《大学》教案---新版

《大学》教案---新版
《大学》教案---新版

《大学》教学设计方案

教学目标

1.借助工具上古疏通文意,掌握常见的文言词汇及重要意义。

2.理解文章中的思想,并探讨这些思想的现代意义。

3.理解《大学》中的“三纲”“八目”并了解这些内容之间的逻辑联系。

教学重点借助工具上古疏通文意,掌握常见的文言词汇及重要意义。

理解文章中的思想,并探讨这些思想的现代意义。

教学难点理解文章中的思想,并探讨这些思想的现代意义。

教学时数:三课时

教学过程

一、导入新课

解释什么叫修齐治平。精炼意为:修身、齐家、治国、平天下。出处《礼记.大学》:“古之欲明明德于天下者。先治其国;欲治其国者,先齐其家;欲齐其家者,先修其身;欲修其身者,先正其心;欲正其心者,先诚其意;欲诚其意者,先致其知,致知在格物。”

二、知识积累

1.了解文化背景

《大学》原是《礼记》里的一篇。一般认为是曾子所作,也有人认为是秦汉时的儒家作品,在宋代以前,《大学》在儒家思想学术中的地位并不是很突出,由于它论述了儒家为学治世的基本原理、原则、方针、步骤和方法等,所以中唐以后,逐渐受到儒家学者的重视。唐代韩愈、李翱始把它看做与《孟子》《易经》同样重要的“经书”。到北宋得到程颢、程颐竭力尊崇,南宋朱熹又作《大学章句》,《大学》成为了儒家经典中重要的篇章。

朱熹为《大学》作成章句,通过注释阐发己意,并将它与《中庸》《论语》《孟子》合编成一书,这就是《四书集注》。

《四书集注》刊成于宋光宗绍熙元年,当时没有被封建统治者重视。元仁宗延祐年间复科举,官方规定以《四书集注》取士,从此《四书集注》奠定了它在封建正统思想文化中的地位。

原属于《礼记》中的《大学》,也从此获得了官方的正式认可与推崇,对古代教育,甚至整个中国社会、传统文化都产生了极大的影响。

2. .课题释疑

《大学》是体现儒家思想的一篇政论文。

A.大人之学

“大学”是对“小学”而言,是说它不是“详训诂,明句读”的“小学”。古人八岁入小

学,学习“洒扫应对进退、礼乐射御书数”等文化基础知识和礼节。

B.治国安邦的大学问

古人十五岁入大学,学习伦理、政治、哲学等“修己治人,治国安邦”的大学问。

后一种含义其实也和前一种含义有相通的地方,同样有“博学”的意思。

朱熹把《大学》重新编排整理,分为“经”一章,“传”十章。朱熹认为,“经一章盖孔子之言,而曾子述之;其传十章,则曾子之意而门人记之也。”

《大学》一文不长,仅有短短的两千余字,但却是先秦、秦汉儒家学说的总括性著作,是儒家人生教育的道德纲领,也是维护封建宗法制度的政治纲领。《大学》以相当成熟的理论思维构建了一个中国封建社会儒家人生教育的总体框架,构建了一个中国封建社会士人人生发展的宏观图式。全篇将道德修养和政治议论结合在一起,将人生哲学和政治哲学合而为一,是儒家“入世”思想的全面体现。

三.整体感知,疏通文意

1.第一段:经文部分,提出三纲八目。

(1)大学之道:大学的宗旨。“道”的本义是道路,引申为规律、原则等,在中国古代哲学、政治学里,也指宇宙万物的本原、个体,一定的政治观或思想体系等,在不同的上下文环境里有不同的意思。

(2)明明德:前一个“明”作使动词,即“使彰明”,也就是发扬、弘扬的意思。后一个“明”作形容词,明德也就是光明正大的品德。

(3)亲民:根据后面的“传”文,“亲”应为“新”,即使革新、弃旧图新。亲民,使人弃旧图新、去恶从善。

(4)知止:知道要达到的最高境界“至善”。

(5)得:收获。

(6)齐其家:管理好自己的家庭或家族,使家庭或家族和和美美,兴旺发达。

(7)修其身:修养自身的品性。

(8)致其知:使自己获得知识。

(9)格物:研究万事万物。

(10)庶人:指平民百姓。

(11)壹是:都是。本:根本。

(12)末:相对于本而言,指枝末、枝节。

(13)厚:重视。薄:轻视。

(14)未之有也:即未有之也。没有这样的道理(事情、做法等)。

2.第二段:解释如何“诚其意”。

(1)诚其意:使意念真诚。

(2)毋:不要。

(3)恶(wù)恶(è)臭(xiù):厌恶腐臭的气味。臭,气味,较现代单指臭(chòu)味的含义宽泛。

(4)好(hào)好(hǎo)色:喜爱美丽的女子。好(hǎo)色,美女。

(5)谦(qiè):通“慊”,满足。

(6)慎其独:在独自一人时也谨慎不苟。

(7)闲居:即独处。

(8)厌然:掩盖的样子。

(9)掩:遮掩,掩盖。

(10)著:显示。

(11)中:指内心。下面的“外”指外表。

3. 第三段:从反面说明如何“正心”和“修身”。

(1)身:程颐认为应为“心”。(2)忿懥(zhì):愤怒。

4. 第四段:从反面说明如何“修身”和“齐家”。

(1)之:对于。辟:偏颇,偏向。

(2)哀矜:同情,怜悯。

(3)敖,骄傲。惰:怠慢。

(4)硕:大,茂盛。

5.第五段:解释“齐家”和“治国”。

(1)悌(ti):指弟弟应该绝对服从哥哥。

(2)慈:指父母爱子女。

(3)机:作用。

(4)偾(fèn):败坏。

(5)尧舜:传说中父系氏族社会后期部落联盟的两位领袖,即尧帝和舜帝,历来被认为是圣君的代表。

(6)帅:同“率”,率领,统帅。

(7)桀(jié):夏最后一位君主。纣:即殷纣王,商最后一位君主。二人被认为是暴君的代表。(8)诸:”之于”的合音。

(11)恕:即恕道。孔子说:“己所不欲,勿施于人。”意思是说,自己不想做的,也不要让别人去做,这种推己及人,将心比己的品德就是儒学所倡导的恕道。

(12)喻:使别人明白。

6. 第六段:解释“治国”和“平天下”。

(1)老老:尊敬老人。前一“老”字作动词,意思是把老人当作老人看待。

(2)长长:尊重长辈。

(3)恤:体恤,周济。孤,孤儿,古时候专指幼年丧失父亲的人。

(4)倍:通“背”,违背。

(5)絜(xie)矩之道:儒家伦理思想之一,指一言一行要有示范作用。絜,量度。矩,画直角或方形用的尺子,引申为法度,规则。

(10)此:乃,才。

四、合作探究

1.“修齐治平”四者的关系如何?要达到身修,需经过哪些步骤?

提示:

“修身”的意思是使个人修养达到完善的程度,是《大学》中对个人修养的最高要求,它是齐家、治国、平天下的根本。

齐家是指善于处理好家庭或家族内部的关系,它是治国、平天下的基础。

治国和平天下是齐家的扩大和延伸。

身修需要“格物”“致知”“诚意”“正心”四个步骤。“格物致知”就是要通过对事物的研究而获得对世界的正确认识的过程,为下一步诚意、正心奠定基础。“诚意”指的是在修养自身的过程中,能够做到诚实、不自欺。所谓“正心”,就是教人防止个人感情的偏向。这四个步骤依次做来,就可以达到身修的目的了。

八条目关系

正心、诚意、格物、致知、

修身

齐家、治国、平天下

2.《大学》采用了很多递进论述的方法

如“知止而后有定,定而后能静,静而后能安,安而后能虑,虑而后能得。”

请将文章中的类似论证整理出来,体会其中的逻辑关系,弄明白它们所说的道理。

古之欲明明德于天下者,先治其国;欲治其国者,先齐其家;欲齐其家者,先修其身;欲修其身者,先正其心;欲正其心者,先诚其意;欲诚其意者,先致其知;致知在格物。物格而后知至,知至而后意诚,意诚而后心正,心正而后身修,身修而后家齐,家齐而后国治,国治而后天下平。

这个论述,先是由大至小,条目之间是条件关系:平天下必先治国,治国必先齐家,齐家必先修身,修身必先正心,正心必先诚意,诚意必先致知,致知必先格物。再由小至大,条目之间是因果关系:格物而后知致,知致而后意诚,意诚而后心正,心正而后身修,身修而后家齐,家齐而后国治,国治而后天下平。条目之间脉络清晰,无论是由大至小的条件关系,或者是由小至大的因果关系,剖析深刻,逻辑严密。

本文论证特色:

总分式论证结构,层层推进,逻辑严密

3.《大学》的论述可谓“微言大义”,精微的言辞中,蕴含着深刻的道理,这些深刻的道理,对现代人也是很有作用的。请以“君子有诸己而后求诸人,无诸己而后非诸人”为例进行分析。

提示:这句话的意思是:品德高尚的人自己身上具备了美德,然后再要求别人拥有美德;首先要去掉自己身上的不足,然后再去批评责备他人。也就是说,要提高别人的道德水平,首先要提高自己的道德水平,要要求别人,首先要要求自己。

它体现了儒家重视注重内向用功、律己甚严的内省的修养方法。这种方法在现代仍然是有现实意义的,它告诫我们,不能要求别人甚严,而要求自己甚宽。这对于人与人之间的日常交往,一个部门内部的管理,都有着深刻的启示。

五、小结

本文介绍了儒学文化的主体“三纲”“八目”,两者层次分明、逻辑严密。文章告诉人们只有通过格物致知,摆脱外在诱惑、困扰,真心诚意地培养高尚的情操,才能够使自己的精神境界得以提高,进而使自己家庭关系符合人伦道德,并最终完成为国建功立业、使天下太平的伟大理想。

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