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Unit 7

Behavior

Preview

Cheating or plagiarism is not new to us all. In such an age of information explosion，various new forms of plagiarism occur with the development of the Internet，and we develop corresponding antiplagiarism technology to counter them. The due blame and penalty，of course, lie on the plagiarists. But this seems not the whole story。Should teachers be tolerant of such behavior? Or is it a right for plagiarists to choose plagiarism？

Part I Text Reading

Warm-up

I. What is plagiarism？ How to avoid it？

College and university students are required to write research papers。One of the most important things about writing a research paper is giving proper credit to your source of information. Failing to do this is called plagiarism。It’s a kind of stealing or at le ast unauthorized borrowing of others' ideas。How can we avoid plagiarism？Please discuss the topic with your partner。 The following tips may be useful for your discussion.

·To copy the sentences or words precisely in your notes，and to enclose them in quotation marks.

·To be careful in gathering information.

·To assimilate the information you read from books or articles。

·To do a good job of paraphrasing.

·To capture the main idea from your source without actually using phrases from it。

·To summarize the id ea in your own words.

·To incorporate the idea you read appropriately in your paper。

·To give the original writer proper credit for your source of information。

is How should acts of plagiarism be punished？

Different schools have different punishment for plagiarism. Please discuss how a plagiarist should be punished。 The following tips may be useful for the discussion。

·Failing marks should be given to the paper。

·Credits of the course should not be given.

·The degree of plagiarizing students should not be g ranted.

·Plagiarizers should be dismissed from school。

·Plagiarizers should do some school services as the punishment.

Text

That's Outrageous1

Tucker Carlson

［1] It’s a tenth-grader's dream: Your teacher catches you cheating，and your parents take your side。That’s exactly what happened last December to a group of (freshman大学一年级学生—>） sophomores [二年级学生-〉junior三年级学生->senior四年级学生) at Piper High School in Piper，Kan (堪萨斯市)。Teacher Christine Pelton had assigned her students a semester （=term学期)-long biology project (课题/ 项目）。 When the kids (children) turned in (=hand in) their papers (essays—〉thesis), Pelton found that almost (nearly） a quarter (四分之一) of them--28 out of 118--had plagiarized. And not only plagiarized, but plagiarized poorly (差/ 拙劣）. According to Pelton, entire （all) sections (parts）of the papers were identical （same), copied from the same Internet websites （网站）.

[2］She had already warned (warn sb. of sth。) her students about cheating and its consequences （results/ responsibilities）. Each of the 28 offenders （cheaters) received a zero on the assignment (homework), and a failing （不及格的) grade （分数）in the class。But only temporarily。

［3］Soon parents of the 28 complained to the local school board （当地的教育董事会)， refusing to believe their child had cheated. The penalty (a punishment for breaking a law, rule or contract处罚/ 刑罚），all the parents said，was too harsh (=severe)。And the school board agreed: Pelton was instructed （ordered）to give the cheaters partial （部分的) credit for their work。 The cheaters were thrilled （=excited)。The next day， Pelton told the Kansas City Star （康萨斯市星报)， "I went to my class and tried to teach the kids，but they were whooping （a loud cry expressing joy， excitement，etc）and hollering (shout loudly）and saying，'We don’t have t o (needn’t) listen to you anymore。'"

[4] Her authority （权威性）gone，Pelton did the only thing she could: She immediately quit (stop）in protest (抗议)。 Most teachers don’t. At many high schools and universities，cheating is routine （common常见), teacher apathy （the feeling of not being interested in or enthusiastic about something，or things in general; indifference) the norm (n。正常/常规/常态; standard). A series of (一系列<-〉serious

严重的）studies by Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe found that on most campuses (校园)，

And why wouldn't they？民意调查/ 大地测绘） of 1,000 faculty (staff全体教职工>stuffy：adj.窒息/ 憋闷的）members at 21 colleges found that ”one-third (三分之一） of those who were aware of （knew/ realized） student cheating in their course in the last two years did nothing to address (discuss/ mention/ deal with) it。” In other words, there are far more plagiarists on campus than there are Christine Pelton's （school）2。

[5] The Internet has made plagiarism particularly (especially特别/ 额外） tempting (=attractive). Dozens of websites with names like school—sucks （吮吸）.com offer （give/ provide sb. with sth。) prewritten term papers （期末论文）for (sell->sold->sold—>）sale at bargain prices （可以讨价还价)3。（Do you）Need (an essay of) 5，000 words on （female->） Feminist （歧视女性的） Consciousness （意识） and Gender (性别) Roles (角色) in Pre-Columbian Latin America (在哥伦布以前的拉丁美洲)？It’s only a mouse click away4.

[6］ On the other hand， so (逮住作弊者也同样容易) is （discover—>）discovery5。 Technology (技术〈—〉techniques技巧) has made catching cheaters just as easy (as cheating). Several websites offer software （软件） that automatically compares (-〉comparison同类事物的对比〈—>contrast反差) the text （文本）of a student’s work （papers论文) against a database (数据库） of thousands of term papers and published books and articles。If there’s a match （n。匹配），there’s likely (possible) plagiarism （剽窃现象)。

［7］ Last year a physics professor at the University of Virginia ran （examined）1,850 of his students' papers through a service called Turnitin。com （网址名称）。 He came up with (拿出/ 得到） 122 cases (example个案) of plagiarism。Christine Pelton used the same service （服务) to catch the 28 plagiarists in her class. Over the past （=last) few years, dozens of colleges have begun using similar software. But some （colleges) haven't。 Why? Because policing (catching） plagiarism might hurt （心灵或肉体的伤害） a cheater’s self-esteem (self—image自我形象/ 自尊）。

[8] When Columbia （University）considered buying anti-plagiarism (反作弊的） software， some opposed （objected to doing sth.） the idea。Catching cheaters shouldn't be ”a 'hang 'em out to dry' process6, but rather an educational one (problem）,” said Kathleen McDermott, the associate ［(1)vt。 ~ A with B；（2）adj. deputy） dean （president大学校长或系主任) of academic affairs （学术事务）, in an interview with the

Columbia Daily Spectator (Spectacle壮观的景色； Spectator旁观者； <<哥伦比亚每日观察报>〉）。 Her （college<->） colleague Sandra Johnson，the associate dean of student affairs，agreed. Columbia should deal with (=cope with） cheaters in a more sensitive ［（1）灵敏的，（2)神经质的容易遭到伤害的］enlightened （wise明智的）way，Johnson explained. ”When students plagiarize，that usually means there’s something else wrong in their lives that needs dealing with7."

［9] What sinister （evil) force is driving (forcing）A merica’s college students to cheat? You guessed it: professors. When professors fight plagiarism, warned Rebecca Moore Howard in an op-ed [=opposite editorial: the page in a newspaper opposite the editorial page that contains comment on the news and articles on particular subjects社论对页版或专栏版, 一般登载专栏作家或署名文章] she wrote last year for the Chronicle of Higher Education （高等教育编年史)，”we risk becoming the enemies rather than the mentors (an experienced person who advises and helps sb with less experience over a period of time 导师) of our students; we are replacing （substitute: n./ vt。） the student—teacher relationship with （replace A with B) the criminal-police relationship。（bad-〉worse-〉) Worst of all， we risk not recognizing that our own pedagogy needs reform。 Big (Dramatic/ Revolutionary）reform.”

[10］As the director （负责人/ 指导者）of the writing program （project) at Syracuse University，Howard would, you'd think，abhor （憎恶) plagiarism above all academic sins （offense/ crime)。Sure （surely/ of course/ certainly）, she feels obliged to say it's wrong to download someone else’s work in toto (totally)8. But in the end （finally/ at last）, she sounds more like a skillful (训练有素的/ 技术熟练的） apologist (赔礼道歉者). In her telling, students plagiarize not

惧内的/ 怕老婆的->怕老师的）by perfectionist (a person who likes perfectly and is not satisfied with anything less) teachers。 "We deprive （～ sb。 of sth.）them，” Howard writes, "of a respectful （下级或晚辈对上级或长辈毕恭毕敬的） audience if we tear apart (destroy撕成两半） the style (manner/ way），grammar and mechanics （组织结构) of their papers，marking every error without discussing with them why it matters (重要)。”

[11] Plagiarists as victims （牺牲品/ 受害者). Teachers (act/ play）as oppressors (压迫者）. It's not your conventional (traditional) reaction （=response) to cheating。 Not surprisingly， it has been a hit (=problem) with many college students，just as it was with the plagiarists at Piper High （school）. The student newspaper at Stanford

ran （published刊登） an editorial （社论) attacking （criticizing） the use of antiplagiarism software as a potential (=possible) violation （breaking犯法） of the school's honor code （校规校纪道/ 德准则）9, which ”prohibits （禁止）professors from taking ’unusual and unreasonable (不合理的）precautions (预防措施)’ in their academic procedures (程序/ 过程)。" Moreover (Furthermore/ Still)，the paper said， checking for （examine/ look ing for) cheating ”might even harm (vt。 damage） the relationship between students and faculty。"

［12］ Darcy Jones， a ”human performance major (专业的学生)" at San Jose State (University), summed up （=summarize) her opposition （反对意见；～ sth。= object to sth。/ doing sth。） to antiplagiarism programs in this way （as follow/ below)：”The software is probably (perhaps也许） here (=occur） for the right purpose （goal—>objective—>purpose—>aim），” she told the student daily ［(1)adj。每日的； (2）adv。每天; （3)n.日报］，”but it totally （completely/ thoroughly）hurts （=damages） a person's right （n. 权利) to choose whether or not they want” to plagiarize.

[13] A person’s right to choose (decide) plagiarism. Laugh if you want， but cheating just may be the next civil right （人权）。

Notes

1。That's Outrageous: （very shocking and unacceptable/ electric shock触电） This is a column （栏目） in Reader's Digest and here it is used as the title (标题-> subtitle副标题);） of the article.

2。there are ..。Christine Pelton’s (school)： some teachers are not as responsible as Pelton in catching plagiarists。

3. at bargain prices：the prices can be negotiated. Can we make a bargain？能讲价吗？

4。It's only a mouse （mice家鼠=rat田鼠) click away： You only need to click the mouse and a deal can be done。 I smell some rats. 我觉得这事可疑。

5。On the other hand，so is discovery: To discover plagiarism is also very easy.

6. Catching cheat ers shouldn’t be "a ’hang ’em out to dry’ process: Here the (simile明喻〈-〉）metaphor （暗喻）means that catching plagiarism should not be a process （过程）of only making plagiarists known to the public and making them lose face （让某人丢脸/ 出丑）.

7。When students plagiarize, ... dealing with: There are other causes of plagiarism. As the following paragraph shows， professors are

the sinister (seeming evil or dangerous； making you think sth bad will happen险恶的) force。

8. in toto： totally， as a whole.完全/ 彻底的; yes—yah

9. hono(u）r code （校规校纪): it refers to the established norms or customs of honor。（post code邮政编码/ code talker密码谍报员)

Word Bank

outrageous： very shocking and unacceptable.令人震惊的/ 难以接受的; electric shock触电

（terror-〉terrible-〉horror->horrible) abhor: v. to hate very much憎恶，讨厌； normal—〉abnormal

［dress: (1）n。连衣裙/ 长裙；(2）vt. dress〈—〉undress->) address (discuss)： v。 to deal with处理

（pathy=feeling） (a-: away）apathy (=indifference—>indifferent冷漠的)： n. lack of interest冷淡，无兴趣

assign (—>assignment=homework）： v. to give as a share or duty分派，指派

biology（—>biological): n. the science that studies living organisms生物学

board(—〉to ～ a plane/ a ship/ a bus; boarding card登机卡；->boarder董事/房客—>boarding school寄宿学校): n. an official body that has responsibility for a particular organization or activity理事会,董事会

(sequence: n。顺序—〉sequent: adj. 按序排列的) consequence：n.

sth。 that follows from an action or set of conditions; result后果,结果

credit： n. a complete unit of a student's work that forms part of a course， esp. at a university学分/ 信用

enlighten: v. to cause to understand deeply and clearly启蒙，启发holler： v. to shout out呼喊

［ID card= identity （card): n。身份->identify： vt。) identical: adj。 similar or the same相同的

［machine机器—> machinery机械-〉mechanic机修工—〉mechanism机理/ 机制] mechanics: n。the ways in which sth. works, produces results，etc.方法,技巧

mentor：n. a person who gives advice to another over a period of time， esp. to help them in their working， life导师

pedagogy: n。the practice of teaching or the study of teaching methods教学法

［perfect: (1)adj. 完美无缺的; (2）vt。 =improve] perfectionist: n. a

person who is not satisfied with anything that is not completely perfect 完美主义者

(plagiarism剽窃现象—>) plagiarize: v。 to take (words， ideas， etc.）from others' work (著作) and use them in one's own work without giving proper credit to the original author抄袭，剽窃

police (policeman〈-〉policewoman): (1）n。警察; （2）vt。 to keep a watch on； control监督，控制

routine： (1)adj. regular (regulate： vt. 调控); according to what is always habitually done惯常的，例行的； (2）n. 常规; routiner墨守成规者thrill （->thriller悬念片/ 恐怖片-〉action movie武打片): v. to

have a sudden， strong feeling of excitement感到一阵激动

Phrases and Expressions

come up with: to think of ； to produce想出,提出

deprive sb. of sth。：to take sth. away from somebody剥夺（权利等）feel（be) obliged to：to feel it necessary to do觉得必要做

prohibit sb。 from doing sth.：to prevent somebody from doing sth。禁止; 阻止某人做某事

take one’s side: to support sb.; to agree with sb。站在……一边

turn in (=hand in<-〉hand out发给学生作业的->handout 讲义）: to hand in上交,交给

Reading Comprehension

Choose the best for each of the following.

1. In Para. 1 "had been plagiarized" probably means

A。 had cheated

B。 had copied term papers from the Internet websites

C. had been copied by others

D. had been identified as cheating in term papers

2. In Para. 4，”teacher apathy the norm” means

A。teachers take interest in students’ cheating

B. teachers show sympathy for students' cheating

C. teachers give a blind eye to students’ cheating

D。teachers mind students’ cheating

3. The word "hit" in Para。 11 means

A。 attack B。 strike

C. popular routine

D. beat

4. The tone in Para。 13 is

A. jocular

B. sarcastic

C。 encouraging D。 discouraging

5。Who are responsible for plagiarism at school, according to the passage?

A。 Professors. B. The Internet websites.

C. Students themselves.

D. Parents on their children's side.

II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words。 The initial letter of each word has been given to you.

Plagiarism is not a new thing。But with the development of the Internet technology， it has become more and more common. Where should the (1) penalty be placed (put），on the （2）cheaters，on the professors，or on the Internet? The answer is not as clear as (3）crystal （-〉crystallize)。 Beyond any (4) doubt, plagiarists ought to be punished。They need to do their own job and, at the same time，respect others. This is the basic （5） discipline （纪律）which they need to develop.

What about the professors who show （6) apathy to cheating？ They are (7）partly （partially部分地）(hold-〉) held responsible for the popularity (普及) of plagiarism. Professors not only have the duty of passing knowledge (知识) to students, but also have the duty of cultivating the mentality （intelligence/ morality道德) of their students。If they were (8) apologists when (they are）dealing with students who plagiarize, how could plagiarism be controlled？

The Internet websites seem to be to (9） blame， because the copied papers are mostly from the website （10) sources (来源—〉resources资源). But the purpose and function of websites are not to provide （convenient—〉) convenience （方便) for plagiarism. Instead （On the contrary), they are to make information much more easily accessible for people who can make proper use of （=use/ utilize使用） it. What's more，in the battle against plagiarism, haven’t the websites played their role?

Vocabulary

I。 Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.

1。 We (lose—〉lost—〉lost) lost the election because of the _____ to our supporters.

A. (anti-： against; anti-Japanese war抗日战争) antipathy (=indifference）

B. （sym-： same） sympathy （n. 同情-> sympathize with sb. vt。）

C。 apathy (n. indifference冷漠）

D。 empathy (移情别恋）

2. She is _____ with having saved the company from bankruptcy (prevent sb. from doing sth。阻止…发生)。

A. credited (记功)

B. praised

C. promoted

D. attributed (n./ vt. 属性，品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于)

3. I never _____ in dealing with such matters。

A。 stand sides B. be sides

C. stay sides (stay aside闪开）D。 take sides （=support)

4。 You made the wrong decision， and now you must take the _____。A。 results B。 consequences (后果)

C. outcome D。 effect （n。-〉effective)

5. Tom is not _____ clever in the class。

A. specifically （具体）B。 specially特殊

C. especially = D。 particularly特别提及

6. Basic English is a _____ in the curriculum for the freshmen (大学一年级学生).

A. class班级/阶级/等级

B. lecture讲座

C。 course课程

D。 lesson一节课/ 教训；I’ll teach him a lesson教训某人.

7. The airline has _____ a novel ［（1)n。小说；(2）adj. new] solution to the problem of jet—lag （时差反应).

A. come up to (amount to=reach the number)

B。 come up with拿出

C。 (fade out昏迷〈->) come to苏醒

D。 come on=go on继续

8. Peter （think->) thought the world was flat until I _____ him。

A。 enlightened （启发）

B. lightened (vt. 减轻，照亮)

C。（light—〉 lighted/ lit—>lit） lighted

D。 delighted=happy

9. I'd be _____ if you would stop （interfere: vt.干涉，干预，妨碍，打扰) interfering.

A. forced B。 pleasant C. obliged D。respected

10。 Writing a ［cheque (英) =check （美） is quite a simple _____。

A。 procedure (程序)

B. process (n。过程/工艺/vt。加工; processed food)

C。 move (vi。移动; n. 动作）

D。 action (重大军事行动)

II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.

thrill turn in quit routine identical

penalty series faculty address sensitive

mentor database sinister tempt bargain

1。 This is a very tempting (=attractive) offer （n. /vt。) and I suggest you give it a consideration。 [suggest sth./ doing sth。/ that sb. do sth。 #suggest sb. to do sth。（错误）］

2. He ignored the side issues (side effect副作用) and a ddressed (dedicated oneself to sth.献身于…事业） himself to the main (major）problem.

3。 His term paper is identical （=same) to (介词) one thesis I’ve read on the Internet。

4。 What a thrilling (=exciting) game； the winner was in doubt （n.是个悬念） until the last minute.

5. The soldiers have to turn in (=hand in递交） their guns (枪/炮) when they leave the army。

6。She longed to (desire渴望) escape from the (stupid愚蠢的->) stultifying (vt。使显得愚笨, 使变无效，使成为徒劳) routine of (homework家庭作业) housework （家务劳动)。

7. She had had enough and quit （=stop） working in the company。

8。 The patient [(1）n。病人（2）adj。有耐心的] is very sensitive (敏感） to pain。

9。 The increasing demand ［(1）vt。要求; （2）n.需求］ has given the company greater bargaining （讨价还价的） power。

10. All faculty （一个机构的全体工作人员） members are required to attend the meeting. [(1）vt。attend a class/ meeting；(2)vi. to attend to sb.-> attendant服务员； flight attendant空勤人员]

Translation

Put the following paragraph into Chinese.

Plagiarists as victims。Teachers as oppressors. It’s not your conventional reaction to cheating. Not surprisingly, it has been a hit with many college students，just as it was with the plagiarists at Piper High. The student newspaper at Stanford ran an editorial attacking the use of antiplagiarism software as a potential violation of the school’s honor code, which "prohibits professors from taking ’unusual and unreasonable precautions' in their academic procedures.” Moreover, the paper said， checking for cheating "might even harm the relationship between students and faculty。”

参考译文：

抄袭者成为了受害者，老师们成了压迫者。这不是我们对作弊行为的正确处理方式。不容置疑，我们这样的处理方式对派珀高级中学的学生是个打击，一直以来也打击了很多大学生。斯坦福大学的学生报刊发表社论，对反抄袭软件的使用进行了抨击,认为这种做法有可能违反了学校尊重学生尊严的原则，这种软件使教授无法采用符合学术规范的方法防范学生的抄袭行为。而且，这篇文章还评论道：对抄袭行为的核查“可能会损坏教师和学生之间的关系”。

II。R eading for Amusement

It was one of the hottest days of the dry season. We had not seen rain in almost a month。 The crops were dying。 Cows had stopped giving milk. The creeks and streams were long gone back into the earth. It was a dry season that would bankrupt several farmers before it was through.

Every day, my husband and his brothers would go about the arduous process of trying to get water to the fields. Lately this process had involved taking a truck to the local water rendering plant and filling it up with water. But severe rationing had cut everyone off。If we didn't see some rain soon... we would lose everything.

It was on this day that I learned the true lesson of sharing and witnessed the only miracle I have seen with my own eyes. I was in the kitchen making lunch for my husband and his brothers when I saw my six—year-old son， Billy, walking towards the woods。

He wasn’t walking with usual carefree abandon of a youth but with a serious purpose。I could only see his back. He was obviously walking with a great effort。.。 trying to be as still as possible.

Minutes after he disappeared into the woods, he came running out again, toward the house。I went back to making sandwiches；thinking that whatever task he had been doing was completed。

Moments later, however， he was once again walking in that slow purposed stride toward the wood. This activity went on for an hour：walk

carefully to the woods， run back to the house。

Finally I couldn’t take it any longer an d I crept out of the house and followed him on his journey （being very careful not to be seen.。。as he was obviously doing important work and didn’t need his Mommy checking up on him）。

He was cupping both hands in front of him as he walked； being very careful not to spill the water he held in them。。. maybe two or three tablespoons were held in his tiny hands。I sneaked close as he went into the woods. Branches and thorns slapped his little face but he did not try to avoid them。 He had a much higher purpose. As I leaned in to spy on them, I saw the most amazing sight:

Several large deer loomed in front of him, Billy walked right up to them。

I almost screamed for him to get away。 A huge buck with elaborate antlers was dangerously close. But the buck did not threaten him...he didn’t even move as Billy knelt down. And I saw a tiny fawn lying on the ground, obviously suffering from dehydration and heat exhaustion，lift its head with great effort to lap up the water cupped in my beautiful boy’s hand.

When the water was gone，Billy jumped up to run back to the house and I hid behind a tree。 I followed him back to the house; to a spigot that we had shut of the water to. Billy opened it all the way up and a small trickle began to creep out. He knelt there，letting the drip，drip slowly fill up his makeshift "cup"，as the sun beat down on his little back.

It took almost twenty minutes for the drops to fill his hands。 When he stood up and began the trek back. I was there in front of him. His little eyes just filled with tears。 "I'm not wasting， mama，” he said。

As he began his walk， I joined him..。with a small pot of water from the kitchen. I let him tend to the fawn。I stood on the edge of the woods watching the most beautiful sight.

As the tears that rolled down my face began to hit the ground， they were suddenly joined by other drops..。and more drops..。and more。I looked up at the sky。 It was as if God, himself, was weeping with pride.

Vocabulary

arduous

antler abandon

bankrupt

dehydration

fawn

render ration spigot

Grammar

非谓语动词(三）——分词

分词(the Participle)是非谓语动词的又一种形式。根据时间和语态意义，又分为现在

分词(the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle）。现在分词表示主动和进行；

过去分词则表示被动和完成。

一、现在分词的语法功能

1作定语，单个分词放在被修饰的词前，分词短语则后置，相当于定语从句。

(1）Through my chattering teeth，I smiled back

（2）The bottle containing alcohol should be sent to the lab

2作状语，表示时间、原因、理由、条件、让步等。

（1）There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light

(2）European football is played in more than 80 countries making it the most

popular sport in the world

（3)Seeing from the top of the hill，we can find that the city looks more beautiful

3.作宾语补足语，常放在感官动词和使役动词后.

(1）Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes

(2）When I caught him cheating．I stopped buying things there

4作表语,表示主语所具有的特征.

（1）The situation is encouraging

(2）His victory was no more convincing than l had expected

二、过去分词的语法功能

1作定语．单个分词放在被修饰的词前，分词短语则后置．相兰｛于定语从句.

（1)The polluted water is harmful to people's health

(2）The subject studied by scientist is to make full use of energy． 2作状语，表示时间，原因、理由、条件、让步等。

(1)When heated，water will be turned into steam

(2）Although exhausted by the climb，they continued their journey

3. 作宾语补足语，常放在感官动词和使役动词后。

（1)The young man couldn’t make him self heard in the crowd

(2）The teacher couldn’t make herself understood by her students 4。作表语．表示主语所处的状态.

The door remained locked

三、分词的使用要点

1现在分词的时态和语态变化和动名词相同，过去分词本身就表示被动和完成.

（1)What do you think of the film being shown in the city?

（2)Having been beaten seriously， the enemy retreated

（3)The idea put forward aroused great interest among us

2分词短语在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语与主句的主语是一致的：如果分词的逻辑

主语与句子的主语不一致．就出现分词独立主格结构这一特殊形式。分词独立结

构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时问、原因、条件等。

（1)He ran back to the kitchen，eggs held carefully in his hands

(2)The earth seen from the spaceship，the astronomers consider it as

a blue ball

（3)He sat in front of them，his dusty face masking his age

（4）There being no danger，the police went back to their police office。

Exercise

Join (combine) each of the following pairs or groups into a sentence, using a participle and making any necessary changes in word order.

1. When I entered the room, I found all the broken glass around。

2。 He was brought up in the belief that pleasures were sinful. As a result, he now leads an ascetic [（1） n。禁欲者, 苦行修道者; （2)adj.修道的, 苦行的］ life.

3。Because he was on an island, he was always within sight of the sea.

4。 If we are united （团结）， we stand (生存)； if we are divided, we fall (倒塌/ 失败).

5。They were impressed by the young man's （quality—〉）qualifications。 They offered him a good job with their firm ［(1)adj. 牢固立场坚定的; （2)n. company公司]。

6。 The kind ［（1)n。种类; （2)adj。和蔼可亲的/ 善良的］ of machine which was once used widely is no longer marketed (sold）。

7. After the police （policeman） noted (wrote） down our names and addresses, he dismissed us。

8。 If weather permits， we will have the match ［(1)n。火柴/ 比赛; （2）vt。匹配；match— maker红娘] tomorrow。

9。 Although he was mocked （laughed at/ ridicule） by everybody， he

had my sympathy。

10。Because the earthquake had destroyed everything, they became homeless。

参考答案:

1. Entering the room， I found all the broken glass around。

2. Having been brought up in the belief that pleasures were sinful, he now leads an ascetic life。

3. Being on an island, he was always within sight (n.视力/目光能及的范围内) of the sea (因为正在岛上，总能看见大海).

4。 If untied， we stand； if divided, we fall.

5。Impressed by the young man’s qualifications, they offered him a good job with their firm.

6. The kind of machine once used widely is no longer marketed.

7。 Having noted down our names and addresses, he dismissed us。

8。 With weather permitting, we will have the match tomorrow。

9. Mocked by everybody， he had my sympathy。

10. The earthquake having destroyed everything， they became homeless.

Translation

减词法

上一单元我们主要从语法结构来来讨论减词法的运用，而本单元主要从逻辑和修辞等

方面来加以讨论，

一、出于逻辑上的考虑省译多余的词语

英语句子中的有些词语从汉语的逻辑角度来看往往是多余的．如果一字不漏地译成汉

语,泽文不仅会别扭,而且有时还会有悖事理。冈此翻译时必须省译.例如：

1 This treatment did not produce any harmful side effect。

这种治疗方法并没有产生任何副作用。

评析:在临床治疗中，副作用当然是harmful，如译成“有害的副作用”,那就意

味着有“好的副作用”．这不符合常理，

2 Domestic lighting circuits should be at least two in number．

家用照明电路至少皿该是两条。

评析：“两条”表示数量概念,所以省译in number、

3 The time—keeping devices of electronic watches are much accurate than those of

mechanical ones

电子表比机械表准确得多。

评析：电子表本身就是用来计时的，所以the time—keeping devices省译

二、出于修辞上的考虑省译多余的词语

(一)省译意义上重复的词

1 It was not always fully optimized in earlier years

早先几年它不总是最佳的。

评析：optimized一词已含有fully的意思．所以省译fully

2 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical by means of a

generator or dynamo

机械能可利用发电机再转变成电能。

评析：generator和dynam0指同一概念，省略其一

3 Strong light is passed through the smoke

强光能通过烟雾.

评析：pass与through都有“通过”的意思．省译其一

（二)省译修辞上所不必重复的词

1 Steel contains a smaller proportion of a carbon than cast iron contains

钢的含碳率小于铸铁

评析:比较状语从句中的contains系重复的词．可省译

2 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over

those who bad not.

报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取

评析：句尾部分those实际上指的就是University applicants．系重复的部分应

省译

(三）省译修辞上所不需要的词

1 Copper is a material which has the property of plasticity．

铜是一种具有弹性的材料.

评析:省译property，因为“弹性”已经表明是“性质",不必说‘弹性性质"

2 To start a car movin9,work must be done on it

要开动汽车，就必须对它施加作用力。

评析：不必译为“要开动汽车运动”

（四)其他

为求译文简洁精练,在不影响原意表达的前提下，根据具体情况对原文的某些

词句进

行适当的删减或缩译。例如:

1 The first manned landin9 on the moon surface was achieved by American

astronauts on July 20,1969

1969年7月20日,美国宇航员首次登上月球．

评析：manned，surface was achieved均被省译

2 Nearly all electronic circuits require a direct voltage to operate them

几乎所有的电子线路都需要直流电压

评析：译者省译了句末的to operate them、

3 With apart ofthe proceeds ofhis plan of piracy， he carried on a subtle system of

corruption

他利用一部分不义之财，施行了一套巧妙的行贿方法。

评析：“不叉之财"不仅没有丧失原意,反而使原文的中心思想更加突出，更加明

确，若不省译，照直译为“利用他掠夺计划的一部分钱”．意思就有些混乱．而且文理欠缺。

Exercise

Turn the following sentences into Chinese.

1。 To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder。

2. A jet plane rushes （runs） through the sky so fast that the noise its engine makes is left behind. ［kangaroo袋鼠］

3。Her dark eyes made little reflected stars。She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened。

4. I (feel->) felt a （rifle步枪） trifle （a little有点） shy [（1）n。羞怯腼腆; (2)adj. 羞怯] at the thought (as soon as I thought） of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof， eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port （港口) for which I was （bind捆绑->bound-〉bound） bound。［be bound to do sth.注定要做某事/ 应该做某事］

5. There was not a sound [（1)n。声音；（2）adj。好的; (3）link verb,听起来怎样) in her-—and around us nothing moved, nothing lived， not a canoe （独木舟) on the water, not a bird in the air， not a cloud in the sky.

参考译文：

1.学习不容易，使用更加不容易。

2。喷气式飞机飞得很快，其引擎发出的声响被抛在了后面。

3。她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁,他平素醒来的时候,她也是这样望着他。

4。我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人,向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来,把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。

5。船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧,死一般沉寂,水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。

Bonus

。

（<—price） system 现代企业制度

战略伙伴关系

labor contract system劳动合同制度

management by objectives目标管理

managerial function管理职能

the (decide->) decision theory approach （=method)决策理论法

brain drain （->drainage: n.)人才流失/ 人才外流

foster （develop/ cultivate培养) a good and healthy company image树立企业良好形象

（constant不间断的〈->consistent前后一致/ 表里如一-〉) consistency strategy应变策略/ 连续不变的策略

needs for （self-actualize自我实现-〉） self—actualization自我实现的需要

(stuff〈—>staff) overstaffing人浮于事