英语学习_英语语法详解:名词修饰名词_必备

英语学习_英语语法详解:名词修饰名词_必备
英语学习_英语语法详解:名词修饰名词_必备

弃我去者,昨日之日不可留

乱我心者,今日之日多烦忧

英语语法详解:名词修饰名词

现代英语的特色之一,是力求以简单的结构,表达复杂的思维。以名词作修饰语,简称“名词定语”(attributive nouns),便是朝向这目标的手段之一。

所谓名词修饰名词,就是以名词直接修饰另一名词,其作用和形容词相似。例如:

Science students; the Clinton Administration; dinner-time; oil industry; Christmas party 等。

下列是名词作修饰语时的语法功能:

⒈代替形容词(或形容词短语)或分词(或分词短语),如:

● country life→rural life

● China-U.S. relations→Sino-American relations

● a launch pad→a launching pad

● cube sugar→sugar formed in the shape of a cube.

⒉代替名词所有格,如:

● good rapport between consumer and producer countries →good rapport between consumers' and producers' countries.

● a proposal for a ceiling on ASEAN commodity imports→ a proposal for a ceiling on ASEAN's commodity imports.

⒊代替介词短语,如:

● a tool box→a box for tools.

● a television programme→ a programme on television.

● apple seeds →the seeds of an apple.

⒋代替同位语、形容词分句或不定式动词短语,如:

● his bank manager son→his son,(who is) a bank manager.

● an ASEAN joint conference report→a report to be jointly made by ASEAN (members).

上述四种情况是名词修饰名词的常见现象。这情形在报章上出现得更频繁。

最后有一点要注意的是,名词作修饰语时,与同词根的形容词或分词作修饰语,有什么语意上的差别呢?不同在于前者强调内容或职能;后者侧重属性和特征。试比较下面三组句子,以观察其不同:

a. labour intensity(劳工密集)

b. labouring people(劳动的人民)

a. a space rocket(宇宙火箭)

b. a spacious room(宽敞的房间)

a. an art gallery(艺术馆)

b. artistic effects(艺术的效果)

a. a history department(历史系)

b. a historic relic(历史遗迹)

a. riot police(防暴警察)

b. riotous police(闹事的/暴动的警察)

名词可以作定语修饰名词,作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。

⒈材料

a diamond necklace

a bamboo pole

paper money

a stone bridge

⒉用途

a meeting room

the telephone poles

the railway staion

trade union

water pipe

welcome speech

eye drops

⒊时间

a day bed

the dinner party

the Apring and Autum Period evening suit

midday lunch

⒋地点

London hotels

Beijing University

body temperature

the spaceship floor

the kitchen window

⒌内容

a story book

piano lessons

the sports meet

oxygen supply

the air pressure

the grammar rules

⒍类别

children education

enemy soldiers

a bus driver

作定语用的名词一般没有与之相应的同根形容词。它既可以是有生命的,也可以是无生命的;既可以是可数的,也可以是不可数的。它能表明被修饰的名词的A.地点、B.时间、C.目的或用途、D.种类、E.原料或来源等等。例如:A.city streets城市街道,a corner shop街道拐角的商店,a kitchen table厨房桌子,a roof garden屋顶公园;B.summer holidays暑假,Sunday papers星期日报纸,November fogs十一月的雾季;C.a tennis court网球场,a tennis club网球俱乐部,a peace conference和平会议,milk bottles牛奶瓶;D.a love story 爱情故事,a murder story凶杀案故事,traffic lights交通管理用的红绿灯,a train driver火车司机;E.stone walls石墙,straw hats草帽,rubber boots胶鞋,pineapple juice菠萝汁,plant fat植物脂肪。

名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,但在个别情况下也有用复数的。例如:

goods train货车,sports meeting运动会,machines hall展览机器的大厅。

注意:被修饰的名词变复数时,一般情况下,作定语用的名词不需要变为复数形式,但由man或woman作定语修饰的名词变成复数时,两部分皆要变为复数形式。例如:

man doctor—men doctors 男医生

woman singer—women singers 女歌手

有的作定语用的名词有与之相应的同根形容词。一般情况下,名词作定语侧重说明被修饰的名词的内容或性质;同根形容词作定语则常常描写被修饰的名词的特征。例如:"bold watch"指手表含有金的性质;而"golden watch"则表示手表是金色的特征,不一定含有金。再举两例:

stone house 石头造的房子

stony heart 铁石般的心肠

peace conference 和平会议

peaceful construction 和平建设

名词作定语与名词所有格作定语有时是有区别的。一般来说,名词作定语通常说明被修饰的词的性质,而名词所有格作定语则强调对被修饰的词的所有(权)关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。例如:在“the Party members(党员)”中,名词定语表示members的性质;在“the Party's calls(党的号召)”中,Party具有动作发出者的作用,calls虽然是名词,却具有动作的含义。再举一例:

a student teacher 实习教师

a student's teacher 一位学生的老师

英语里可以名词修饰名词的

简单说,这要看意思的

你说的healthy problems,翻译过来不成了这个问题很健康的这层意思,问题怎么会健康呢?healthy一般形容人或者是动物的,不能用.

chemistry lab 还是chemical lab ,chemical可以修饰物,所以这里都可以.

Educational Visit 的意思是有教育意义的旅行,Educational本来就有有教育意义这个意思.

反正用的时候你要查查名词的形容词性的具体意思以及修饰物的类型,然后进行选择.对了,

还有一个例子

自然保护区是nature reserve有一次考试我写成了natural,后来发现natural的意思是自然的,就是自然形成的,不是人工的,放到词中就变成这个保护区是自然形成的,和自然保护区中自然(自然环境)的意思肯定不同

economy indexes 还是economic indexes 应该是后者economic有经济(上)的, 经济学的的意思

多练练,多在阅读的时候注意积累,主要还是培养语感的,相信这个问题就能很好地解决了,加油

(二)

英语中的名词不经任何变化就可以用作定语修饰另外一个名词,如: university student, train schedule, picture frame 等等。这样的定语就叫做名词定语。由于名词定语简洁、方便,所以它在现代英语中的使用是相当普遍的。现在从四个方面来讨论名词定语的特点。

1. 名词定语的语法作用

(1) 名词定语代替形容词或分词作定语。如:race problem---racial problem China cotton---Chinese cotton launch pad---launching pad research worker---researching worker 在以上词例中,使用名词与使用形容词或分词并没有什么区别。(2) 代替作定语用的介词短语。这种情况用得比较多。例: a garden chair = a chair in the garden Canada wheat = wheat from Canada safety regulations = regulations for safety machine shop practice = practice in a machine shop (3) 代替定语从句。例:investment money = money that is set apart for investmen the milk boy = the boy who brings the milk (4) 代替带's 的所有格定语。例:在名词前加上定冠词the 就可以代替名词的所有格,但是这个名词是专有名词。例:the Pentagon decisions = Pentagon's decisions the Tom composition = Tom's composition the Carter grin = Carter's grin

2. 名词定语与被修饰语之间的语义关系

作定语的名词都是后面一个名词的修饰语,但是它们之间的关系却各有不同。(1) 名词定语表示逻辑上的主语,被修饰的词表示宾语。例:a department decision ( a decision which is made by the department ) the volcano eruption ( the eruption that is made by the volcano ) 有时正好相反,名词定语相当于宾语,而被修饰的部分表示主语:a drug addict ( a person who is addicted to drug ) an animal trainer ( a man who trains the animal ) (2) 名词定语作状语。被修饰语相当于谓语。在这一类结构中,表示谓语的名词常由动名词或动作名词( action noun ) 来充当。impulse buying = buying on impulse instrument flying = flying by means of instrument (3) 名词定语表示同位关系。这种用法可以说明某人的职业、职位。如:Writer Smith Shepherd Matthew Farmer Goodwin Judge Darling Singer Carpenter Cardinal Nelson 还可以表示特征、身份:a supplier country = a country which is a supplier a killer shark = a shark who is a killer her lawyer brother = her brother who is a lawyer traitor and robber Dickinson = Dickinson, a traitor and a robber

3. 与同词根的形容词作定语时的区别

前面说过名词可以代替形容词作定语,但并不是所有的名词都可以和与它同词根的形容词或分词互相替换。有时二者在意义和功能方面有很大的差别。一般说来,形容词表现的是东西的性能、形状、颜色等等。而名词表现的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的等等。请比较:gold mine golden sunset water supply watery eyes child star childish voice admission ticket

admissible evidence obesity specialist obese woman communication system communicative person geography department geographical names fire alarm fireless room man doctor manly appearance philosophy teacher philosophical attitude unemployment situation unemployed talents beauty contest beautiful weather 从以上例子可以看出形容词着重描写事物的外在表现,而名词则着重表现事物本身的内在含义。在习惯用法中,有时形容词并不表示性质、状态,而是表示目的和用途。这种用法相当于形容词+ 名词所表达的意义。从字面上看这样的修饰逻辑上说不通,但已经形成了它们特有的固定用法。例:科技英语scientific English = English used in scientific readings, 但不说:scientific readings English 刑法律师criminal lawyer = lawyer dealing with criminal cases, 但不说:criminal cases lawyer 类似的例子还有:Foreign Office = Foreign Affairs Office sick room = sick people room comparative literature = comparative study literature

4. 两个以上的名词作定语

常有这样的情况,几个名词放在一起修饰后面哪个主导名词。有时几个名词形成一个整体修饰最后一个名词。如:world record holder 世界记录保持者fire escape ladder 太平梯Christmas morning exchange of presents 圣诞早上的礼物交换mountain village school teacher 山村学校教师house property tax office building 房产税务局的大楼科技英语力求精练、明了,使用几个名词作定语代替各种后置定语的情况更为突出。如:tungsten filament lamp 钨丝灯television transmission satellite 电视转播卫星air surface vessel radar 飞机对水面舰舰雷达motor car repair and assembly plant 汽车修配厂high voltage switch gear factory 高压开关厂以上对名词定语作了简单的分析。随着社会的进步,语言的发展,修饰语也将会日趋简便。名词定语的室友必定会越来越广泛。

摘要:在现代英语中,名词作定语的用法日趋普遍。因为这种用法有助于形成一种简炼紧凑的文体风格,因而成为现代英语的发展趋势之一。关于英语名词作定语可探讨的话题很多。本文仅从名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别及复杂名词定语的辨析两个方面进行了探析,从而得出了英语名词定语虽能使文章结构紧凑但在理解上会给读者带来困难的结论。文章认为,对于英语名词定语需多观察、多分析、多研究,从而掌握其变化与发展的特点与规律,使之更好地为国家建设服务。

随着社会的不断进步,时代节奏的不断加快,现代英语也逐渐向着简洁明快的趋势发展。从词类的句法功能上看,能充当定语修饰名词的词主要是形容词。但在现代英语中,我们发现以前某些形容词作定语的结构,已演变成名词作定语的词组了,如racial hatred 成了race hatred, sparking plug 成了spark plug ,rural life 成了country life 。英语中,一名词在不经过任何变化就可以直接作定语修饰另一名词,我们称之为名词定语。如:sea water, blood presure, railway station, seat belt, plant fat 等。由于名词直接作定语结构简洁、使用方便,给人“捶手可得”之感,因而在英语语言中有较强的生命力,被人们广泛使用。一、名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别

英国安南普顿大学的英语研究专家Brian Foster 指出:“…the whole tendency of the modern language is doing away with adjectives, or at least, using nouns as epithets ”.( 现代英语的总体趋势是倾向于取消形容词,或至少说倾向于名词作修饰语) 。作为这种语言变化的一种表现,人们注意到以前某些形容词作定语的结构现今已演变成名词作定语的词组了。如:atomic bomb---atom bomb 原子弹、luxuious hotels---lusury hotels 豪华饭店、psychological

problem ---psychology problem 心理问题、a dangerous zone---a danger zone 危险区、mysterious man--- mystery man 神秘人物。在以上这些词组中作定语用的名词,无论在意义上或功能方面,基本上与其相对应的形容词相当。这种语法功能给语言学习者也带来了很大的困惑。人们难以选择到底是使用名词作定语还是选用形容词作定语。不可否认的是,语言的表现形式是错综复杂的,语言有规律可言,同时又存在数不清的意外。一方面,我们知道名词可以代替形容词作定语,但这并非意味着所有的名词均可以作定语,在一些情况下,名词作定语和形容词作定语在意义和功能方面有很大的区别。另一方面,当二者只能选其一时,我们只能按照英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是用形容词作定语,这种情况就属于“意外”,此时,只能靠语言使用者对该语言的积累和语感了。

简言之,在比较名词与形容词作定语时,一般有两种情况:第一种情况是两种词类均可以使用,而且含义相同;第二种情况是两种均可以使用,但是含义不相同。下文将针对这两种情况分别进行探讨。

1 、名词和形容词均作定语,含义没有区别

在另外一些场合,我们会看到名词与同根形容词不仅仅都作定语,而且含义几乎没有区别。如要表达某人说话时带英国伦敦的口音,我们可以使用名词Liverpool 作定语,构成的短语a Liverpool accent, 也可以使用形容词Liverpudlian, 构成短语a Liverpudoian accent 。其它词例还有:

“迷人的女孩”: a glamorous girl, a glamour girl

“玻璃带状物”: a grassy strip, a grass strip

“美丽的场景“: a beautiful spot, a beauty spot

但是,在个别情况下,名词和形容词均可作定语,虽所构成的短语字面含义相同,但却含有不同的感情色彩。人们普遍认为名词Jew( 犹太人) 作定语用于像Jew lawyer 和Jew ethics 这样的短语中,给人的感觉既粗俗又冒犯他人,因此,形容词Jewish 是唯一的选择。

2 、名词和形容词均作定语,含义不同

我们经常发现,名词可以作定语,而同根的形容词也可以作定语,但是含义不相同。如:an obesity specialist 和an obese specialist 这两个词组里分别用了名词obesity 和形容词obese 作定语。然而从前者的深层结构来看,它表示的是 a specialist who is specialized in obesity, 指的是专门治疗肥胖病的专家;而后者中的obese 作形容词只表明它所修饰的那个名词的特征、属性,所以该词组意为“胖专家”。由此不难看出,在这种情况下,名词与形容词作定语涵盖的意义大不相同。一般说来,形容词表现的是人物、物体和事件的特性、形状、颜色等;而名词表现的则是质地材料、内容、原因理由、时间地点等。简而言之,形容词作定语着重描写事物的外在表现,而名词着重表现事物的内在含义。又如:colour film 彩色胶卷与colourful dresses 色彩鲜艳的服装,economy measure 节约措施与economic measure 经济措施,peace talk 和平谈判与peaceful construction 和平建设,production plan 生产计划与productive labour 生产劳动等在意思上都有所区别。

而且我们发现名词还常用在多词定语中,尤其是在报刊杂志、科技论文中更为流行多用,以求言简意赅的效果。这时的名词定语我们称之为“复杂名词定语”。

二、复杂名词定语的辨析

由于名词定语现象日益普遍,人们在使用这类定语时的限制越来越小。因此便出现了重迭式名词定语,而且得到了语法家的认可;由两个或两个以上的名词作定语叫复杂名词定语( complex attributive noun) 。复杂名词定语相当于作定语的介词短语,因为“在大多数情况下,名词定语相当于后置修饰的介词短语”(Quirk et al 1985:1330) 。下面名词短语中的名词定语相当于后置修饰的介词短语;例如:the foreign languages department →the department of foreign language ( 外语系) ,water pollution situation →the situation in water

pollution( 水污染的局面) 。

由以上例子我们发现,复杂名词定语由于其名词定语的重迭性,可能会使人们在理解上产生一些困难,甚至引起误解。要正确理解其含义我们必须从以下两个方面着手。

1 、掌握复杂名词定语与中心词之间的修饰关系

名词定语与名词中心词之间的修饰关系主要有以下两种。

例1 :

the State Health Commission 州健康委员会

在这个名词短语中,the State 和health 是复杂名词定语,commission 是中心词,它们之间的修饰关系可以由下面的树形图来表示:

the State health commission

在这个名词定语中,the State 修饰commission , health 也修饰commission 。我们用Burton-Roberts, N. (1986: 49) 的“巢居结构”(nesting structure )来解释,即commission 巢居在health commission 中,而health commission 又巢居在the State health commission 中。例2 :the income tax rate 收入税率

这个短语中定语与中心词的修饰关系可以用下面的树形图表示:

income tax rate

这里,income 修饰tax, 然后两者再修饰rate 。这种修饰关系的巢居结构不同:rate 巢居在the income tax rater 中,而tax 则巢居在income tax 中。

通常,复杂名词定语的词项越多,它们与名词中心词之间的修饰关系就越复杂。

2 、辨析复杂名词定语的语义

对于复杂名词定语,必须在了解了定语与中心词关系的基础上对其多层语义进行分析,弄清该结构内部的多层次语义修饰关系,才能辨明它欲表达的含义。例如:对于“U.S. Air Force aircraft fuel systems equipment mechanics course”。这个复杂名词定语很长,不易一下子分清词语之间的相互关系,因此对意义的正确理解和把握有一定的困难。我们可以按照修饰关系,一步一步地来剖析它的内部结构,以揭示词与词之间存在的不同联系。

U.S. Air Force aircraft fuel systems equipment mechanics course

通过以上的分析便可以得出结构,这个复杂名词定语是修饰中心词course 的,整个短语的意思是“美国空军飞机燃料系统设备原理课程”。

总之,名词定语的使用,使文章结构紧凑、简明,有助于形成一种简炼紧凑的文体风格。但其结构灵活,往往给读者带来理解上的困难,特别是复杂名词定语的使用。所以,对于名词定语这种现代英语里客观存在的语言现象,还需要我们多观察、多分析、多研究,力求掌握语言变化与发展的特点与规律,从而使之更好地服务于国家建设。

初中英语语法名词知识点讲解及专项练习

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这类集合名词包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机 器), poetry(诗),scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如: Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。 Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗? 第五类补充几个常考的集合名词 除上面提到的四类集合名词外,以下几个集合名词也应重点注意(因为它们也是常考考点):1. hair(头发,毛发):指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。 小练习; 1.They are________ A: man doctor B: men doctors C: men doctor D: man doctors 2.There are five____ in the hill. A: sheep B: sheeps C: goose D: deers 3. Those white socks ____ small. A: are B: is C: am D: do 4.We have many_____in our school. A: woman teacher B: women teachers C: woman teachers D: women teacher 5.Do you like _____? A: vegetable B: vegetables C: an vegetable BAABB C-专有名词 专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是:第一个字母大写,通常不与冠词连用,无复数形式。 (一)人名 英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反,姓在后面,名在前面,姓名前通常不用冠词。

初中英语语法专项练习题之名词

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英语语法专项练习(名词、冠词、数词、代词)

名词专项练习 选择正确的答案 1.Are those ____? No ,they aren't. They're____. A.sheep;cows B.sheep;cow C.sheeps;cow D.sheeps; cows 2.Mum, I'm quite thirsty. Please give me____. A.two orange B.two bottles of orange C.two bottles orange D.two bottles of oranges 3.I have got ___news from my friend. Do you want to know? A.a very good B.any C.a piece of D.two pieces 4.____room is on the 5th floor. A. Lucy and Lily B.Lucy and Lily's C.Lucy's and Lily D.Lucy's and Lily's 5.Every morning Mr.Smith takes a ___to his office. A.20 minutes' walk B.20 minute's walk C.20-minutes walk D.20-minute walk 6.This is James Allan Green.We can call him ____. A.Mr. Green B.Mr. Allan C.Mr. James D.James Green 7.Jake and Tom are____. A.good friends B.good friend C.a good friend D.good a friend 8.It's only about ten____walk to the nearest post office. A.minutes B.minute's C.minutes' D.minute 9.He often has____for breakfast. A.two breads B.two piece of bread C.two pieces of bread D.two pieces of breads 10.Mrs.Green has two____. They're very bright. A.childs B.child C.children's D.children 11.What did the headmaster say about Jim's ____. A.two months holiday B.two months' holiday C.two-month holiday . D.two month's holiday 12.I won't go there with you, for I have a lot of ____to do. A.works B.job C.work D.woking 13.Li Lei is a friend of ____. A.I sister B.my sister's C.me sister D.my sister of 14.Have you read ____? A.today's B.today paper C.the today's paper D.today's paper 15.How many ____are there in the room? A.boxes B.box C.boxs D.boxxes 16.Many ____have been built in our city since 1987. A.factorys B.factories C.factoryes D.factoris 17.There are lots of ____in the basket on the table. A.tomatos B.tomato C.tomatoes D.tomatoss 18.The cat caught two ____last night. A.mouses B.mice C.mouse D.mices 19.Jake went to have two____pulled out yesterday afternoon. A.tooths B.tooth C.teeth D.toothes 20.In our school there are fifty-five____. A.women teachers B.woman teachers C.women teacher D.woman's teacher

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