英语牛津版必修3(基础落实+能力提升)：任务型读写专练

任务型读写专练

A

Aristotle once wrote that “happiness is a state of activity”．In other words，whether you’re seeking life-long satisfaction or a few moments of good cheer，you’ve got to move forward.We’ve interviewed the experts and found five steps to take toward a sunny mood(心情)：

Over a 30-year period，University of Illinois researchers asked nearly 120,000 people how income，education，political participation，volunteer activities and close relationships affected their happiness.Reported Ne w s w eek’s Sharon Begley on the findings，“The highest levels of happiness are found with the most stable and satisfying relationships.”

Singing aloud，talking to a stranger，raising your hand: all may increase a feeling of happiness，according to a study from Wake Forest University.Participants(参与者) followed the development of their moods for two weeks and reported feeling happier when they were more outgoing and less happy when reserved or withdrawn.

The editors of https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a14843349.html, gave $5 or $20 to 46 strangers by chance.Half the group was told to spend the money on themselves，while the other half was told to spend it on others.Those who’d shared the wealth felt much happier at the end of the day than those who’d spent it on themselves.There was no difference in happiness between those who spent $5 or $20，suggesting that it’s not how much money you spend，but how you spend it，that inspires the spirit.

Studies from the Positive Psychology Center showed that discouraged people who wrote down three good things that happened to them each day for six months reported an improved attitude.

Drinking water really can help keep you cheerful.A small 2012 study from the University of Connecticut suggested that even slight dehydration(脱水) affected the moods of its female participants.

Quiet Virtue：The Conscientious

The everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)—being punctual，careful in doing work，

self-disciplined，and scrupulous(一丝不苟的)in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen，the people who keep things running as they should.They follow the rules，help out，and are concerned about the people they work with.It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence，who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves，who always gets things done on deadline.

Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.In studies of job performance，outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs，from semi-skilled labor to sales and management，depends on conscientiousness.It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization：the secretary whose message taking is perfect，the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer，those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(缓冲)against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market，because employees with this quality are among the most valued.For the sales representatives，their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are.Their reputation for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work，giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems.Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves，they can hold other people to their own standards，and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior.Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious，for example，tended to criticize

co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized，which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations，it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising，openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自发性)are scarce and

in demand.Success in such occupations calls for a balance，however；without enough conscientiousness to follow through，people become mere dreamers，with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

C

Many students eat their breakfasts on the way to school or in the dining room.But some of them don’t really know how to eat well when eating out.

Here is some important advice.The first is to eat less fast food.The most obvious harm of eating too much fast food is weight gaining because of too much fat.Young people and adults are at risk of disease related to weight.Too much fast food can drag your body down.French fries，for example，were recently found to contain much more acrylamide(丙烯酰胺) than other food.This may cause cancer.Actually，deep-fried food all contains acrylamide.So don’t eat it too often.Soda is another thing you should watch out for.Cokes and other sodas contain a lot of sugar and can slow down a person’s calcium absorption，so it’s best to drink as little soda as possible.

Food in the dining room may not be as tasty as fast food，but it’s actually easier to make healthy choices.Human bodies need variety.You can have a dinner that balances lean proteins，vitamins and complex carbohydrates(碳水化合物)．In other words，a meal with fish or meat，vegetables and some bread or rice will provide you with most nutrients that the body needs.

Some snacks，on the other hand，will help keep you going until your next big meal.It is natural for teenagers，especially boys，to feel hungry during school time.Don’t forget to take some foods，like whole-grain biscuits or low-fat milk in your school bag.

Title：Advice on 1.________

People can be addicted to(沉溺于) different things ，e.g.alcohol ，drug ，certain food ，or even television.People who have such an addiction are compulsive(强迫的)：they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy.According to psychologists ，many people are compulsive spenders.They feel that they must spend money.This compulsion ，like most others ，

is impossible to explain reasonably.For compulsive spenders who buy on credit(以赊欠方式)，charge accounts are even more exciting than money.In other words ，compulsive spenders feel that with credit ，they can do anything.Their pleasure in spending large amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.

There is even a special psychology(心理学) of bargain hunting.To save money ，of course ，most people look for sales ，low prices ，and https://www.360docs.net/doc/2a14843349.html,pulsive bargain hunters ，however ，often buy things that they don ’t need just because they are cheap.They want to believe that they are helping their

budgets(预算)，but they are really playing an exciting game.When they can buy something for less than other people ，they feel that they are winning.Most people ，experts claim ，have two reasons for their behaviour ：a good reason for things that they do and the real reason.

It is not only scientists ，of course ，who understand the psychology of spending habits ，but also business people.Stores ，companies ，and advertisers use psychology to increase business.They consider people ’s needs for love ，power ，or influence ，their basic values ，their beliefs and opinions ，and so on in their advertising and sales methods.

Psychologists often use a method called “behaviour therapy(疗法)” to help individuals solve their personality problems.In the same way ，they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.

Title ：The Psychology of Money

A conflict at work is common.If you can avoid conflict ，it means you will win what you want

regardless of what the other person wants.Since the potential issue has not been removed ，it will simply reappear later.Let ’s see what you can do.

★Be aware of the fact that some conflicts are unavoidable at work.On numerous occasions ，conflict and disagreement are likely to happen.But when a conflict happens it ’s not the end of the world.On the contrary ，it can be the beginning of an interesting learning process.Conflicts mean that people care enough to disagree strongly.The trick is not to allow the conflict to go on forever.

★Deal with conflicts sooner rather than later.Solve a conflict when it starts ，as it only gets worse with time going by.Conflicts at work arise not from something that was said ，but from something that wasn ’t said

！Everyone ’s waiting for the other to admit he ’s wrong and gets more unpleasant after the conflict has lasted a while.It ’s essential to interrupt the “waiting game ” before it gets to that point.

★Ask nicely.If somebody has done something that made you angry ，or if you don ’t understand their viewpoint or actions ，simply asking nicely about it can make a world of difference.Never assume that people do what they do to annoy or hurt you.Sometimes there ’s a good reason why that person does

what he or she does ，and a potential conflict disappears right there.Do remember to make an inquiry ，not an accusation of any sort.

★Appreciate.Praise the other part in the conflict.Tell them why it ’s worth it to you to solve the conflict.This can be difficult as few people find it easy to praise and appreciate a person they disagree strongly with ，but it ’s a great way to move forward.

答案

A1.Look(ing)/Search(ing)/Seek(ing) 2.forward/ahead/on 3.experts/researchers 4.steps/ways 5.greatest 6.Express7.sharing8.Focus/Concentrate9.feeling/mood/sense10.these/those B1.strict 2.helpful/good 3.Functions/Roles/Importance/Significance

4.running/working/going/operating/functioning

5.performance(s)

6.fired/dismissed/jobless

7.problems/troubles

8.higher/subjective/unfair/unjust/prejudiced

9.tense/damaged/poor/bad 10.discourage/affect/damage

C1.Breakfast 2.Contents 3.Effect 4.deep-fried 5.fat

6．cancer7.soda8.calcium9.Healthy10.snacks

D1.Introduction 2.satisfy 3.explanation 4.pleasure 5.hunters 6.cheap7.winners

8.businessmen 9．considered10.Way/Method

E1.Remove/Solve/Handle/Avoid 2.disappear 3.Suggestions/Advice/Tips 4.unavoidable 5.mistake(s)/fault(s) 6.worse7.angry/annoyed/hurt8.accuse/blame9.difficult/hard

10.Conclusion