基础英语真题答案

基础英语真题答案
基础英语真题答案

基础英语

13年

A

1.正确答案是:A

详细答案:细节判断题。参见原文:Today,experienced campers may carry such items as lightweight aluminum-frame packs,1-kg nylon tents,down-filled sleeping bags,and troy camp stoves.与第一句相对照,则可发现lightweight

2.正确答案是:B

详细答案:细节题。参见原文:The camper may always discard layers of such clothing if too warm

3.正确答案是:D

详细答案:综合判断题。根据篇章结构,第三段第一句话即为该段中心,即:A wide range of equipment for shelter and sleep is available for modern camping.

4.正确答案是:B

详细答案:综合判断题。根据第二段第一句:Proper clothing,lightweight but warn and worn in layers,is essential,regardless of where the person camps.可看出无论天气如何,重要的是选择恰当的衣服

5.正确答案是:B

详细答案:综合题。第四段第一句话即为该段中心:Equipment for cooking varies according to the site the camper chooses.

B

难句译注

By today’s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular.

【参考译文】按今天的标准来看,好莱坞的奢华(过分的行为)似乎并不那么引人注目。

A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did.

【参考译文】今天单张录音唱片挣的版税要比过去一部电影还要多得多。

B。他们享受一度只属于贵族享用的一切。第一段集中谈了这些:他们走到哪里,成千上万人们出来欢迎,却中发疯地要看一眼穿着花哨的偶像的笑容。这些歌星坐着司机开动的Rolls-Royces汽车、私人直升飞机,高级长官飞机到处走,永远围着一批经纪人、报界记者和保镖随从人员。他们的照片定期登在报刊上,因为歌星象贵族一样是新闻人物。A.他们的生活和贵族一样奢侈。C.他们很富。D.他们的生活方式和贵族生活方式一个样。

A。赞成。在第一段最后一句:“他们为他们的牺牲所获取的报酬难以计算,支付率惊人。”第二段一开始就点明“为什么不惊人?社会对高级表演者总是慷慨解囊。好莱坞的鼎盛时期名扬天下,著名歌星先手空前绝后的名、利、奉承。”第三段更明确指出:应该这样支付星族,这完全正确。企业中的顶尖人物因为他们为公司和国家所作的一切不也挣得高额工资?税务员应感谢他们每年为国库做出了巨大的贡献。所以谁会忌妒他们的报酬呢?最后一段进一步说明:欲成为星族的人冒着很大的风险,谁都知道只有一小撮人能成为顶尖人物,也可能多年的努力以彻底失败而告终,而成功的报酬确实很高,这是对他们冒险的补偿。这些内容都说明作者赞成巨额报酬。A.不同意。C.讽刺的。D.批评的。

A。在攀登顶峰中存在着激烈的竞争。这在第三段最后一句明确指出:获取顶尖的流

行歌星的称号竞争激烈,但其报酬确实惊人。最后一段的风险说。还有最后一段第二句:说忌妒话的人应记住:最有名的星族代表的只是冰山之巅――人极少。每个成名的歌星身后就有成千上百个其他歌者为生存而奋斗。这都说明“竞争激烈”。 B.人们盲目崇拜偶像歌星。

C.成功的流行歌星演出给人极大的享受。

D.他们支付的税收巨大。

D。成功者只是冰山的顶尖――少极了。A.成功的人应当获得高收入。B.流行歌星对国家做出巨大贡献。C.流行歌星能享受贵族生活。

D。第四段。主旨句是倒数第一、二句,成功的报酬确实很高,这是对其高度风险的还报补偿,如果他成功了,他肯定挣得多。那就是私人事业的根本/本质。

A.第一段。这段之对比了贵族和歌星的生活方式。

B.第二段。这段讲了挣得多,但竞争激烈。

C.第三段。歌星和企业顶尖人物对比。

C

难句突破:

(1) Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.

[主体句式] A study revealed that…

[结构分析]这是一个复合句,主语后面是一个过去分词短语做定语;revealed后面的宾语从句比较复杂,从句的主体句式为women or spouse were likely to …,状语中that 引导的定语从句用来修饰time, 第一个主语women后有一个以who引导的定语从句。

[句子译文] 。而且,八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明经过了第一个孩子死亡的妇女或在怀孕期间经历过一些灾难性疾病的夫妇更有可能生女孩。

(2) If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.

[主体句式] If…then selectively aborting boys…would make sense.

[结构分析] 这是一个带有条件状语从句的复合句,主语由现在分词短语构成。

[句子译文]如果母亲的压力对胎儿的发展起了相反的影响,选择性地将男孩流产,而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养足月,那么就能说明进化的问题了。

题目分析:

1. The author begins the passage by_____.

1. 作者展开这篇文章一开始_____。

[A] presenting an argumentation

[A] 提出一个论点

[B] explaining a phenomenon

[B] 解释一个现象

[C] raising a question

[C] 提出一个问题

[D] making a comparison

[D] 做了一个比较

[答案]A

[难度系数] ☆

[分析]推理题。作者在文章一开始就指出在富裕国家中妇女生男孩的比率比贫穷国家高出

5%,但目前这个比率在下降,有许多人给出自己的解释,但都不能被大型的研究所证明,而现在又有新的论点,就是压力的作用。接下来的几段就是对这个论点的证实。可见,作者是以提出一个论点的形式来开始这篇文章的。

2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____.

2.在富裕国家中男孩的出生率下降了是因为_____。

[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact

[A] 2001年9月11日恐怖主义袭击带来了巨大的负面影响

[B] women are facing greater pressure than past

[B] 妇女现在面临的压力比以前大

[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past

[C] 妇女现在要面临新的压力,这是她们以前没有遇到过的

[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry

[D] 怀了男孩的女性更加容易流产

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]推理题。首先A选项明显是错误的,因为这个影响只限于美国,并不包括所有的富裕国家。D也是错误选项,因为文章第四段中提到了这一点,但是选项中却丢掉了一个重要前提,也就是在较大的压力下,怀了男孩的女性才更加容易流产。题干要求找出富裕国家目前男孩出生率下降的原因,文章整篇都在讨论压力对于婴儿性别的作用,而最后一段的最后一句话作者指出,目前这个比率下降可能是因为富裕国家妇女现在承受的压力要比以前多,但是没有说明有新的压力。因此,答案为B。

3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel’s opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?

3.以下那一项可以解释Obel博士认为最根本的原因是适应性的而不是生理性的这个观点?

[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.

[A]压力最大的四成妇女47%生育的是男孩,而压力最小的四成妇女52%生育的是男孩。

[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys because they are more stressful

[B]富裕国家的妇女生育男孩的几率更大,因为她们所承受的压力更大。

[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.

[C]妇女因为害怕男性竞争而选择将男婴流产,而不是浪费时间和养料将他们发育完整。

[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.

[D]受精期经历了灾难的妇女生育女孩的比率更大。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。第四段中提到,Obel博士认为导致女性在面临压力时生女孩的几率更大,其根本原因应该是适应性的原因而不是生理性原因。第四段提到,Obel怀疑是其直接原因是面临压力时如果怀孕的是男孩那么就更容易流产。紧接着第五段就给出了解释,那就是在资源紧缺的男性竞争社会中,弱小的男性更容易被边缘化,被淘汰,而女性则不存在这个问题,所以面对这种压力,妇女生育孩子时会选择将男婴流产,这是一种适应环境的做法。因此,答案中C是可以说明他的这个观点的,ABD只是一些表象。

4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____.

4.在原始狩猎社会中,妇女生育女儿的比率更大是因为_____。

[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense

[A] 他们一致认为在进化的意义上,生女儿在有利的。

[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women

[B] 儿子会和几位女性一起生育许多后代

[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate

[C]他们认为女儿只和一个配偶生儿育女是一个更好的做法

[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.

[D]他们认为将男婴养至足月是浪费时间和资源的。

[答案]D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]推理题。文章第五段指出在原始狩猎社会中,健康、强壮的男性可以和几位女性一起繁殖许多后代,而弱小的则会被边缘化甚至在男性竞争中被杀死。妇女在生育孩子时就会面临这样的压力,她更情愿将男婴流产,也不愿意花费了如此多的时间和精力后将男婴生出来,却面临被淘汰的压力。因此,在原始狩猎社会中,女孩出生率较高的原因是因为妇女生育时面临的这种压力。答案中,D为正确答案。A选项显然是错误的,原始人不会以进化的观点去思考问题。B选项的说法只是一个现象,并不是题干的原因。C选项的说法与原文相反。

5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____.

5.从这篇文章我们可以得出一个结论____。

[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.

[A]突发的压力比持续的压力更能导致妇女选择将男婴流产。

[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.

[B]妇女怀孕期间经受压力,无论是突发的还是持续的,都会导致婴儿性别比例偏向女孩。

[C] more girls will be born in the future because today’s women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.

[C] 未来会有更多的女孩出生,因为现在不论是在富裕国家还是在贫穷国家,女性都面临着越来越大的压力。

[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women’s pregnancies.

[D]在影响女性怀孕方面慢性的压力更具有决定性的作用。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。题干要求根据整篇文章推导出一个结论,本文主要讲述了压力对于婴儿出生性别的影响,分别用一些数据和事实证明突发压力和慢性压力都有一定的影响,从中可以得出结论,就是突发与急性压力都会使得女孩出生率高一些。答案A、D文中并没有进行比较、缺少证据,C的内容也文中也没有提到。因此,正确答案为B。

参考译文:

男孩还是女孩?这通常是一个妇女生完孩子后问的第一个问题。很显然的,因为这位母亲所在的地方不同答案也就不同。在富裕国家中生男孩的比率要比贫穷国家高5%。同样引人注目的是,最近这个数字却降低了。人们提出了几个理论来解释这些现象。有人认为吸烟可能是原因所在,也有人认为节食在影响较大。但较大的研究的证据却都不支持这两个观点,新的研究指出了另外一个因素:压力。

虽然看起来很奇怪,但2001年911恐怖袭击将这个谜显示了出来。在恐怖袭击的那一周在纽约进行的婴儿性别研究发现男女性别比例下降了,这与早期的研究相一致。早期研究表明洪水、地震和战争期间怀孕妇女生育男女的比例也有相似的变化。而且,八年前奥尔胡斯大

学研究者们做的一项研究也表明经过了第一个孩子死亡的妇女或在怀孕期间有一些灾难性疾病的夫妇更有可能生女孩。

结合这些研究来看,这些结果表明女性在受精时如果有突然的压力,那么生女孩的比例就会增大。但是,奥尔胡斯的一位研究者CarstenObel并没有参与早期的研究,他在怀疑持续的压力是否也会有同样的影响。他刚刚在《人类发展》上发表的一篇论文中他表明事实确实如此。

Obel博士使用了1989年至1992年间的一组数字。在这个时期,8791名妇女被邀填写了问卷调查,调查其中一项就是她们压力的程度。Obel博士发现一个妇女承受的压力越重,她生男孩的概率就越小。压力最大的四成妇女只有47%生育的是男孩,而最小的四成妇女其比例为52%。Obel博士怀疑直接原因是有压力的情况下怀孕的是男婴的比怀孕女婴的更容易流产,尤其是在前三个月。但是,这一点很难证实。更让人迷惑的是最根本的原因,因为他认为是适应性的而不是生理性的。

因为可能的情况时女孩成年后就要找一位男性,然后生育后代。而男孩则不一样。健康、魁梧的男性更有可能和几位女性生育很多后代,或是在原始狩猎族社会中是这样的,大多数人类进化是这样进行的。弱小的将会被边缘化,甚至有可能在男性的打杀竞争中被杀死。如果母亲的压力对胎儿的发展起了相反的影响,选择性地将男孩流产,而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养足月,那么就能说明进化的问题了。

这反过来也可以解释为什么在富裕国家中女性很少受到饥饿和疾病的威胁,更容易生育男孩。尽管这种可能存在,但是数据的下降说明富裕女性的生活目前所受的压力要比以前多得多。

D

篇章剖析:

这篇文章介绍了美国诗人Ashbery和其诗歌的特点,文章虽然是以两个诗人对比的形式写作的,但是却对Ashbery着墨偏多,另外一个诗人洛厄尔只是一个陪衬而已。第一段讲述了两个诗人竞争美国最伟大诗人的称号;第二段第三段都是对两位诗人作品特点的描述;第四段讲述他们对生活的不同态度。

难句突破:

(1) In this edition of his later poems, a substantial gathering of verses (selected from six volumes published over the past 20 years), his poetry does not so much consist of themes to be explored as comic routines to be improvised.

[主体结构] His poetry does not so much consist of ...

[结构分析] 本句为简单句,作状语的介词短语成分比较复杂,a substantial gathering of verses是edition的同位语,该同位语是带有作定语的分词短语。在主句中,不定式短语to be explored...用来修饰themes, 而不定式短语to be improvised 又用来修饰comic routines.

[句子译文] 他这本晚些出版的诗集选编了过去20年间出版的六本诗集中的诗歌,其主题不再是象那种临时准备的老套滑稽节目

(2) This is often the poet's stock-in-trade, but he seems to single them out in order to send up the very idea of the simile in poetry, as in "Violets blossomed loudly/ like a swear word in an empty tank".

[主体句式] This is ... but he ...

[结构分析] 这是一个并列句,后面分句成份较为复杂,带有一个不定式短语作目的状语,as 引导成分修饰的是整个分句。

[句子译文] 虽然这是诗人的惯用手法,但他却把这些比喻单独挑出来,以突出诗里面明喻这个概念。比如"紫罗兰纵声开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓"。

参考译文

二战后的几个时期里,诺曼·梅勒、约翰·厄普代克、菲利普·罗斯成为美国公认的最伟大的小说家,同样地,约翰·Ashbery和罗伯特·洛厄尔也争取美国最伟大的诗人这个名号。但是,这两个家伙可是截然不同。洛厄尔是个公众人物,参与政治活动。1967年,他和梅勒肩并肩抗议越战,梅勒在其小说《夜行军》曾描述了这些情景。洛厄尔选择的主题宏大,把自己想象成富有悲剧色彩的英雄形象,和自己的恶魔战斗。而Ashbery的诗却颇有闲逸气。于他而言,做诗就好像是在桌上滚动的色子,纸上呈现的词精妙地散落着,彼此都羞涩地挨在一起。其不断的语气变化又使得本来变化莫测的措辞平添了一丝达达派的意味。

洛厄尔1977年去世,终年60岁,他还号召世界继续前进。而今年年初才庆贺了自己80岁生日的Ashbery,却冷眼瞧着这个世界,以及这个世界的荒诞。他这本晚些出版的诗集选编了过去20年间出版的六本诗集中的诗歌,其主题不再是象那种临时准备的老套滑稽节目,他戏谑诗歌本身具有严肃性这个话题。他的语气极其不合逻辑,好像读者永远都站不对阵脚。他的语气一会是严肃的,一会马上就成了work-a-day。他的诗歌是那么的不着边际,中间或夹杂有其他诗人的一词半调,但轻轻地来到读者面前,就好像风中的一丝气息而已。

洛厄尔遵循严格的格式,他最后的一些作品有完整的十四行诗体例。Ashbery先生的诗歌也有一定的格式,只是有点怪异罢了--比如集锦(其他诗人作品的杂u合),比如潘顿诗体(一种马来西亚诗体,据说是由维克托·雨果引入19世纪的欧洲的)。他常以一种随意、会话式的方式创作,关键就在于每行结尾不必非得符合格律。在他的许多诗里面,两节之间常是有点滑稽的对立。Ashbery先生喜欢用明喻。虽然这是诗人的惯用手法,但他却把这些比喻单独挑出来,好像要戏谑诗里面明喻这个概念。比如"紫罗兰纵声开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓"。

对于洛厄尔,生活是件严肃的事情,正如他本人一样。而Ashbery的生活方式却不止是因困惑而轻轻地耸一下肩,从他的诗中就可以看出来。和洛厄尔不同,他的诗既不是自传性质的,也不是忏悔的。他并不那么较真。"生活的全部是不是只是迁入新居?"这个问题让一个诗人来回答,可是比我们想象的难得多。

题目分析:

1.The word "substantial" (Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.

1. "Substantial"这个词最有可能的意思是_____。

[A] serious

[A] 严肃的。

[B] grand

[B] 宏大的.

[C] heroic

[C] 英雄的。

[D] tragic

[D] 悲剧的。

[答案] B

[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来断定该词的意思,这个词是用来形容Lowell 诗歌主题的特点的。由第一段中Lowell喜欢参与政治,在诗歌中经常将自己视为悲剧的英雄人物这一点可以看出,他主题选择应该是比较宏大的。这一点在后面的几个段落中也可以发现。选项A也容易混淆,但要从tragic heroic 这几个词中推导正确答案,因为这些就是宏大叙事中常见的特征。因此,B为正确答案。

2. The last words of Lowell mean that_____.

2. 洛厄尔的临终遗言意思是_____。

[A] the world should go forward without stopping.

[A] 世界应该继续前行,不要停止。

[B] the world should not mourn for him.

[B] 世界不要为他而哀痛。

[C] the world should forget him totally.

[C] 世界应该把他完全忘记。

[D] the world should go on its path for a bright future.

[D] 世界应该继续它朝向美好未来的道路行进。

[答案]D

[分析] 推理题。洛厄尔的临终时addressed the world head on,意思是让世界继续前行,但其深层次的意思要结合洛厄尔的性格来判断。根据整篇文章,洛厄尔是比较正统的一位诗人,他对待世界的态度是严肃的,他这句话的深层意思是世界应该一直努力向前,最终能够走到光明的未来。选项D最为符合题意。

3. Which one of the following is NOT the characteristics of Ashbery's poetry?

3.以下哪个不是Ashbery 诗歌的特点?

[A] Some lines are borrowed from the other poets' works

[A] 许多句子是借用其他诗人的。

[B] Stanzas are different from each other in one poem.

[B] 诗中节与节差异颇大。

[C] Words are scattered casually in his poetry.

[C] 诗中的词都是随意散落搭配的。

[D] Tones are continuously changing from the highbrow to the common.

[D] 语调不停变化,有时是阳春白雪,有时是下里巴人。

[答案]A

[分析] 细节题。题干要求选出不属于Ashbery 诗歌特点的一项,因为文章通篇都有对其诗歌特点的描述,因此就要细心查找每一选项是否在文章中提及。选项A, 文章第二段最后一句提到,there are often echoes of other poets in his writings, 有其他诗人的调子,但并没有说直接借用其作品中的句子,可能是模仿其风格或语调。因此,答案A 不一定正确。选项B, 关于诗歌节的特点,文章第三段提到there often seems to be a gently humorous antagonism between one stanza and the next,关键要知道"antagonism"的意思,"对抗的",说明节与节之间是截然不同的对立的风格,答案B是其诗歌特点。答案C 是关于诗歌用词的特点,第一段有提及,提到他诗歌中的词就像散落在桌上的色子一样,那么C也是其特点。D是关于诗歌语调的,文章有两处提及,第一段提到its perpetual shifting of tones,第三段有更为详细的描述: He shifts easily from the elevated to the work-a-day, D也是其特点。因此,答案应选A。

4.Mr. Ashbery's similes in poetry are different from that of the other poets in that_____.

4.Ashbery先生诗歌中的比喻和其他诗人所用的比喻不同在于_____。

[A] he likes to single them out.

[A] 他喜欢把比喻单独列出来。

[B] he uses them in an eccentric way.

[B] 他用比喻的方式很奇怪。

[C] he uses simile in order to make fun of it.

[C] 他为捉弄比喻而用比喻。

[D] he uses simile to express his complex thought.

[D] 他用比喻来表达自己复杂的思想。

[答案]C

[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到,Ashbery喜欢在诗歌中运用比喻手法,但和一般诗人不同的是,他喜欢把比喻单独列出来,好像要戏谑诗歌中的比喻似的。然后作者举了一个例子,是个非常奇怪的比喻,"紫罗兰纵声开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓"。这个题目有一定难度,send up 这个短语的意思考生不一定熟悉,但考生可以根据Ashbery一贯游戏人生的态度分析出来。选项AB只是表层的现象,C才是真正的实质。

5. Why the author think the question Ashbery raised is a tougher one for a poet than we might think?

5. 为什么作者认为Ashbery 提出的问题要一个诗人回答其困难程度要比我们想象的难得多?

[A] Because a poet looks at things in a very complicated way.

[A] 因为诗人看待事物的方式很复杂。

[B] Because a poet takes life seriously.

[B] 因为诗人对待生活的态度很严肃。

[C] Because this question is a difficult one.

[C] 因为这个问题本身很难。

[D] Because the theme of life is worth thinking for a poet.

[D] 因为对于一个诗人生活这个主题值得思考。

[答案] D

[分析] 推理题。最后的这个问题是:"生活的全部是不是只是迁入新居?"这个问题的提出要结合文章最后一段来看,最后一段是描写Ashbery对于生活的态度,洛厄尔对待生活的态度是很严肃的,但是Ashbery 却是一种玩世不恭的态度,对于这个问题他给出的答案可能是肯定的,但是对于其他诗人呢,则需要好好地考虑一下了, 尤其是生活主题对于诗人来说是一个非常复杂的问题。答案中D最为符合。

E

Hackers,Crackers and Trackers

黑客、破坏者和追踪者

这种病毒通过主干线,一路繁殖,渐渐扩大范围造成严重破坏,最初看起来似乎和别的病毒一样,最初会被主机的防御系统消灭,实际上这是一种新的,更有杀伤力的病毒。能利用系统的弱点多次进行感染.当它在主机内活动时,进行传染和再传染人们逐渐得知这种病毒名叫“因特尔网虫”。

这种病毒侵入了成千上万台与国家信息设施相连的电脑。科内尔大学的学生罗伯特·莫里斯是这种病毒的创造者。它曾使6,000多个系统受到感染。使硬盘失灵,把所有的信息删除掉,直到11月被消灭,直到1988年11月才被加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校和印第安纳州西拉斐特的普度大学的工程师消灭。

就在那一次,因特网和某些电脑专家的破坏性企图首次成为全国新闻。但那次不会是最后一次。因特网和其他任何形式的电脑技术一样容易被滥用。唯一的区别是,这种病毒的攻击是通过电话线和网络连接的。电脑破坏分子能闯入任何系统,不管是交通、金融,还是防御系统,没有哪个系统是百分之百安全的。总有些人为了各种各样的原因迫切地想发现系统的薄弱点而侵入系统。

这些人是谁,他们想干什么?这些闯入电脑系统的人一般被称为“黑客”。无论他们的目的是什么,他们往往受人钦佩,因为他们极其聪明,比一般的电脑用户知识渊博得多。闯入电脑系统——无论是因特网,银行或是政府机关的系统——都是违法行为。但是“普通”黑客人们往往认为那样仅仅为了智力上的挑战而侵入或探索系统的黑客不像“破坏者”那些危险。“破坏者”是为了窃取或毁坏信息而闯入系统的人。某些黑客还能从帐户中提走钱,如俄罗斯的“破坏者”曾于1994年从美国花旗银行的现金管理系统中偷窃了一千万美元。事实上,一些专家估计,每年美国由于电脑破坏者所造成的损失达20亿到40亿美元。

黑客和破坏者人数的增加迫使警方创建了电脑犯罪追踪队。这种监视此类非法行为的执法专家们被称为“追踪者”。据旧金山新成立的电脑犯罪追踪队的一成员说,联邦调查局不用去约束无危害性的黑客,但它有责任抓住有危害性的黑客。任何一个非常依赖于电脑系统的社会都不会忽视黑客的潜在危险

或由此带来的道德问题。

14年

V ocabulary

1. superb 卓越的,杰出的,第一流的

2. moderate 中庸的,中等的,适度的

3. grand tour 大旅行,指旧时英国富家子弟教育中,到欧洲大陆观光的旅行,为学业必经阶段。

4. package tour 由旅行社代办而费用与路线、日程固定的假日旅游。也可用package holiday。

5. chartered flight 包机航班

6. set out to do sth. = begin a job with a particular aim 开始做某事,决心/打算做……

7. cosset 宠爱,溺爱,纵容

8. conducted tour = guided tour 有人指导/引到下的参观,有导游的旅游

9. censor 检查

10. wander off 离开原处/正道,离群,漫步,漫游

11. quarters 住处,营

12. paella 西班牙什锦饭

13. chip 炸马铃薯条(土豆条)

14. amorous 多情的,色情的

15. pedantic 学究式的,卖弄学问的

16. generalization 归纳,概括

17. stir up 惹起,煽动,挑起

18. trite 陈腐的,老一套的

难句译注

1. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp.

【结构简析】within sb.’s grasp.某人理解/了解,为某人所能抓到的。

【参考译文】一度只有最富有者专享的“大旅行”现在人人都可获得。

2. The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at.

【参考译文】旅行社包办的旅游,包机航班决不会遭人耻笑。

3. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population.

【参考译文】旅行社有意使他们的谷底和当地居民少接触。

4. The modern tourist heads a cosseted sheltered life.

【参考译文】现代旅行者过的使爱护有加与世隔绝的生活。

5. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored.

【参考译文】有人指导下参观一些静电收到组织者――旅行社仔细的检查核准。

6. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way.

【结构简析】only too + 形容词/分词= very非常。

【参考译文】严格致密的计划值得旅行者不可能自己一个人到处闲逛;再说,至少语言总是个障碍,所以他对这样保护非常高兴。

7. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization.

【结构简析】at one’s worst 在情况最坏的时候。

【参考译文】最糟的时候,这种保护会导致形成一种新型而又可怕的殖民现象。

8. Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous.

【结构简析】carried to an extreme (to an excess )如果做得过分。

【参考译文】如果走向极端,模式化的想法会非常危险。

9. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact.

【参考译文】野蛮(乱七八糟)的概括/归纳会激起种族仇恨,使我们对这基本事实视而不见。

写作方法与文章大意

文章主要采用因果写法。虽然旅游业发展,人们可享受以前只有最富有者享受的大旅游,但由于旅行社种种限制/呵护及其它,使旅游者难以和当地居民接触。陈旧的固定的想――对民族的模式化想法,只有通过接触才能接触模式。而旅行社的种种都使人相互难以理解。

答案详解

1. A 旅游对增进民族了解毫无建树。第二段开始点出,许多旅游组织直接负责旅游事宜,他们有意识不让旅游者接触当地居民,让他们过着一种关怀备至又与世隔绝的生活。住的是国际饭店,吃的是国际食品,喝的是国际饮料,在原处观看当地居民。严格有序的计划使旅游者难以自己一人闲逛,语言的障碍,又使他们乐意接受保护。第三段涉及坚持民族模式化――老一套的想法,所以一开始旅游,你见到的民族特性就只是证实了你自己设想的基本事实――所有人民都是人类。只有交朋友才能知道民族模式是多么荒谬、有害,可是旅行社竭力制止,你又怎么能交上外国朋友呢?这一切说明A项对。

B.旅游很累。

C.导游观光很单调乏味。

D.旅游确实对国家有贡献。

2. C 批评。

3. B 吵吵闹闹的。

4. B 旅游的方式应改变。整篇文章(除第一段外)都环绕旅游方式不理想来进行批评。第二段集中在导游观光使旅游者难以和当地人民接触。第三段,见到的只是证实了旅游者本人

事先形成的思想/先入之见,旅游根本达不到了解对方的目的。第四段讲了民族固定模式(先入之见的模式)的可怕后果。要使人懂得所有的人们都是人类,彼此相似,又各具特点,就得改变旅游的方式。

A.导游观光令人失望。C.旅游时,你见到的特性证实了你的先入之见。D.民族模式应当改变。这三条都是批评的具体内容。

5. D 人人都能享受大旅游。大旅行是专指英国富家子弟上学中的一门课程-到欧洲大陆观光。不是人人都能享受。这里用grand tour表示人人都能享受类似grand tour的一切,甚至超过,如第一段指出:现代旅游者享受的舒适设施,达到了大旅行中老爷、小姐们做梦都没有想到的水平。海陆空高级交流联络通讯系统,使人们有可能钱花得不多就能访问、观光别的国家。所以说,曾是有钱人专享的大旅行,普通人也能领略。“grand tour”有引号,表明作为比喻。

A.费用不高。文内是费用合适、中等、恰当。

B.当地观光受组织审查。

C.人们喜欢一流舒适设施。

10

A短文大意:本文是对《名人传记词典》一书的批评。

19.答案:C

【参考译文】为什么作者认为购买最近出版的一册名人传记没有什么意义?

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】短文第一段第五句说“And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31.”由此可知,这一

整套书共有31册,只买一册就没什么意义了,故答案选C。

20.答案:D

【参考译文】在谁应被收录进词典这一问题上,作者持怎样的观点?

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】在短文的第二、第三段,作者很明确地表明了在人物选择上的不同看法,并举例说明在选择谁应被收录进词典时没有遵照一定的原则,是不合理的。如第三段第一句说“There remains the dinner party game of who’s in,who’s out.”这表明作者认为编者在选择对象时就象是邀请参加宴会的一场游戏,证明了编

者不谨慎的态度,故选项D为正确答案。

21.答案:C

【参考译文】Crippen没被收录进词典的原因是什么?

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】文章只是在第三段谈到了Crippen未被收录进名人词典,该段的最后一句说“But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy.”通篇没有说明Crippen未被收录进词典的原因。因此选项C(原因不明)为正确答案。

22.答案:B

【参考译文】作者为什么在文章最后

一段引用词典中一些人物条目?

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】在短文的最后一段作者先以收录的名人Hugo为例,没有记录其生死年月(dates of birth and death are not recorded);接着说对于画家Levina Teerlinc的描述也不能让人觉得她是位值得纪念的艺术家(Doesn’t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist)。从以上内容可知,作者引用一些条目目的是为了强调说明自己的观点:DNB的编纂方法与内容存在问题。因此,选项B为正确答案。23.答案:C

【参考译文】在整篇文章里,作者对

DNB是何语气?

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】作者在文章一开始便指出买最近一册的DNB毫无意义,并分析了相关原因。接着作者在第三、四段讽刺说DNB在选择收录哪些名人的问题上就象做请人赴宴的游戏一样,毫无原则,极不合理。最后一段作者引用了几个名人条目强调说明了DNB的编纂方法与内容存在的问题。作者在对词典的不足之处进行评述时有理有据,并无“刻薄”之心。故选项C“讽刺的”为正确答案。

2020年10月全国自考基础英语试题及答案解析

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