考研英语：翻译真题精讲(2)
考研英语：翻译真题精讲（2）
一、全真试题
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.（72）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.（73）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science，but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
二、翻译题解
（71）Some of these causesarecompletely reasonable results of social needs. Othersarereasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，介词短语
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. // Others are reasonable consequences //of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
解析：
这是两个简单句。在所有英译汉真题中，划线部分都是一个句子，要么是一个简单句，要么是一个复合句，由两个简单句构成一个考题这是惟一的一次。这两个简单句都是主系表结构。
（1）主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of...
（2）介词短语of particular advances作定语修饰consequences；in science作定语修饰advances；分词短语being to some extent self-accelerating作定语修饰science。
词的处理：
reasonable results合理的结果，必然结果
others代词=other reasons，应译成名词“其他原因”。
reasonable consequences=reasonable results
particular advances in science科学中的特定发展
being self-accelerating分词短语，修饰名词science。accelerate意为“加速”，self-accelerating意为“自我加速的”。
to some extent在某种程度上
to...extent意为“在……程度上”，其他例子如：
to a large（或great）extent在很大程度上
to that extent到那个程度
to an（或a certain）extent在一定程度上
are... results of是……的结果，来自于
技巧点拨：
（1）these causes中的these在此为指示代词，由于它修饰名词，相当于形容词，一般直接翻译成代词，而不需要译成名词。但如果出现表达不清，或者补充说明之后更清楚，则可以根据文章的意思加以还原。
（2）Some of these causes其字面意思为“这些原因中的一些原因是......”，不太符合汉语习惯，可以进行拆分，调整为“在这些原因中，有些（原因）是......”或者““其中一些原因”。
（3）in science being to some extent self-accelerating中to some extent作状语修饰being self-accelerating，字面意思为“在某种程度上自我加速的科学”。那么与前面的中心连在一起就成了“在某种程度上自我加速的科学的特定发展的必然结果”，不是很通顺，可以将动作发出者提前，调整为“科学在某种程度上自我加速的特定发展的必然结果”，根据增词法可以更进一步调整为“科学在某种（一定）程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果”。
完整译文：
在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
（72）This trendbeganduring the Second World War,whenseveral governmentscame tothe conclusionthatthe specific demandsthata governmentwantsto make of its scientific establishmentcannotgenerallybe foreseenin detail.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion // that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment // cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
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解析：
这是一个多重复合句。This trend began 是主谓结构的主句，during the Second World War 是介词短语作状语修饰主句，when several governments came to the conclusion 是定语从句修饰the Second World War, that the specific demands cannot be foreseen 是名词conclusion 的同位语从句，而that a government wants to make 是修饰the specific demands 的定语从句，of its scientific establishment 是修饰make 的状语，in detail 是修饰foreseen 的状语。
词的处理：
come to the conclusion 得出结论
然是结果establishment 这个词不能理解成抽象的“建立”，因为联系原文make (demands) of scientific establishment 指的是“向......提出要求”，显然此处需要向一个具体而非抽象的事物提出要求，因此不能选其抽象意思“建立”，应该取其熟词生义“机构”，另外文章中提供了线索，我们可以在这个句子后面找到treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine （把科学establishment 看作是一种资源或者一台机器)，而“科学资源”或者“科学机器”是可以让我们联想到“科研机构”的。 in detail 惯用法，意为“详细地”
技巧点拨：
（1）This trend 译成“这种趋势”是可以接受的，因为this 是指示代词，可以直接翻译，但如果按前面句子的意思补充成“这种可怕的趋势”当然更好。
（2）when 引导定语从句注意：when 引导定语从句不能与引导时间状语从句相混淆，不能译成“当…...的时候”。when 引导定语从句时前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词，如果表过去时间，when 译成“其时”、“当时”、“在那个时候”，如果表将来，则译成“到时”、“届时”，有时候还可以译成“然后”、“随后”。
（3）此处同位语从句采用常用的同位语从句的翻译方法（常译为“即”“那就是”或使用冒号、破折号），本句适合采用冒号法。
（4）被动语态cannot generally be foreseen ，按照被动语态的翻译方法，可以将“通常无法被预见”调整为“通常无法预见”。
完整译文：
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
（73）Thisseemsmostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号 ，从属连词
This seems mostly effectively done //by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals //but of possible consequence in the future. 解析：
这是一个简单句。This seems done 是句子的主干，为主系表结构。
（1）介词短语by supporting a certain amount of research 做方式状语修饰done
（2）not...but...结构作后置定语修饰名词research 。即(not) related to immediate goals 和(but) of possible consequence in the future 做后置定语修饰research 。由此断定related to 意思等于of 。
词的处理：
mostly意为“几乎全部地，主要地，一般地，通常”。
done在句中必须与this结合起来理解，根据this指代名词problem, done的意思应该是“解决”。
by doing sth.常常表示手段、方法或方式，译为“通过……”、“以……”。
not...but...一般否定前者、肯定后者，译为“不是…...而是…...”，“没有…...但有…...”。
技巧点拨：
（1）this指代需还原。前文this is a new problem曾出现过problem一词，接着又有it is a frightening trend，再接着“…...无法预见，然而可以预见的是…...，因此…...”这样的叙述，this显然是指代名词“problem”。
（2）被动语态this seems mostly effectively done，直接翻译则为“这个问题似乎能够被最有效地解决”，但会导致不通顺，调整为主动较好，即“通常能有效地解决这个问题”。
（3）By supporting a certain amount of research...为状语，调整到修饰的句子之前更符合汉语习惯。
（4）Not related to immediate goals和(but) of possible consequence in the future 为并列后置定语修饰research，翻译时需要前置。
完整译文：
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
（74）However, the worldisso madethatelegant systemsarein principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词
However, the world is so made // that elegant systems are in principle unable to // deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
解析：
这是一个复合句。The world is so made是主句，that引导的是结果状语从句。其中elegant systems are...unable to deal with... aspects是从句的主干，in principle 是介词短语作状语，some of the world's more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名词aspects。
（1）主干结构是the world is so... that...
（2）some后面有多重定语of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
词的处理：
elegant systems: elegant大纲释义为“优雅的，优美的，精致的”，这些词义与system （体系、系统)都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。
in principle惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。
deal with...aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决……问题”。
技巧点拨：
（1）被动语态the world is so made直译“世界就是这样被构成的”，根据被动语态的翻译方法可以将“被”省略译为主动，即“世界就是这样构成的”。根据汉语表达习惯，还可以进一步处理为“世界就是如此”“世界就是这样”
（2）so...that...引导的结果状语从句，意为“如此......以至于......”，翻译的时候that可以省略不译，进行适当处理，使其符合汉语表达习惯。
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完整译文：
然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thoughtmust arisein the futureastheyhavein the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号 ，从属连词，现在分词
New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future // as they have in the past, // giving rise to new standards of elegance. 解析：
这是一个复合句。New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought m ust arise in the future 是主句，as they have in the past 是方式状语从句，giving rise to new standards of elegance 是现在分词短语作状语表伴随动作。
词的处理：
new forms of thought 新的思维方式
as well as=and 和；同样，也
new subjects for thought 新的思维对象（或内容）
subject 在此不能理解成“学科”或“题目”，因为它与前面的form 构成一对概念，所以应该译成“对象”或“内容”。
must 此处不能理解成“必须”，而应该理解成“必然要，必定会，一定会”。 arise 产生，出现
give rise to 是个习惯表达法，意为“引起、导致”。
elegance ：elegant 的名词，在此译为“完美”。
技巧点拨：
（1）as they have in the past 这个从句省略了动词arisen, as 在此是连词，意为“正如”。代词they 指划线句子中的news forms of thought （新的思维方式）和new subjects for thought （新的思维对象），由于指代对象有明确的翻译，而且所指也比较明确，这时的代词可以译成代词。
（2）in the future 作状语，翻译是放在所修饰的谓语动词must arise 之前。
（3）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thoughtmust arisein the future ，字面意思“新的思维方式和新的思维对象将来必然会出现”，其中“出现”的宾语就是“新的思维方式......”,所以可以将其调整为更通顺的“将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象”。
（4）Giving rise to new standards of elegance 作状语，此处可以直接翻译为“产生一个新的完美的标准”，或者根据standards 和elegance 的关系，将其调整为“给完美以新的标准”。
完整译文：
同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
三、参考译文
科学研究的各种领域的相关发展，存在若干原因。（71）在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作
用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。（72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。（73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
此种资助也与所有政府资助一样，需要决定合适的投资对象。根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的科学，而不资助“坏”的科学，那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
2010年考研英语二真题全文翻译超详解析
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析 Section I Use of English 一、文章题材结构分析 本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。首段和第二段简 述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。第四段和第五段以墨西哥及 美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。 二、试题解析 1.【答案】D 【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选D 项 designated“命名，制定”，而不是C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。2．【答案】C 【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。本句的理解应该抓住alert、 meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家 会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。根据上述分析 可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting 的召开。而C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting， meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。而A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑 用在此处都不合适。 3．【答案】B 【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia， 所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。A 项 digits“（阿拉伯）数字”，不表示数量，不能与rising 形成搭配；C 项amounts“数量”，常修饰不可数名词（此处指 的是cases，可数名词）；D 项sums“金额，款项”，不能用于表达“病例数”。B 项numbers “数量”，修饰可数名词（如： large numbers of cases 大量的病例），符合题意。 4．【答案】A 【解析】此处句子开头的“But”是重要的逻辑线索，与上文意思（第二段）形成对比反差。上文的关键性表达 如“heightened alert”、“emergency meeting”和“a sharp rise in cases”都在讲述猪流感的严重性，所以根据But 和in
考研英语一翻译真题汇总
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. 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历年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析38
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