笼统→ Perspective 角度—抽象→ Aspect 方面—具体 1）Topic 话题：what to write – general 笼统（topic sentence） 2）Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度/视点→ 展开素材 3）Aspect (part/side) 方面/层面→ 体现素材(supporting sentences)
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题 一、阅读理解 Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part. 1. The best title for this selection is （） A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts 2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive ju