英语基础知识

英语基础知识

一：英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 主语：可以作主语的有名词（如boy ），主格代词（如I,she ，he,they,we,you ），指示代词（如this ）,动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ）和主语从句。 The boy is happy. She is friendly. Playing basketball is interesting.

To go swimming with him is enjoyable. That he is ill is true. This is wrong.

谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。1.不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.

2.及物动词（vt.）有宾语，形成主谓宾结构，如：They like Englih.

3.系动词（系动词一般分两类：be 译为是, look,smell,taste,.feel.touch, keep,

stay,seem 等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn,go,come,fall 等属另一类，表示变化。）后接表语，构成主系表结构，如：He is happy. The food smells delicious. 宾语: 可以作宾语的有名词（如boy ），宾格代词（如me,her,him,them,us,you ），指示代词（如this ）,动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ）和宾语从句。

I don ’t like the boy. I want to finish the work. I like this.

I think that he is happy. I like playing football. You win him.

表语: 可以作表语的有名词（如boy ），动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ），介词短语（He is in the classroom ），形容词（如good ），方位副词（如The pen is here .）和表语从句。

The book is good . Your duty is to finish the work .

My hobby is playing cards . The good thing is that he will come .

定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。

1.形容词作定语：The boy needs a blue pen.( blue 修饰名词pen.）

2.数词作定语相当于形容词：The boy needs two pens. ( two 修饰名词pens.）

3.代词或名词所有格（如Tom ’s ）或形容词性物主代词（如his ）作定语： The boy needs Tom's pen. (Tom's 修饰名词pen.）

His name is Tom. (his 修饰名词name.）

4.介词短语作定语：The boy in blue is Tom. ( in blue 修饰名词the boy.）

5.名词作定语：The boy needs a paper box. ( paper 修饰名词box.）

6.方位副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen. ( there 修饰名词boy ）

7.不定式作定语(表将来的事)：The boy to write a letter needs a pen. (to write a letter 修饰名词boy ）

8.动词的ing 形式（现在分词或动名词，表示主动或进行或用途）或过去分词（表

示被动或完成）作定语：

The smiling boy needs a pen. (smiling 修饰名词boy ）

He is in the reading room. (reading 修饰名词room ）

The pen bought by her is made in China. (bought by her 修饰名词pen ）

9.定语从句：

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. (who is reading 修饰名词boy ）

状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。

1.副词（短语）作状语：

The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语）

The boy really needs a pen.（程度状语）

The boy needs a pen now ./Now ,the boy needs a pen.（时间状语）

2.介词短语作状语：

In the classroom ,the boy needs a pen.（地点状语）

On Sundays ,there is no student in the classroom. (时间状语)

3.现在或过去分词（短语）作状语：

He sits there,asking for a pen.（表示伴随状态）

Blamed by his father ,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）被他父亲骂了，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）

4．不定式作状语：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目的状语）

I am glad to see you. （原因状语）

He hurried to the station,only to find the bus had left . (结果状语，意料之外)

5．状语从句(9种)：时间状语从句（引导词有since 自从when,while,after 等）、地点状语从句（引导词有where 等）、原因状语从句（引导词有because,since 既然等）、结果状语从句（引导词有so (that)所以等）、目的状语从句（引导词有in order that,so that 为了等）、比较状语从句（引导词有as …as;the same as 等）、让步状语从句（引导词有though,although,even if,whatever 等）、条件状语从句（引导词有if,unless,in case 等）和方式状语从句（引导词有as 按照,as if 等）。 When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. As it is raining, I will not go out.

Make a mark where you have a question.

Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.

She was ill, so that she didn ’t attend the meeting.

If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot.

You must do the exercise as I show you.

I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.

补语：

动词不定式（感官动词(see,hear,feel,smell,taste,touch 等)和使役动词(have,let,make 译为使或让)后的宾语补足语把to 去掉），名词短语，介词短语，形容词，现在分词和过去分词等可充当宾语补足语。

I find him happy . （形容词作宾语补足语）

I see him doing his homework .我看到他正在做他的家庭作业。

I see him do his homework.我看到他做他的家庭作业的全过程。

I ask him to do the homework.（动词不定式作宾语补足语）

同位语（7种主要成分之外的成分）:是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：

We students should study hard. (students 是we 的同位语，说明我们的身份。） He gave me a good suggestion that we shuold put off the meeting.(同位语从句)

二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。 英语五种基本句型列式如下：

1： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）

The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。

2： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。

3： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

4： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有少数动词可以接双宾语。

如：give sb sth=give sth to sb; buy sb sth=buy sth for sb

I │give │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。I │give │a wash to my car.

5： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色

三.动词时态以及语态。

动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有10种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。

各种时态的主动语态和被动语态：(被动语态中用by 接出做这个动作的人)

主动语态 被动语态(被动词+动词过去分词)

动词原形或+s/es 主语+am/is/are done(动词过去分词)

1. 一般现在时 主语+ 系动词am/is/are+表语

can/may/must do(动词原形) 主语+ can/may/must be done He makes the desk. The desk is made by him .

动词过去式 主语+ was/were done

2. 一般过去时 主语+ was/were +表语

could/might/had to do 主语+ could/might/had to be done I punished him yesterday. He was punished by me yesterday.

will/shall do 主语+ will/shall be done

3. 一般将来时 主语+ am/is/are going to do 主语+ am/is/are going to be done

am/is/are to do 主语+am/is/are to be done

am/is/are about to do 主语+am/is/are about to be done He will finish the book. The book will be finished by him .

would/should do 主语+ would/should be done

4. 过去将来时 主语+ was/were going to do 主语+ was/were going to be done

was/were to do 主语+ was/were to be done

was/were about to do 主语+ was/were about to be done He said that he would finish the book. He said that the book would be finished by him .

5. 现在进行时 主语+am/is/are doing 主语+am/is/are being done He is reanding the book now. The book is being read by him now.

6. 过去进行时 主语+was/were doing 主语+ was/were being done He was reading the book when I came. The book was being read by him when I came.

7. 现在完成时 主语+have/has done 主语+ have/has been done She has finished the work. The work has been finished by him .

8. 过去完成时 主语+had done 主语+had been done She said that he had finished the work. She said that the work had been finished by him .

9. 现在完成进行时 主语+have/has been doing(无被动)

She has been writing the book since last year.

10. 一般将来进行时 主语+will be doing(无被动)

He will be attending the meeting this time next week.

四.主谓一致：

在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。

谓语动词的单复数表现形式：

1．动词的复数是动词的原形，动词的单数在动词后加s 或es(主要用于一般现在时)其中have 的单数为has 。注意：此种情况和名词的单复数恰好相反。名词的单数为其原形，复数规则的加s 或es ，如boy 单数，boys 复数。 A student likes English. Two students like English. （动词likes 为单数；like 为复数）

2．句中谓语动词为be 动词：单数用is 或was;复数用are 或were.若主语为I,一般现在时用I am … A student is in the classroom. Two students are in the classroom. He was in Beijing last year. They were in Beijing last year.

3.谓语动词单复数在一些时态或一些情况中体现不出：

如一般过去时态加ed 的情况，过去完成时（had+过去分词），情态动词或助动词do 后接动词的原形等。 A student liked English last year. Two students liked English last year. He had finished his work before he came. They had finished his work before he came. A student can finish the work. Two students can finish the work.

主谓一致的规则：

1．一个单数名词(student)，不可数名词(money)，表度量的短语（2 hours,300 dollars ），标题(Little Women)，名字(Liming)，不定式短语(to do sth)，动词的ing 形式，主语从句作主语，或一些不定代词作主语（如

anybody,anyone,everybody,everyone,either,neither,each 等），谓语用单数。 300 dollars is enough. Playing football is interesting. Everyone is here.

2.复数名词作主语，或and 接的并列主语谓语用复数。

These students are very friendly. Liming ang Lihua are good friends.

但and 接的并列主语指同一人或物，谓语用单数。

The poet and writer is famous.(这个诗人兼作家是著名的)

3.主语前有some of/most of/all of/half of/a part of/one third of(几分之几)/70percent of （百分之多少）等修饰，谓语动词的单复数不受这些修饰词的影响。

All of his money is lost. Half of the students are lazy.

4.当一些集体名词（如crowd,family,class,team,dozen,public 等）作主语，视为整体谓语用单数，视为里面的成员或个体，谓语用复数。但people,police,cattle 等作主语，谓语一般用复数。

Our team is very important to me. Our team are dancing. The police are cool.

5.一些本身以s 结尾的词：news 及学科名词physics,politics, maths 等作主语，谓语用单数，但clothes,glasses,remains 及山脉，群岛，瀑布等名字（如The Himalayas ）作主语，谓语用复数。 Physics is easy. Your clothes are clean. The Himalayas are famous.

6. 在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be 句型中，谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：

Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week. Either you or she is to go.

There is a pen, a few books and some cards for you.

但是当主语后面跟有with, together with, as well as ,along with,like （像）, except, but （除…之外）等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与这些词前面的主语一致. The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.

7.many a/more than one/one and a half 加单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。

One of 加复数名词作主语谓语用复数。定语从句中，引导词作主语，谓语动词单复数由先行词决定。

Many a student likes English. One of the students is lazy.

He is one of the students who are lazy.

8. A number of(一些) +主语+复数动词. The number of （…的数量）+主语+单数动词.

A number of books are interesting. The number of students is 45.

五．主从复合句及并列句：

从句有三大类：

定语从句：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。

状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句和方式状语从句。 并列句有四大类： 1、联合关系

常用的连词有 and( 同，和 ), when(=and just at this time 就在这时，然后 ), not only…but (also)…( 不仅……而且…… ), neither…nor… （既不……也不……）等。如：

He helps me and I help him. 他帮我，我帮他。

He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English.

2、选择关系

常用的连词有 or( 或者，否则 ), otherwise( 否则 ), or else( 否则 ), either...or( 不是……就是 ) 。如：

Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。

Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。

3、转折关系

常用的连词有 but( 但是，可是，只是因为 ), while( 而、却 ), yet( 可是 ) 等。 如：

I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。

She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s.

4、因果关系

常用的连词有 for （因为）和 so （所以，因此）等。如：

I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。

六．Be 动词的3种主要用法：

系表结构，进行时态（be 动词+动词ing ）和被动语态（be 动词+动词过去分词）。 He is a student. He is playing football. The work is finished.