水利专业英语-Jiaocongcong

水利专业英语-Jiaocongcong
水利专业英语-Jiaocongcong

水利专业英语概要整理

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分享人:Congcong 2015-10-18

一、水利专业英语考试题目类型

1)单词翻译(汉译英、英译汉);

2)句子翻译(汉译英、英译汉)共计5句;

3)回答问题(用英语回答所问问题,均为任课教师上课所提问题)共计5句;

4)写作(作文内容范围为课上所学知识)。

二、水利专业英语课后习题参考答案

Chapter 1 Water Resources P9

1、英译汉

(1)resource:资源(2)ground water:地下水(3)freshwater:淡水

(4)polar:两极的(5)glacier:冰川(6)iceberg:冰山

(7)creek:小溪(8)pond:池塘(9)crack:裂隙

(10)hydroelectric:水力发电的

2、汉译英

(1)有限的:finite (2)污染:pollution (3)概略地:roughly/summarily (4)有创造力的:creative (5)咸水:saltwater (6)变量:variant

(7)水源:water supply (8)渗透:penetrate (9)粒子:particle

(10)可用的:available

3、完善句子

(1)Converting saltwater to freshwater is generally too expensive to be used for in-dustrial,agricultural or household purpose.

(2)Only 3% of the word’s water supply is fresh water and two-thirds of that is salt-water,forming the polar icecaps,glaciers,and icebergs.

(3)Surface water is visible above the ground surface, such as creeks, rivers,ponds and lakes.

(4)Ground water is water that either fills the spaces between soil particles or pene-trates the cracks and spaces within rocks.

Chapter 2 Planning for Water Resources Development P15

1、英译汉

(1)planning:规划(2)management:管理

(3)engineering judgment:工程经验判断(4)most desirable:最适宜的

(5)project plan:工程规划(6)flood-plain:洪泛平原

(7)feasibility study:可行性研究(8)specifications:说明书

2、汉译英

(1)单个工程:single project (2)区域水管理:regional water management

(3)工程技术:engineering (4)趋势:tendency (5)调和:coordination (6)流域:basin (7)发展:development (8)效力:effectiveness (9)原则上:in principle

3、完善句子

(1)Planning can be defined as the orderly consideration of a project from the ori-ginal statement of purpose through the evaluation of alternatives to the final decision on a course of action.

(2)An overall water-management plan,developed with care and closely coordinat-ed with other regional plans,may be a useful tool in determining which of many pos-sible actions should be taken.

(3)There is no substitute for “engineering judgment”in the selection of the met-hod of approach to project planning.

(4)It is the basis for the decision to proceed with (or to abandon)a proposed project and is the most important aspect of the engineering for the project.

Chapter 4 Hydrology P29

1、英译汉

(1)lithosphere:岩石圈(2)hydrosphere:水圈(3)atmosphere:大气圈(4)water supply:水源,供水(5)ground-water hydrology:地下水文学(6)bedrock:岩床,根底(7)hydrology:水文学(8)occurrence:产生(9)pathway:路,径(10)rainfall:降雨

2、汉译英

(1)干旱:drought (2)污染:contamination (3)推论:deduce

(4)泛滥:flooding (5)蒸发:evaporation (6)冰川:glacier

(7)转移:divert (8)下游的:downstream (9)造成:pose

3、完善句子

(1)The cycle of movement of water between atmosphere ,hydrosphere ,lithosphere and biosphere is termed hydrologic cycle.

(2)This information is essential to design and evaluation of natural and man-made channels,bridge openings and dams.

(3)Hydrology is the science that encompasses the occurrence,distribution,move- ment and properties of the waters of the earth and their relationship with the environ-ment within each phase of the hydrology cycle.

Chapter 5 Water Cycle P36

1、英译汉

(1)evaporation:蒸发(2)absorb:吸收,浸入(3)cycle:循环

(4)droplet:小滴(5)condensation:凝结,凝聚(6)water vapor:水汽

(7)precipitation:降雨(8)hydrologic cycle:水文循环(9)melt:融化

(10)moist:潮湿的(11)vegetation:植物,草本(12)rock layers:岩石层2、汉译英

(1)池塘:pond (2)大气:atmosphere (3)海洋:ocean (4)水循环:water cycle (5)凝结:condensation (6)水汽:water vapor (7)减去:subtract (8)小滴:droplet (9)固体:solid (10)渗透:infiltration (11)液态水:liquid water (12)蓄水库:reservoir 3、完善句子

(1)As water goes through its cycle, it can be a solid ice, a liquid water, or a gas water vapor.

(2)Water that runs into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it eva-porates back into the atmosphere.

(3)Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds.

(4)As a result of evaporation, condensation and precipitation, water travels from the surface of the earth, goes into the atmosphere, and returns to earth again. Chapter 6 Principle of Hydrograph-Unit Hydrographs P43

1、英译汉

(1)runoff:径流(2)rainfall:降雨(3)intensively:强烈地,集中地(4)peak discharges:洪峰流量(5)predict:预测(6)watershed:流域(7)implicit:暗含的,含蓄的(8)distribute:分布(9)consequently:所以(10)variations:变化,变动

2、汉译英

(1)明确说明:specify (2)暴风雨(雪):storm (3)持续的:duration (4)一致的:uniformly (5)片段:fraction (6)重要性:magnitude (7)假定:assume (8)改变:alter (9)瞬间的:instantaneous 3、完善句子

(1)Ways to predict flood discharges and discharge hydrographs from rainfall events have been intensively since the early 1930s.

(2)The ordinates are then added at corresponding times t determine the total hydro-graph.

(3)This is generally not true ;consequently, variations in ordinates for different storms of equal duration can be expected.

Chapter 8 Flood P61

1、英译汉

(1)overflow:泛滥,溢出(2)submerge:淹没(3)deluge:洪水,暴雨

(4)rainfall:降雨(5)arid region:干旱地区(6)absorb water:吸收水分

(7)flash flood:山洪,暴洪(8)flood plain:洪泛平原

(9)shallow water:浅滩水

2、汉译英

(1)流域:river basin (2)防洪堤:levee (3)邻近洪泛平原:adjacent flood plain (4)农业田地:agricultural land (5)严重洪水:severe flood

(6)有毒物:toxic material (7)海生物:maritime life (8)溢流:overflow

(9)沉积:sediment

3、完善句子

(1)When a rainfall does occur ,it can sometimes result in a sudden flood of water filling dry stream beds known as a “flash flood”.

(2)When heavy rainfall or melting snow causes the river’s depth to increase and the river to overflow its banks ,a vast expanse of shallow water can rapidly cover the adjacent flood plain.

(3)Floods may also cause millions of dollars worth of damage to a city ,both evict-ing people from their homes and ruining businesses.

三、水利专业英语上课提问部分(回答部分)

Chapter 1

1、三水:地表水(surface water)、地下水(ground water)、大气水(atmos-pheric vapor)[四水:土壤水(soil moisture);五水:生物水(biowater)];

2、公共用水系统(public water systerms)开采地下水(tap ground water)的方式是打井(operate wells);

3、人们用水的类型(The types of people using water)分为消耗性用水(

consumptive use)和非消耗性用水(nonconsumptive use);

4、消耗性用水和非消耗性用水的含义(meaning):消耗性用水指水不能回到

原始状态(Consumptive use means that the water is not returned to nature),非消

耗性用水指不管污染与否回到系统中的水(Nonconsumptive use returns water ,polluted or not,to the system);

5、消耗性用水和非消耗性用水举例:consumptive use:drinking water(喝水);nonconsumptive use:creating hydroelectric power(水力发电)、shipping(航运)

6、有关水资源存在的问题主要是通过对比(by comparing)来阐述的。Chapter 2

1、规划(planning )的三部分或者是一项工程有序研究(orderly consideration

of a project)的三步骤:the original statement(初始陈述)、the evaluation of al-ternatives(方案评价)、the final decision(最终的抉择);

2、工程规划(project planning)既需要工程经验(engineering judgment)也需

要定量分析(quantitative analysis);

3、地区规划机构的出现(existance of regional planning groups)和地区水规划部门的产生(occurrence of regional water planning)例如中国水利部的长委(Changjiang Water Resources Commission of Hydrology Ministry)和水利部的黄

委(Yellow River Conservancy Commission of Hydrology Ministry),这些地区规

划分支机构的出现是为了考虑到国家不同地区的差异性(to allow for differences between the various regions of the country);

4、在最终规划(the final plan)出现(emerge)前,工程规划经历(pass through)的几个阶段(several phases)有普查阶段(reconnaissance study)、初步可行性分

析阶段(pre-feasibility study)、可行性研究阶段(feasibility study)、最后阶段(the final phase);

5、工程规划的最后阶段需要提交的成果有工程图纸(construction drawings)和

工程的设计说明书(specifications)。

Chapter 4

1、水循环(hydrologic cycle)的含义就是指水在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物

圈之间的运动(The cycle of movement of water between atmosphere, hydrosphere,lithosphere and biosphere is termed the hydrologic cycle);

2、水文学(Hydrology)有两大分支(two broad sub-disciplines)分别是地表水

水文学(surface-water hydrology)和地下水水文学(groundwater hydrology);

3、地表水水文学应用(examples of applications of surface water hydrology)的例子:洪水和干旱(flooding and droughts);

4、地下水水文学的应用(applications of ground water hydrology):水源、灌溉

和环境工程(water supply、irrigation and environmental engineering);

5、水文学家或水利工作者(hydrologist)研究水文循环的方式有测量(measure)和推论演绎(deduce);

Chapter 5

1、水循环中水的状态可能是固态的(冰)、液态的(水)或者是气态的(水蒸汽)(As water goes through its cycle,it can be solid(ice),a liquid (water),or a

gas(water vapor).);

2、当对水加热就发生了蒸发(If heat is added to water,it evaporates.)

3、构成水循环的六个重要过程(There are six important processes that make up

the water cycle),它们分别是蒸发(evaporation)、冷凝(condensation)、降水(precipitation)、地表径流(surface runoff)、下渗(infiltration)、植物蒸腾(transpiration);

四、水利专业英语水文水资源常用英语词汇小结

1、淡水:freshwater

2、咸水:saltwater

3、河流:river

4、湖泊:lake

5、池塘:pond

6、海洋:ocean

7、小溪:creek

8、冰川:glacier

9、冰山:iceberg 10、水蒸气:water vapor 11、地表水:surface water

12、地下水:ground water 13、岩石:rock 14、水资源:water resources

15、径流:runoff或river runoff 16、降水:precipitation 17、降雨:rainfall

18、蒸发:evaporation 19、下渗:infiltration 20、水循环:water cycle

21、水源:water supply 22、用水量:water consumption 23、规划:planning

24、流域:watershed/basin 25、可行性研究:feasibility study

26、说明书:specifications 27、水管理:water management

28、水文学:hydrology 29、大气圈:atmosphere 30、水圈:hydrosphere

31、水文循环:hydrologic cycle 32、降雪:snowfall 33、洪水:flooding

34、干旱:drought 35、污染:contamination/pollution 36、水库:reservoir

37、土壤:soil 38、固态:solid 39、液态:liquid 40、气态:gas

41、冷凝:condensation 42、小滴: droplet 43、水流:stream

44、雨水:rainwater 45、气压:air pressure 46、暴雨:storm

47、重要性、广大:magnitude 48、单位线:unit hydrograph

49、泛滥、溢出:overflow 50、洪泛平原:flood plain 51、防洪堤:levee

52、浅水:shallow water 53、排水:drainage 54、污水:sewage 55、飓风:hurricane 56、海啸:tsunami 57、火山:volcano 58、融雪:snow melt 59、地形:terrain 60、地下室:basement 61、干旱地区:arid region 62、沟:gully 63、净雨:net rain/excess rain 64、历时:duration 65、洪峰流量:flood peak discharge 66、滞时:lag time 67、经验法则:rule of thumb 68、无资料的:ungauged 69、纵坐标:ordinate 70、干冰:dry ice 71、环境工程:envrionmental engineering

72、造成问题:pose a problem 73、水利工作者:hydrologist

74、协调:coordination 75、工程经验: engineering judgment

水利水电专业英语词汇

施工总平面布置Construction general layout 施工总平面布置 (施工总体布置 ) construction general layout 施工组织 Consruction Programming 施工组织设计 construction planning 施工坐标系(建筑坐标系) construction coordinate system 湿化变形 soaking deformation 湿润比 percentage of wetted area 湿润灌溉 wetting irrigation 湿室型泵房 wet-pit type pump house 湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient 湿陷起始压力 initial collapse pressure 湿陷系数 (湿陷变形系数 ) coefficient of collapsibility 湿周 wetted perimeter 十字板剪切试验 vane shear test 石袋 honeycomb 时均流速 time average velocity 时均能量 time average energy 时效硬化 (老化) age hardening (ageing) 时针式喷灌系统 (中心支轴自走式系统 ) central pivot sprinkler system 实测放大图 surveyed amplification map 实腹柱 solid column 实际材料图 primitive data map 实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制 real-time control 实时数据和实时信息 real time data and real time information 实体坝 solid dike 实体重力坝 solid gravity dam 实物工程量 real work quantity 实验站 experimental station 实用堰 practical weir 示流信号器 liquid-flow annunciator 示坡线 slope indication line 示误三角形 error triangle 示踪模型 tracer model 事故 failure (accident) 事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压 tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal) 事故运行方式 accident operation mode 事故闸门 emergency gate 事故照明 accident lighting 事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel 势波 potential wave 势流 potential flow 势能 potential energy 势涡 (自由涡 ) potential vortex 视差 parallax 视差法测距(基线横尺视差法) subtense method with horizontal staff 视差角 parallactic angle 视准线法 collimation line method 视准轴(照准轴) coolimation axis 试验处理 treatment of experiment 试验端子 test terminal 试验项目 Testing item 试验小区 experimental block 试运行 test run 试运行 test run 收敛测量 convergence measurement 收敛约束法convergence-confinement method 收缩断面 vena-contracta 收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint) 收缩水深 contracted depth 手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset 手动[自动]准同期 manual [automatic] precise synchronization 手动调节 manual regulation 手动控制 manual control 手动运行 manual operation 手工电弧焊 manual arc welding 首曲线(基本等高线) standard contour 首子午线(本初子午线,起始子午线) prime meridian 受油器 oil head

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译

第二章第一篇 To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing. 谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机,我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的,而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term 一般说来,我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作,让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。 A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐,或许是像室内温度的物理量,或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”,我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流,然而,我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统,因此,一个机械系统(在这个系统中力和速度是其变量)或者液压系统(在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量)的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模拟或表示。因此,我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。 A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中,当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时,一对热电偶两端的电压也将改变。于是电压就提供了温度差的模拟表现形式 The other kind of signal is a digital signal. A digital signal is one that can take on values within two discrete ranges. Such signals are used to represent ON-OFF or YES-NO information. An ordinary household thermostat delivers a digital signal tocontrol the furnace. When the

安全工程专业英语部分翻译

Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩

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A: asphalt沥青 aquifer含水层 adiabatic绝热的 archdam拱坝astorageorconservationreservoir蓄水水库accessory附件, 配件 atthefootof..坝后 archaction拱效应 abutment坝肩 ancillary附属的 available可获得的 availablematerial现有的材料 angle折角 air-driven气动annualtemperaturecycle稳定温度appurtenantstructure次要建筑物 age龄期 alkali-aggregatereaction碱骨料反应absorption吸水性 B: bus母线, 总线 bemonolithicwith与..连成整体 bed河床beawayfrom..引水式bulkcement散装水泥bituminous沥青的bestadvantage最优bindingagent胶凝材料buttressdam支墩坝Bulk-mineral矿物质batch配料 batchplant拌和楼bucket料, 罐 C: construction施工concrete混凝土 creep徐变, 渗水cutoff截流 constant常数condensation凝结conceptual概念上的cyclone气旋 collide碰撞convection对流convergence集中conduit管道conduitsystem输水系统

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Earth and rock dam Summary Earth and rock dam, with another name as "local material dam",is mainly built with earth and rock materials near the site. It can be classified based on the materials it used, earth dam mainly with earth, sand, grit, and gravel, and rock dam mainly with rock ballast, gravel, and exploded rocks. Features of earth and rock dam Strong points With convenient supply of materials, many building materials such as steel, cement, and timbers can be saved.With granular structure more suitable to foundation deformation, it demands less on the foundation.Very flexible from simple artificial filling to highly mechanized construction, the procedure become simple, the construction become efficient, and the quality guarantee become easy.Simply structured, the?cost is low, the operation is convenient, works?is reliable, and maintenance and height adding is convient. Weak points Overflow not allowed, spillway has to be built.Diversion?less convenient, cost increases.Section larger, earth to be filled is easy to be affected by climate. This kind of difficult means possible extention of time limit and cost increase Earth and rock dam types Based on constructing ways, earth and rock dams can be classified into rolled ones of earth & rock, thrown rock-filled ones,?rock-filled ones with?directional detonation, ones with earth thrown into the water, and ones filled by hydraulic forces.?Among them, rolled ones are most popular. Based on the earth proportion and the location of anti-seepage?parts, there 概述 土石坝又称“当地材料坝”,主要由坝址附近的土石料填筑而成,根据坝体所用材料不同又可分为土坝和堆石坝。坝体材料以当地土料和砂、砂砾、卵砾为主的称土坝,以石渣、卵石、爆破石料为主的称堆石坝。 土石坝的特点 优点 筑坝材料就地取材。可节省大量钢材、水泥、木材等建筑材料。适应地基变形能力强。土石坝散粒体结构具有适应地基变形的良好条件,对地基的要求比混凝土坝低。施工方法选择灵活性大。能适应不同的施工方法,从简单的人工填筑到高度机械化施工都可以;且工序简单、施工速度快,质量也易保证。结构简单。造价低廉、运行管理方便、工作可靠,便于维修加高。 缺点 坝顶不能溢流,常须另开溢洪道施工。导流不如混凝土坝方便,因而相应增加了工程造价坝体断面大,土料填筑的质量易受气候影响。这给施工带来困难,甚至延长工期、增加造价。 土石坝的类型 土石坝按施工方法的不同可分为:碾压式土石坝,抛填式堆石坝,定向爆破堆石坝,水中倒土坝和水力冲填坝等。其中尤以碾压式土石坝应用最广。 按土料在坝体中配置和防渗体的位置不同,又可分为均质坝,分区坝,人工防渗材料坝。均质坝优点:材料单一、工序简单;缺点:

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