高考政治第一轮总复习第一单元单元综合提升新人教版必修4

单元网络构建

(在复习完以上几个课时后，需要对本单元的知识进行整合，构建知识网络，从而形成“知识树”。)

考点发散类比

全面理解哲学的概念

1.从本义上看，哲学是指爱智慧或追求智慧。

2.从与世界观的关系角度看，哲学是关于世界观的学说，是系统化、理论化的世界观。

3.从与方法论的关系角度看，哲学也是关于方法论的学说，是世界观与方法论的统一。

4.从与具体科学的关系角度看，哲学是对自然、社会和思维知识的概括和总结。

5.从哲学与时代的关系角度看，哲学属于思想文化的范畴，是一定社会和时代的经济和政治在精神上的反映。真正的哲学是自己时代精神的精华。

【练习1】 2011年1月，深圳市制定《国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要(草案)》。纲要指出，要实施哲学社会科学创新工程，繁荣发展哲学社会科学。这是因为( )。

①哲学是世界观和方法论的统一②真正的哲学可以指导人们正确地认识世界和改造世界③真正的哲学是“科学之科学”④哲学社会科学能推动时代前进的步伐，指导社会变革

A.①② B．②④ C．①③ D．③④

解析①不符合题意；③本身说法错误，哲学是对具体科学的概括和总结。

答案 B

【练习2】恩格斯说：“人在怎样的程度上学会改变自然界，人的智力就在怎样的程度上

发展起来。”这句话主要说明( )。

A.哲学的智慧产生于人类的实践活动B．认识世界需要哲学智慧

C.哲学智慧是人们在主观上自发形成的 D．学习哲学使人变得聪明

解析哲学智慧不是人们在主观上自发形成的，而是源于人类的实践活动，故A正确，C错误；B、D说法不符合题意。

答案 A

生活现象哲思

“眼皮跳”带来的哲学思考

生活中，许多人把“眼皮跳”和财运、福祸联系在一起，认为“左眼跳，财来到；右眼跳，灾在叫”。

这种说法不可信。“眼皮跳”多半是休息不够、过度疲劳或是吃了刺激性的食物或药物所致。“眼皮跳”不影响健康，更与财运、福祸无关。它无需医治，只需用手轻轻在跳动点上加以按摩，并稍加注意饮食和休息，就会自动消失。

那么，这种说法是属于唯物主义观点，还是属于唯心主义观点呢？

这种说法把“眼皮跳”这一正常的生理现象看作具有某种神奇的、超自然的力量，认为它可以预示、决定人的财运、福祸，属于唯心主义观点。

【练习3】“闭上眼睛，便是天黑。”从哲学上看，这是( )。

A.主观唯心主义观点

B.唯物主义观点

C.形而上学唯物主义观点

D.否认思维和存在具有同一性的观点

解析这一观点是把自己的主观意愿当成了第一性的东西，认为客观事物依赖于自己的主观意愿，这是主观唯心主义的观点，A正确。

答案 A

【练习4】埃及胡夫金字塔有一段令人生畏的铭文：“不论是谁骚扰了法老的安宁，死神之翼将在他的头上降临。”从哲学上看这属于( )。

A.古代朴素唯物主义 B．近代机械唯物主义

C.主观唯心主义 D．客观唯心主义

解析铭文中“死神之翼”的观点承认了神灵的存在，是客观唯心主义的体现。

答案 D

【练习5】面对突如其来的天灾，有人认为只能听天由命，服从所谓的“天意”。这种认识的错误之处在于( )。

①把思维看作是世界的本原②把主观臆造的联系当成客观联系③认为世界是不可知的④认为世界是物质的

A.①③ B．①② C．①④ D．①②③

解析题中观点属于客观唯心主义观点，①②符合题意。题中观点并没有涉及世界是否可知问题，否认世界是物质的，③④排除。答案为B。

答案 B

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